Rape in India

Rape is the fourth most common crime against women in India.[1][2] According to the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB)
2013 annual report, 24,923 rape cases were reported across India in 2012.[3] Out of these, 24,470 were committed by someone
known to the victim (98% of the cases).[4]

India has been characterised as one of the "countries with the lowest per capita rates of rape".[5][6] A large number of rapes go
unreported in various countries including India.[7][8] In India, consensual sex given on the false promise of marriage constitutes
rape.[9] The willingness to report the rape has increased in recent years, after several incidents of rape received widespread media
attention and triggered public protest.[10][11][12][13][14] This led the Government of India to reform its penal code for crimes of
rape and sexual assault.[15]

According to NCRB 2015 statistics, Madhya Pradesh has the highest raw number of rape reports among Indian states,[16] while
Jodhpur in Rajasthan has the highest per capita rate of rape reports in cities followed by Delhi, the capital city.[17]

Contents
Definition in Indian Penal Code
Rape statistics
Rape of minors
Estimates of unreported rapes
Convictions
Notable incidents
Jammu and Kashmir
Northeast India
Uttar Pradesh
During riots
The partition of India
Disputed rape cases
Potential abuse concerns
Notable cases
Tourist advisories
Legal response
National Database on Sexual Offenders (NDSO)
Fast track courts
Marital rape
Education programmes
See also
References
External links
Further reading

Definition in Indian Penal Code

Before 3 February 2013, Section 375 of the Indian Penal
Code defined rape as:[20]

§375. Rape. A man is said to commit

"rape" who, except case hereinafter
excepted, has sexual intercourse[21] with
a woman in circumstances falling under
any of the six following descriptions:-

Firstly. –– Against her will.

Secondly. –– Without her consent.

Thirdly. –– With her consent, when her Annual rape and all forms of sexual assaults per 100,000
people, for India compared to select nations[18][19]
consent has been obtained by putting her
or any person in whom she is interested,
in fear of death or of hurt.

Fourthly. –– With her consent, when the

man knows that he is not her husband,
and that her consent is given because she
believes that he is another man to whom
she is or believes herself to be lawfully
married.

Fifthly. –– With her consent, when, at the

time of giving such consent, by reason of
unsoundness of mind or intoxication or
the administration by him personally or
through another of any stupefying or
unwholesome substance, she is unable to
understand the nature and consequences
of that to which she gives consent.

Sixthly. –– With or without her consent,

when she is under sixteen[22] years of
age.

Explanation. –– Penetration is sufficient

to constitute the sexual intercourse
necessary to the offence of rape.

Exception. –– Sexual intercourse by a

man with his own wife, the wife not being
under fifteen years of age, is not rape.

The above definition excluded marital rape, same sex crimes and considered all sex with a minor below the age of sixteen as rape.

After 3 February 2013, the definition was revised through the Criminal Law (Amendment) Act 2013, which also raised the legal
age of minor to eighteen.[23]
 §375. A man is said to commit "rape" if he:–– (a) penetrates his penis, to any extent, into the vagina, mouth,
urethra or anus of a woman or makes her to do so with him or any other person; or (b) inserts, to any extent, any
object or a part of the body, not being the penis, into the vagina, the urethra or anus of a woman or makes her to
do so with him or any other person; or (c) manipulates any part of the body of a woman so as to cause penetration
into the vagina, urethra, anus or any part of body of such woman or makes her to do so with him or any other
person; or (d) applies his mouth to the vagina, anus, urethra of a woman or makes her to do so with him or any
other person, under the circumstances falling under any of the following seven descriptions:

Firstly. –– Against her will.

Secondly. –– Without her consent.

Thirdly. –– With her consent, when her consent has been obtained by putting her or any person in whom she is
interested, in fear of death or of hurt.

Fourthly. –– With her consent, when the man knows that he is not her husband and that her consent is given
because she believes that he is another man to whom she is or believes herself to be lawfully married.

Fifthly. –– With her consent when, at the time of giving such consent, by reason of unsoundness of mind or
intoxication or the administration by him personally or through another of any stupefying or unwholesome
Substance, she is unable to understand the nature and consequences of that to which she gives consent.

Sixthly. –– With or without her consent, when she is under eighteen years of age.

Seventhly. –– When she is unable to communicate consent.

Explanation 1. –– For the purposes of this section, "vagina" shall also include labia majora.

Explanation 2. –– Consent means an unequivocal voluntary agreement when the woman by words, gestures or
any form of verbal or non-verbal communication, communicates willingness to participate in the specific sexual
act;

Provided that a woman who does not physically resist to the act of penetration shall not by the reason only of that
fact, be regarded as consenting to the sexual activity. Exceptions –– 1. A medical procedure or intervention shall
not constitute rape; 2. Sexual intercourse or sexual acts by a man with his own wife, the wife not being under
fifteen years of age, is not rape.

Even after the 2013 reform, marital rape when the wife and husband live together continued not to be a crime in India. Article
376B of the 2013 law made forced sexual intercourse by a man with his wife – if she is living separately – a crime, whether under
a decree of separation or otherwise, punishable with at least a 2-year prison term.[15] Forced sex by a man on his wife may also
be considered a prosecutable domestic violence under other sections of Indian Penal code, such as Section 498(A) as well as the
Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act 2005.[24] The crime of sexual assault on a child, that is anyone below the age of
eighteen, is further outlined and mandatory punishments described in The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act
2012.[25]

All sexual acts between the members of the same sex, consensual or forced, was previously a crime under Section 377 of Indian
penal code, after the 2013 Criminal Law reform, with punishment the same as that of rape[26] but it was later overturned in a
landmark judgement of the Supreme Court on 6 September 2018 which stated all consensual sexual acts between adults who have
met the age of consent are not violative of Section 377, hence decriminalizing gay sex in India.[27][28]
Rape statistics

Rape of minors
Using a small sample survey, Human Rights Watch projects more than 7,200 minors – 1.6 in 100,000 minors – are raped each
year in India. Among these, victims who do report the assaults are alleged to suffer mistreatment and humiliation from the
police.[29] Minor girls are trafficked into prostitution in India, thus rape of minors conflates into a lifetime of suffering.[30] Of the
countries studied by Maplecroft on sex trafficking and crime against minors, India was ranked 7th worst.[30]

Estimates of unreported rapes

Most rapes go unreported because the rape victims fear retaliation and humiliation, both in India and throughout the world.[31]
Indian parliamentarians have stated that the rape problem in India is being underestimated because a large number of cases are
not reported, even though more victims are increasingly coming out and reporting rape and sexual assaults.[32]

Few states in India have tried to estimate or survey unreported cases sexual assault. The estimates for unreported rapes in India
vary widely. The National Crime Records Bureau report of 2006 mentions that about 71% rape crimes go unreported.[33] Marital
rape is not a criminal act in India[34] though sexual intercourse with wife aged between 15 and 18 years is considered as rape.[35]
Madiha Kark estimates 54% of rape crimes are unreported.[36] A UN study of 57 countries estimates just 11% of rape and sexual
assault cases worldwide are ever reported.[37]

Convictions
The conviction rate for rapists has fallen at a steep rate
over the past 40 years. Out of all the rape trials in India,
only one out of four leads to a conviction.[39] The
conviction rate for rape cases in India was 44.3 percent
in 1973, 37.7 percent in 1983, 26.9 percent in 2009,
26.6 percent in 2010, 26.4 percent in 2011,[40] 24.2% in
2012 and 27.1% in 2013.[39]

Rate(%) Year
44.3 1973
37.7 1983
26.9 2009
26.6 2010 Verdicts in Delhi Rape Cases, 2013[38]
26.4 2011
24.2 2012
27.1 2013

India's conviction rate is higher than developed countries, such as the United Kingdom, which recorded a conviction rate of 7% in
2011-12. The conviction rate as low as 10% in Sweden and 25% in France.[39]

Notable incidents
The gang rape of a 23-year-old student on a public bus, on 16 December 2012,
sparked large protests across the capital Delhi.[13] She was with a male friend
who was severely beaten with an iron rod during the incident.[41] This same rod
was used to penetrate her so severely that the victim's intestines had to be
surgically removed, before her death thirteen days after the attack.[42]

The following day, there was an uproar in the Indian parliament over the
incident. MPs in both houses had set aside their regular business to discuss the
case and demanded strict punishment for those who carried out the attack. The People silently marching to protest
Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha, Sushma Swaraj, demanded that "the with candlelight at Salt Lake City in
rapists should be hanged".[43] Thousands of people, mostly young, participated Kolkata after the female victim's
death on 29 December 2012
in a massive demonstration on 22 December in protest.[44] Police arrested six
men suspected of rape.[45]

In August 2013, a 22-year-old photojournalist, who was interning with an

English-language magazine in Mumbai, was gang-raped by five persons,
including a juvenile, when she had gone to the deserted Shakti Mills compound,
near Mahalaxmi in South Mumbai, with a male colleague on an assignment. This
caused protests throughout the country since Mumbai with its very active
nightlife was previously considered a safe haven for women. The city sessions
court found the accused guilty and sentenced death penalty to the three repeat
offenders in the Shakti Mills gang rape case, making them the first in the country People in Bangalore protesting
to get the death sentence stipulated under the newly enacted Section 376E of the outside Bangalore Town Hall on 30
December 2012 demanding justice
Indian Penal Code.[46]
for the 23-year-old student who was
gang-raped in Delhi on 16 December
On 14 March 2015, a 71-year-old nun was allegedly gang-raped in Ranaghat,
2012
West Bengal by intruders at Convent of Jesus and Mary.[47] The six intruders
were recorded on CCTV during their crime of ransacking the chapel, destroying
religious items, looting cash and the gang rape. Six men were arrested and charged with the crime by 1 April 2015, and identified
to be Bangladeshi Muslims.[48]

On 29 March 2016, the corpse of Delta Meghwal, a 17 year old Dalit girl, was found in her hostel's water tank. Following the
registration of the police case the hostel warden, physical education teacher and principal were arrested by Bikaner police and
kept under judicial custody.[49] The State eventually acceded to a CBI inquiry after the issue became politicised.[50]

On 17 January 2018, Asifa, an 8-year old minor girl, was raped and murdered in Rasana village near Kathua in Jammu and
Kashmir. The incident made national news when charges were filed against eight men in April 2018. The arrests of the accused
led to protests from groups, one of which was attended by two ministers from the Bharatiya Janata Party, both of whom have now
resigned. The rape and murder, as well as the support the accused received, sparked widespread outrage.[51][52][53]

Jammu and Kashmir

There have been allegations of rape and mass rape in Jammu and Kashmir. Reports have shown that rape has been carried out by
both Indian armed forces and Islamist militant groups.[54][55]

The rapes by Islamic militants have been reported since the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947. On 22 October 1947, Pashtun militants
invaded Baramulla in a Pakistan army truck, and raped women including European nuns.[56] In March 1990, Mrs. M. N. Paul, the
wife of a BSF inspector was kidnapped, tortured and gang-raped for many days. Then her body with broken limbs was abandoned
on a road.[57]
The International Commission of Jurists have stated that though the attacks had not been proven beyond a doubt, there was
credible evidence that it had happened.[58] In 2011, the State Human Rights Commission (SHRC) asked for the reopening of the
case.[59]

Militant organisations such as Hizb-ul-Mujahideen, Jamiat-ul-Mujahideen and Harkat ul-Ansar have been accused of carrying out
rapes.[54] The Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front has been accused of ethnic cleansing of using murder, arson, and rape as a
weapon of war to drive out hundreds of thousands of Hindu Kashmiri Pandits from the region.[60][61] Following the rise of rapes
by the Indian armed forces and militants, HRW has submitted that the victims of raper suffer ostracism and there is a "code of
silence and fear" that prevents people from reporting such abuse. According to the HRW, the investigation of case of rape by
Indian forces and militants is difficult because many Kashmiris are reluctant to discuss it for the fear of violent reprisals.[62]

Northeast India
Human rights groups allege that the Indian armed forces under the protection of the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, 1958
have carried out a large amount of rapes in the Nagaland, Assam and Manipur provinces.[63] Karlsson writes that there are reports
that much of the violence against civilians, including sexual assault, is inflicted by the rebel groups and armed criminal gangs in
the region.[63]

Uttar Pradesh
There is wide discrepancy among reports of rape and sexual assault. For example, according to the People's Union for Civil
Liberties (PUCL), the majority of those assaulted in 2007 were poor women from remote areas and Dalits. SR Darapuri of the
PUCL alleged, "I analysed the rape figures for 2007 and I found that 90% of victims were Dalits and 85% of Dalit rape victims
were underage girls."[64] Darapuri allegations do not match with the data compiled by National Crime Records Bureau of India,
which found 6.7% of rape and sexual assault victims were Dalits in 2007, where nearly 16% of Indian population is classified as
Dalit.[65] There were 391 cases of rape of Dalit victims reported in Uttar Pradesh in 2013 or about 1 per 100,000 Dalits in the
state of about 200 million people (21% of which is classified as Dalit).[66]

During riots
In recent years, variety of rapes have taken place during the communal riots. During the post 2002 Godhra train burning, in the
certain parts of Gujarat, rape was carried out by rioters.[67] Thirteen rape and assault cases were reported during the 2013
Muzaffarnagar riots.[4]

The partition of India

During the partition of India, some 100,000 women claimed to have been kidnapped and raped.[68][69]

Disputed rape cases

Potential abuse concerns

In April 2013, Judge Virender Bhat has suggested that the legal proposition of relying upon the sole attestation of the victim
became "an easy weapon" to incriminate anyone in rape case.[70] Justice Kailash Ghambhir of the Delhi High Court stated that
penal provisions for rape are often being misused by women as a "weapon for vengeance and vendetta" to harass and blackmail
their male friends by filing false cases to extort money and to force them get married.[71] Saamna, mouthpiece of Shiv Sena in an
editorial noted while supporting the Deputy Inspector General Of Police in Mumbai in an alleged rape complaint that it has
become "a fashion to create sensation by charging someone for rape and molestation"[72] while Shonee Kapoor, founder of
Sahodar Men's Right Group, demanded that the name of the accused should not be made public till conviction.[73]

In 2014, as per a report submitted by Delhi Commission for women 53% of reported rapes in 2012-13 were found to be 'false'.
This report considered the cases that were dropped before going to trial as false, and failed to differentiate between the cases
dropped due to coercion and cases where it was clear that women were lying.[74]

The Hindu journalist, Rukmini Shrinivasan, investigated the cases further by only considering the cases that went to full trial. Out
of 460 such cases in Delhi district courts in 2013 only 2% (12) were found to be committed by strangers. 41% (189) of these
cases were filed by parents to criminalize and end consented sexual relationships, 24% (109) were filed under 'breach of promise
to marry' and 30% (141) were found to be committed by acquaintances and relatives.[38]

Notable cases
In 1991, the 4 Rajputana Rifles unit are alleged to have entered the village of Kunan Poshpora and raped between 30 and 100
women aged between 13 and 70.[75][76] The Indian government carried out three inquiries into the allegations and concluded that
it had been a hoax.[77]

In May 2014 two girls aged 14 and 16 were allegedly gang raped and murdered in the northern state of Uttar Pradesh, though
later investigations have alleged suicide as the cause of death in this instance. Two police officers were suspected of involvement
in the crimes.[14] The alleged gang rape was widely reported in the press both in India and globally.[78] After an extensive
investigation, the CBI concluded that the rape and murder allegations were false.

Tourist advisories
Rape cases against internationals have led several countries to issue travel advisories that "women travellers should exercise
caution when travelling in India even if they are travelling in a group; avoid hailing taxis from streets or using public transport at
night, and to respect local dress codes and customs and avoid isolated areas".[79]

In March 2013, a Swiss couple who were cycling from Orchha to Agra, decided to camp for a night in a village in Datia District.
There they were physically assaulted by eight locals, robbed, the man was overpowered and tied up, while the 39-year-old woman
was gang-raped in front of her husband at the village.[80][81] The Swiss government issued a travel advisory in 2013 about the
"increasing numbers of rapes and other sexual offences" happening in India.[82]

The news coverage of the rapes and updated travel advisories have worried Indian tourism industry.[83][84] Some media reports
stated that high-profile rape cases had led to tourist numbers to drop 20 to 30 per cent compared to previous year. The Assocham
agency found that of 1200 businesses surveyed more than 70% reported cancellations by female tourists from Britain, Canada,
the U.S. and Canada along with a 25% decline overall.[85] However, tourist arrivals in India increased from 6.5 million arrivals in
2012 to 6.8 million arrivals in 2013.[86] Tourist arrivals in 2014 observed another 10% increase over 2013 levels.[87]

In January 2015, the Tourism Ministry of India introduced emergency helplines for female tourists.[88] The Indian government
announced in April 2015, that tourists are now being given a "welcome card" by the immigration officer on arrival with resources
to ensure their safety, that GPS-embedded tracking system are being introduced in all taxis, and tourist helplines in 12 foreign
languages have been instituted.[89]

In a non-tourism related case, Russia issued travel advisory to its citizens after a Russian national was raped in December
2009.[90] The case was widely covered after a member of Indian parliament Shantaram Laxman Naik blamed the victim and the
media for over emphasising the Russian rape case after, "she was raped by a state politician in his car after they had dinner
together".[91] Naik was criticised by leaders of Indian political parties such as CPI-M, BJP and SP for blaming the rape victim
and media.[91]

Legal response
The Indian law prior to the Nirbhaya Incident took into account only acts of penile-vaginal intercourse within the definition of
rape and forcible acts of penetration of vagina, mouth, urethra or anus through penis or an inanimate object did not fall within the
definition of rape. A large number of rapists would be let-off because there was no law to punish such acts.[23] The definition was
expanded in 2013 to consider rape as any acts like penetration by penis, or any object or any part of body to any extent, into the
vagina, mouth, urethra or anus of a woman or making her to do so with another person or applying of mouth to sexual organs
without the consent or will of the woman constitutes the offence of rape.[92]

The section has also clarified that penetration means "penetration to any extent", and lack of physical resistance is immaterial for
constituting an offence. Except in certain aggravated situation the punishment will be imprisonment not less than seven years but
which may extend to imprisonment for life, and shall also be liable to fine. In aggravated situations, punishment will be rigorous
imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than ten years but which may extend to imprisonment for life, and shall also be
liable to fine.[92]

Section 53A of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Indian law lays down certain provisions for medical examination of the
accused.[93] Section 164A of the Code of Criminal Procedure deals with the medical examination of the victim.[94]

The revised statutes of 2013 Indian law, in section 376A, mandates minimum punishment in certain cases. For instance, if the
sexual assault inflicts an injury which causes death or causes the victim to be in a persistent vegetative state, then the convicted
rapist must be sentenced to rigorous imprisonment of at least twenty years and up to the remainder of the natural life or with a
death penalty."[92][24] In the case of "gang rape", the same mandatory sentencing is now required by law.[24] The convicted is
also required to pay compensation to the victim which shall be reasonable to meet the medical expenses and rehabilitation of the
victim, and per Section 357 B in the Code of Criminal Procedure. Death penalty for the most extreme rape cases is specified.[24]

The 2013 law also increased the age of consent from 16 years to 18 years, and any sexual activity with anyone less than age of
18, irrespective of consent, now constitutes statutory rape.[24]

The new law has made it mandatory for all government and privately run hospitals in India to give free first aid and medical
treatment to victims of rape.[95]

On 3 November 2015 the Allahabad High Court observed that a child born out of rape will have inheritance rights over the
property of the assaulter and will be treated as illegitimate,[96] however if the child is taken for adoption then he/she will not have
any rights on the property of the biological father.[97][98]

National Database on Sexual Offenders (NDSO)

The government on September 20, 2018 launched the National Database on Sexual Offenders (NDSO). The database contains
entries of offenders convicted under charges of rape, gang rape, POCSO and eve teasing. The portal as of now contains 440,000
entries of cases that have been reported since 2008. It's managed by the National Crime Records Bureau. The database is
accessible only to the law enforcement agencies for investigation and monitoring purpose.[99]

Fast track courts

As a result of the 2012 Delhi gang rape case, the Indian government implemented a fast-track court system to rapidly prosecute
rape cases.[100] The fast-track court system has been welcomed by some, but their fairness questioned by legal experts and
scholars.[100] The legal scholars state that the fast-track courts may not be fair in an impoverished country where millions of
cases are backlogged, and there are an average of just 14 judges per million people - among the lowest in a United Nations study
of 65 nations.[101] Fast track courts divert limited judicial resources and add delays to prosecution of other crimes.[100][101] They
noted that Delhi state had instituted five fast-track courts in 2013 to handle rape cases, but there are no fast-track courts for
murder.[100] Mrinal Satish, of New Delhi's National Law University said, "there is a risk that in this emotional response and
clamor for immediate justice, we could end up putting innocent people in prison".[100]

Marital rape
Marital rape is not a criminal offence within Indian legal framework,[102] except during the period of judicial separation of the
partners. The marital rape exception, that is exception 2 of section 375 of the Indian Penal Code states that sexual intercourse by a
man with his own wife, the wife not being under 18 years of age, is not rape. In the 1980s, women's rights groups lobbied
for marital rape to be declared unlawful.[103][104] Government officials argued that the contract of marriage presupposes consent
to sex and that criminalising marital rape in turn would degrade family values in India.[102] Forced sex by husbands upon wives
does have legal consequences in Indian matrimonial law, in that it can be treated as a matrimonial fault, resulting in dissolution of
the marriage.[105] All religious personal laws and the secular law governing marriage and divorce in India deem ‘cruelty’ by one
spouse to the other to be a ground for divorce.[105] The originally enacted Hindu marriage Act provided that in order to constitute
a cause for divorce, an act of cruelty should be such that it ‘produces a reasonable apprehension in the mind of the petitioner that
it will be harmful or injurious for the petitioner to live with the other party.’[105] Marital rape also amounts to ‘sexual abuse’
under the law regarding domestic violence enacted in 2005, under which aggrieved wives or female live-in partners can claim
civil remedies, like injunction against violence, dispossession from home or direction to the husband/partner to pay
maintenance.[105] The law kicks in to regulate sexual violence in marriage only in cases when it is accompanied by extreme
physical violence or when the health and safety of the wife is endangered, as in the case of minor wives.[105]

This exception has restricted application when the wife has been living separately from the husband, with or without a decree of
judicial separation. In such cases, the husband can be prosecuted for rape. If convicted, the minimum punishment is imprisonment
for two years and imposition of a fine (Section 376B, IPC).[105] This clause was ratified in the year 1983, a period of great
upheaval in the history of rape law reform in India, when major changes were made for the first time since enactment of rape
laws by the colonial state in 1860.[105] The parliamentary committee that gave final shape to the 1983 amendments was
disinclined to treating non-consensual sex between a separated couple as amounting to rape, on the grounds that a rape charge
would heighten the possibilities of divorce by making reconciliation that much harder for the couple. Hence, the minimum
sentence stipulated for this category of rape was set much lower than usual.[105]

Until 2017, there was a discrepancy between two sub clauses of Section 375. Exception 2 stated that “sexual intercourse by a man
with his own wife, the wife not being under fifteen years of age, is not rape.”[106] However, the same provision stated that a man
is said to commit rape if he has sexual relations with a woman with or without her consent, when she is under 18 years of
age.[107] Independent Thought, a non-governmental organisation, in a petition in 2013, had challenged Exception 2.[107] In a
landmark ruling on 11 October 2017, the supreme court upheld the age of consent as 18 years.[108] The court held that the
distinction made between a married girl child and an unmarried girl child was illogical and ran against the provisions of the
Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012. Such a distinction also violated a child's right to liberty and dignity under
Article 21 of the Constitution. Two other significant statutes undermined by the original IPC section were the Prohibition of Child
Marriage Act, 2006 and the Juvenile Justice Act, both of which define a child as someone below the age of 18.[109] Irrespective
of her marital status, sex with a minor girl will now attract a minimum rigorous imprisonment of ten years.

Education programmes
In February 2017, the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare unveiled resource material relating to health issues to be used as a
part of a nationwide adolescent peer-education plan called Saathiya. Among other subjects, the material discusses relationships
and consent. The material states, "Yes, adolescents frequently fall in love. They can feel attraction for a friend or any individual
of the same or opposite sex. It is normal to have special feelings for someone. It is important for adolescents to understand that
such relationships are based on mutual consent, trust, transparency and respect. It is alright to talk about such feelings to the
person for whom you have them but always in a respectful manner. ... Boys should understand that when a girl says 'no' it means
no."[110][111]

See also
Dark figure of crime
Men's rights movement
Rape of males
Slut-shaming
Victim blaming

References
1. Kumar, Radha (2003) [1993], "The agitation against rape", in Kumar, Radha (ed.), The history of doing: an
illustrated account of movements for women's rights and feminism in India 1800-1990, New Delhi: Zubaan,
p. 128, ISBN 9788185107769. Preview. (https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=68xTBT1-H4IC&printsec=frontcov
er)
2. "Chapter 5: Crime against women", Crime in India 2012 Statistics (https://web.archive.org/web/20160116122212/
http://ncrb.nic.in/CD-CII2012/cii-2012/Chapter%205.pdf) (PDF), National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB),
Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India, p. 81, archived from the original (http://ncrb.nic.in/CD-CII2012/cii-
2012/Chapter%205.pdf) (PDF) on 16 January 2016
3. "Table 5.1", Crime in India 2012 Statistics (https://web.archive.org/web/20140620023952/http://ncrb.nic.in/CD-CII
2012/Statistics2012.pdf) (PDF), National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB), Ministry of Home Affairs, Government
of India, p. 385, archived from the original (http://ncrb.nic.in/CD-CII2012/Statistics2012.pdf) (PDF) on 20 June
2014
4. Sirnate, Vasundhara (1 February 2014). "Good laws, bad implementation" (http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/
good-laws-bad-implementation/article5639799.ece). The Hindu. Chennai, India. Retrieved 1 February 2014.
5. Humphrey, John A.; Schmalleger, Frank (2012), "Mental illness, addictive behaviors, and sexual deviance", in
Humphrey, John A.; Schmalleger, Frank (eds.), Deviant behavior (2nd ed.), Sudbury, Massachusetts: Jones &
Bartlett Learning, p. 252, ISBN 9780763797737.
6. Gregg Barak. Crime and Crime Control: A Global View: A Global View. ABC-CLIO. p. 74. "Overall, however, rape
rates are still lower than most other countries."
7. United Nations (2009). African Women's Report 2009: Measuring Gender Inequality in Africa - Experiences and
Lessons from the African Gender and Development Index. United Nations Publications. pp. 68–. ISBN 978-92-1-
054362-0.
8. Colonel Y Udaya Chandar (23 September 2016). The Ailing India. Notion Press. p. 337. ISBN 978-1-945926-26-
6.
9. Correspondent, Legal (13 April 2019). "Sex on false promise of marriage is rape: Supreme Court" (https://www.th
ehindu.com/news/national/sex-on-false-promise-of-marriage-is-rape-supreme-court/article26831183.ece). The
Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X). Retrieved 14 April 2019.
10. Siuli Sarkar (17 June 2016). Gender Disparity in India: Unheard Whimpers (https://books.google.com/books?id=q
wS7DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA283). PHI Learning. p. 283. ISBN 9788120352513.
11. Tamsin Bradley (28 February 2017). Women and Violence in India: Gender, Oppression and the Politics of
Neoliberalism (https://books.google.com/books?id=daERDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT105#v=onepage&q&f=false). I.B.
Tauris. p. 105. ISBN 9781786721181.
12. Shahid M. Shahidullah (2017). Crime, Criminal Justice, and the Evolving Science of Criminology in South Asia:
India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. Springer. p. 96. "police-recorded rape rate in India has shown a sharp
increasing trend in recent years against the declining trend of all other violent and property crimes."
13. Staff writer (19 December 2012). "Protests grow over gang rape of Indian woman (video)" (https://www.telegraph.
co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/9756318/Protests-grow-over-gang-rape-of-Indian-woman.html#). The
Telegraph. London. Retrieved 21 December 2012.
14. Staff writer (31 May 2014). "Perceived government inaction over rape and murder of two teenage girls sparks
public anger" (http://www.indiasnews.net/index.php/sid/222467201/scat/701ee96610c884a6/ht/Perceived-govern
ment-inaction-over-rape-and-murder-of-two-teenage-girls-sparks-public-anger). India'sNews.Net.
15. "The Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131107103627/http://indiacode.nic.i
n/acts-in-pdf/132013.pdf) (PDF). The Gazette of India. Government of India. 2013.
16. Staff writer (9 May 2017). "NCRB data shows 95% rape victims in India known to offenders; Madhya Pradesh
tops the list" (http://www.firstpost.com/india/ncrb-data-shows-95-rape-victims-in-india-known-to-offenders-343313
6.html). FirstPost. Chennai, India. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
17. Staff writer (1 September 2016). "NCRB Report: These 6 Indian cities have the highest rate of crimes against
women" (http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/ncrb-report-2015-six-indian-cities-most-unsafe-for
-women-3005926/). The Indian Express. Chennai, India. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
18. United Nations (2013), "Sexual Violence Tables as of July 2013", in United Nations (ed.), Crime and criminal
justice statistics (http://www.unodc.org/unodc/data-and-analysis/statistics/crime.html), United Nations Office on
Drugs and Crime
19. FBI. Crime in the United States 1993-2012 (https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/crime-in-the-u.s/2012/crime-in-th
e-u.s.-2012/tables/1tabledatadecoverviewpdf/table_1_crime_in_the_united_states_by_volume_and_rate_per_10
0000_inhabitants_1993-2012.xls). United States Department of Justice.
20. Mitra, Hem Chandra; Mukhurji, Bamapada. The Indian Penal Code, Act XLV of 1860. Calcutta. p. 322.
OCLC 84414842 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/84414842). Details. (https://books.google.com/books?id=ZTEZA
AAAYAAJ&pg=PA322)
21. Devasia, V.V.; Kumar, Ajit (2009), "Child sexual abuse - breaking the silence", in Devasia, V.V.; Kumar, Ajit (eds.),
Social work concerns and challenges in the 21st century, New Delhi: A.P.H. Pub. Corp, p. 71,
ISBN 9788131304679. Preview. (https://books.google.com/books?id=GR-9NRZx4eAC&pg=PA71)
Note: sexual intercourse meant peno-vaginal penetration, all other sexual acts were covered under
Section 377 as "unnatural offenses"

22. Kalra, Kush; Barupal, Priyanka (2013), "Rape", in Kalra, Kush; Barupal, Priyanka (eds.), Law, sex & crime, India:
Vij Books, pp. 66–87, ISBN 9789382652229.
Note: originally ten years in 1860 law, replaced by the word "twelve" in 1891, and replaced with the word
"fifteen" in 1950, and word "sixteen" in 1983.

23. Mehta, Siddharth (April 2013). "Rape law in India: problems in prosecution due to loopholes in the law".
doi:10.2139/ssrn.2250448 (https://doi.org/10.2139%2Fssrn.2250448). SSRN 2250448 (https://ssrn.com/abstract
=2250448).
24. Jiloha, R.C. (July – September 2013). "Rape: Legal issues in mental health perspective" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.ni
h.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3777346). Indian Journal of Psychiatry. 55 (3): 250–255. doi:10.4103/0019-5545.117141
(https://doi.org/10.4103%2F0019-5545.117141). PMC 3777346 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3
777346). PMID 24082245 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24082245).
25. "The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act 2012 (No. 32 of 212)" (https://web.archive.org/web/201509
28131849/http://wcd.nic.in/childact/childprotection31072012.pdf) (PDF). The Gazette of India. Government of
India. 20 June 2012. Archived from the original (http://wcd.nic.in/childact/childprotection31072012.pdf) (PDF) on
28 September 2015. Retrieved 7 March 2017.
26. Gaur, K.D. (2009), "Chapter XVI: Offences affecting the human body", in Gaur, K.D. (ed.), Textbook on the Indian
Penal Code (4th ed.), Delhi: Universal Law Pub. Co, p. 684, ISBN 9788175347038. Preview. (https://books.googl
e.com/books?id=WnnxzkV2mk0C&pg=PA684)
27. Saberin, Zeenat. "India decriminalises gay sex in landmark verdict" (https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/09/ind
ia-decriminalises-gay-sex-landmark-verdict-180906051219637.html). www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved
6 September 2018.
28. Ghosh, Deepshikha. "Love, Equally: Homosexuality No Longer A Crime, Says Supreme Court" (https://www.ndtv.
com/india-news/homosexuality-no-longer-a-crime-in-india-supreme-court-ends-controversial-section-377-191220
2). NDTV.com. Retrieved 6 September 2018.
29. Pandey, Geeta (7 February 2013). "India child sex victims 'humiliated' - Human Rights Watch" (https://www.bbc.c
o.uk/news/world-asia-india-21352102). BBC News. Retrieved 15 March 2013.
30. Warhurst, Alyson; Strachan, Cressie; Yousuf, Zahed; Tuohy-Smith, Siobhan (August 2011). "Girl trafficking: a life
story". In Warhurst, Alyson; Strachan, Cressie; Yousuf, Zahed; Tuohy-Smith, Siobhan (eds.). Trafficking: A global
phenomenon with an exploration of India through maps (http://maplecroft.com/about/news/trafficking_report.html)
(pdf). Maplecroft. pp. 37–43. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
31. Shanmugam, Ramalingam (2013). "Informatics about fear to report rapes using bumped-up Poisson model".
American Journal of Biostatistics. 3 (1): 17–29. doi:10.3844/amjbsp.2013.17.29 (https://doi.org/10.3844%2Famjb
sp.2013.17.29).
See also: Poisson distribution.

32. Special Correspondent (27 August 2013). "Majority of rape cases go unreported: MPs" (http://www.thehindu.com/
todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/majority-of-rape-cases-go-unreported-mps/article5063089.ece). The Hindu.
Chennai, India. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
33. The Indian Journal of Political Science (https://books.google.co.in/books?id=eHRWAAAAYAAJ). Indian Political
Science Association. 2009. p. 117.
34. "Sexual act by man with wife, not below 15 years, is not rape, says Supreme Court" (http://indianexpress.com/arti
cle/india/marital-rape-not-penal-offence-parliament-debated-it-says-supreme-court-4789601/). 9 August 2017.
35. "Sex with minor wife to be considered as rape, rules Supreme Court" (http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-sex-w
ith-minor-wife-to-be-considered-as-rape-rules-supreme-court-2552016). dna. 11 October 2017. Retrieved 9 July
2018.
36. Kark, Madiha (2013). Understanding Indian and Pakistani cultural perspectives and analyzing U.S. news
coverage of Mukhtar Mai and Jyoti Singh Pandey (https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc271840/m2/1/hi
gh_res_d/thesis.pdf) (PDF) (MA thesis). University of Texas. OCLC 876058002 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/87
6058002).
Thesis Committee: Tracy Everbach, Koji Fuse, James E. Mueller, Roy Busby and Mark Wardell.

37. UN Women (May 2013). Factsheet - Global, Progress of the World's Women 2011-12 (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20111205195445/http://progress.unwomen.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/EN-Factsheet-Global-Progress-of-
the-Worlds-Women.pdf) (PDF). UN Women.
38. S, Rukmini (29 July 2014). "The many shades of rape cases in Delhi" (http://www.thehindu.com/data/the-many-s
hades-of-rape-cases-in-delhi/article6261042.ece). The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/09
71-751X). Retrieved 26 September 2017.
39. Sethi, Abheet Singh (19 March 2015). "3 years after Delhi rape, conviction rates same" (http://www.indiaspend.co
m/cover-story/3-years-after-delhi-rape-conviction-rates-same-74152). IndiaSpend.com. Retrieved 22 February
2017.
40. FP Staff (10 September 2013). "A 24.21 percent conviction rate for rape in India, lower every year" (http://www.fir
stpost.com/india/a-24-21-per-cent-conviction-rate-for-rape-in-india-lower-every-year-1096959.html). The First
Post.
41. Ghosh, Shamik. "Delhi gang-rape: victim's friend, also on bus, gives statement in court" (http://www.ndtv.com/arti
cle/india/delhi-gang-rape-victim-s-friend-also-on-bus-gives-statement-in-court-307391). NDTV. Retrieved
21 December 2012.
42. HT Correspondent. "No option, victim's intestines removed" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150403022857/http://
www.hindustantimes.com/newdelhi/no-option-victim-s-intestines-removed/article1-976790.aspx). Hindustan
Times. Archived from the original (http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/No-option-victim-s-intesti
nes-removed/Article1-976790.aspx) on 3 April 2015. Retrieved 21 December 2012.
43. Staff writer (18 December 2012). "Delhi bus gang rape: Uproar in Indian parliament" (https://www.bbc.com/news/
world-asia-india-20765869). BBC News. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
44. Staff writer (23 December 2012). "Thousands protest in Indian capital after gang-rape" (http://www.itv.com/news/
2012-12-22/thousands-protest-after-indian-gang-rape/). ITV News.
45. Staff writer. "Un muerto en la India durante las protestas contra una violación" (http://www.lavanguardia.com/inter
nacional/20121223/54356596953/muerto-india-manifestaciones-contra-violacion.html). La Vanguardia (in
Spanish). Retrieved 24 December 2012.
46. Samervel, Rebecca (5 April 2014). "3 Shakti Mills rapists to hang for 'diabolical, planned attack' " (http://timesofin
dia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/3-Shakti-Mills-rapists-to-hang-for-diabolical-planned-attack/articleshow/3325430
7.cms). The Times Of India.
47. Staff writer (14 March 2015). "Elderly Indian nun gang-raped in convent school attack" (https://www.bbc.com/new
s/world-asia-india-31887764). BBC News. Retrieved 16 November 2016.
48. News reports:
Dua, Rohan (1 April 2015). "Bengal nun gangrape: Ludhiana cops detain four Bangladeshis" (http://timesofind
ia.indiatimes.com/india/Bengal-nun-gangrape-Ludhiana-cops-detain-four-Bangladeshis/articleshow/4676599
7.cms). The Times of India.
PTI (26 March 2015). "Two Bangladeshis arrested in Ranaghat nun gang-rape" (http://www.newindianexpres
s.com/nation/Two-Bangladeshis-Arrested-in-Ranaghat-Nun-Gang-Rape/2015/03/26/article2731245.ece). The
Indian Express.
Shoebat Foundation (28 March 2015). "INDIA: Two more Bangladeshi Muslims arrested for brutal gang rape
of elderly convent nun" (http://shoebat.com/2015/03/28/india-two-more-bangladeshi-muslims-arrested-for-brut
al-gang-rape-of-elderly-convent-nun/). Shoebat Foundation.
49. TNN (8 April 2016). "Dalit girl student was not murdered, says FSL report" (http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/cit
y/jaipur/Dalit-girl-student-was-not-murdered-says-FSL-report/articleshow/51735039.cms). The Times of India.
Retrieved 20 April 2016.
50. Express News Service (20 April 2016). "Rajasthan CM Raje govt seeks CBI probe into Dalit girl's death" (http://in
dianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/rajasthan-dalit-girl-death-sbi-probe-vasundhara-raje-2761420/).
The Indian Express.
51. "Outrage spreads over eight-year-old's rape" (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-43749235). BBC
News. 13 April 2018. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
52. "J&K: Kathua Rape-And-Murder Of 8-Year-Old Girl Was Aimed At Driving Nomads Out: Official" (https://www.outl
ookindia.com/website/story/jk-kathua-rape-and-murder-of-8-year-old-girl-was-aimed-at-driving-nomads-out-off/30
9368). Outlook India. Retrieved 11 April 2018.
53. Eltagouri, Marwa (11 April 2018). "An 8-year-old's rape and murder inflames tensions between Hindus and
Muslims in India" (https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2018/04/11/an-8-year-olds-rape-and-mu
rder-inflames-tensions-between-hindus-and-muslims-in-india/). Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286 (https://www.
worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286). Retrieved 12 April 2018.
54. Warikoo, Kulbhushan (2014), "Islamist extremism in Kashmir", in Warikoo, Kulbhushan (ed.), Religion and
security in South and Central Asia (1st ed.), London New York: Routledge, p. 79, ISBN 9781138784833. Preview.
(https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZgzJBQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover)
55. Margolis, Eric S. (2000), "Revolt in the mountains", in Margolis, Eric S. (ed.), War at the top of the world: the
struggle for Afghanistan, Kashmir, and Tibet, New York: Routledge, p. 135, ISBN 9780415930628. Preview. (http
s://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PLRslDyjJHAC&printsec=frontcover)
56. von Pochhammer, Wilhelm (2005), "Accession of Princely states", in von Pochhammer, Wilhelm (ed.), India's
road to nationhood: a political history of the subcontinent, New Delhi: Allied Publishers, p. 512,
ISBN 9788177647150. Preview. (https://books.google.com/books?id=mHLB4m75pisC&pg=PA511)
57. Joshi, Manoj (1999), "The valley aflame", in Joshi, Manoj (ed.), The lost rebellion, New Delhi: Penguin Books,
p. 64, ISBN 9780140278460. Extract. (https://web.archive.org/web/20160409103700/http://iref.homestead.com/k
ashmir90.html)
58. Schofield, Victoria (2003). "Vale of tears". In Schofield, Victoria (ed.). Kashmir in conflict: India, Pakistan and the
unending war. London New York: I.B. Tauris. p. 157. ISBN 9781860648984. Preview. (https://books.google.com/b
ooks?id=rkTetMfI6QkC&pg=PA155)
59. Ganai, Naseer (21 October 2011). "Human rights panel asks Jammu and Kashmir govt to reopen army mass
rape case" (https://web.archive.org/web/20111021171255/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/shrc-wants-jammu-an
d-kashmir-army-mass-rape-case-reopened/1/156960.html). India Today. Archived from the original (http://indiato
day.intoday.in/story/shrc-wants-jammu-and-kashmir-army-mass-rape-case-reopened/1/156960.html) on 21
October 2011.
60. Tolley, Jr., Howard B. (2009), "Kashmir", in Forsythe, David P. (ed.), Encyclopedia of human rights, Oxford New
York: Oxford University Press, p. 306, ISBN 9780195336887. Preview. (https://books.google.com/books?id=1Qb
X90fmCVUC&pg=frontcover)
61. Flint, Colin (2011), "Network geopolitics: social movements and terrorists", in Flint, Colin (ed.), An introduction to
geopolitics (2nd ed.), Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon New York: Routledge, p. 192, ISBN 9780415667739. Preview.
(https://books.google.com/books?id=dvy1S0uyZA8C&pg=PA192)
62. HRW (June 1993). "Violations by military organizations". In HRW (ed.). The Human rights crisis in Kashmir: a
pattern of impunity (https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/INDIA937.PDF) (PDF). New York: Asia Watch,
a division of Human Rights Watch. p. 154. ISBN 9781564320476.
Also published as a book: Asia Watch Committee (U.S.); Human Rights Watch (Organization); Physicians
for Human Rights (U.S.) (1993). "Violations by military organizations". In Asia Watch Committee (U.S.);
Human Rights Watch (Organization); Physicians for Human Rights (U.S.) (eds.). The Human rights crisis
in Kashmir: a pattern of impunity (https://books.google.com/books?id=X0QQx5ObGysC&pg=PA154). New
York: Human Rights Watch. p. 154. ISBN 9781564321046.

63. Karisson, Bengt G. (2011), "Nature and nation", in Karisson, Bengt G. (ed.), Unruly hills: a political ecology of
India's northeast, New York: Berghahn Books, pp. 51–52, ISBN 9780857451057. Preview. (https://books.google.
com/books?id=_-MRFbForK4C&pg=PA24)
64. Staff writer (18 July 2011). "Rape and murder in Uttar Pradesh" (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-14
058814). BBC News.
65. "Table 7.2: Incidence (I), Rate (R) and Percentage Contribution to All India Total of Crimes (P) Committed Against
Scheduled Castes During 2007", Crimes in India 2007 (Chapters 5–7) (https://web.archive.org/web/20151014135
524/http://ncrb.nic.in/cii2007/cii-2007/Table%207.2.pdf) (PDF), National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB), Ministry
of Home Affairs, Government of India, archived from the original (http://ncrb.nic.in/cii2007/cii-2007/Table%207.2.p
df) (PDF) on 14 October 2015
66. Crimes in India 2013 (https://web.archive.org/web/20151017031054/http://ncrb.nic.in/CD-CII2013/compendium%
202013.pdf) (PDF). National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB), Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India.
2014. Archived from the original (http://ncrb.nic.in/CD-CII2013/compendium%202013.pdf) (PDF) on 17 October
2015.
67. Bhowmick, Nilanjana (31 August 2012). "Gujarat riots: new court verdict raises the heat on Narendra Modi" (htt
p://world.time.com/2012/08/31/gujarat-riots-new-court-verdict-raises-the-heat-on-narendra-modi/). Time.
Retrieved 6 May 2014.
68. Butalia, Urvashi (2011), "Gender in the construction of nations", in Dobhal, Harsh (ed.), Writings on human rights,
law, and society in India: a Combat law anthology: selections from Combat law, 2002-2010, New Delhi: Human
Rights Law Network, p. 598, ISBN 9788189479787. Preview. (https://books.google.com/books?id=CcbLvuT1jbk
C&pg=PA598)
69. Žarkov, Dubravka (2007), "Troubles with the victim", in Žarkov, Dubravka (ed.), The body of war: media, ethnicity,
and gender in the break-up of Yugoslavia, Durham: Duke University Press, p. 172, ISBN 9780822339663.
70. Mathur, Aneesha (11 April 2013). "Men falsely accused of rape should be rehabilitated" (http://www.indianexpres
s.com/news/-men-falsely-accused-of-rape-should-be-rehabilitated-/1100590/#sthash.XS37YArh.dpufIn). The
Indian Express. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
71. PTI (25 May 2013). "Women sometime file rape cases as weapon for vengeance: HC" (http://newindianexpress.c
om/nation/Women-sometime-file-rape-cases-as-weapon-for-vengeance-HC/2013/05/25/article1605616.ece). The
New Indian Express. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
72. Jaleel, Imtiaz (3 August 2014). Das, Mala (ed.). "Shiv Sena backs senior cop, says making rape charges is now
'fashion' " (http://www.ndtv.com/article/cities/shiv-sena-backs-senior-cop-says-making-rape-charges-is-now-fashio
n-569694). NDTV.
73. ABP Live (3 August 2014). "ABP News debate: Is Shiv Sena trying to protect rape accused?" (http://www.abplive.
in/others/abp-news-debate-is-shiv-sena-trying-to-protect-rape-accused-178003). ABP News.
74. Jolly, Joanna (8 February 2017). "Does India have a problem with false rape claims?" (https://www.bbc.com/new
s/magazine-38796457). BBC News. Retrieved 26 September 2017.
75. HRW (October 1991), "India", in HRW (ed.), Abdication of responsibility: the Commonwealth and human rights (h
ttps://www.hrw.org/reports/pdfs/g/general/general291o.pdf) (PDF), New York: Human Rights Watch, p. 14,
ISBN 9781564320476.
76. Chatterji, Angana P. (2012), "Witnessing as feminist intervention", in Loomba, Ania; Lukrose, Ritty A. (eds.),
South Asian feminisms: contemporary interventions, Durham: Duke University Press, p. 194,
ISBN 9780822351795. Preview. (https://books.google.com/books?id=wOr5rxXE5UcC&pg=PA202)
77. Press Council of India (1991), "Foreword", in Press Council of India (ed.), Crisis and credibility: report of the
Press Council of India, January and July 1991, New Delhi: Lancer International, pp. 10–13,
ISBN 9788170621522. Preview. (https://books.google.com/books?id=9jD2nq_QulwC&pg=PA10)
78. "Google" (https://www.google.com/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF-8#q=%22badaun%
20gang-rape%22&spell=1). Retrieved 16 November 2016.
79. See:
"India travel advice" (https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/india/safety-and-security). gov.uk. UK
Government. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
"Travel advice and advisories for India" (http://travel.gc.ca/destinations/india). travel.gc.ca. Government of
Canada. 2014.
"U.S. Passports & International Travel: India" (https://travel.state.gov/content/passports/english/country/india.
html). travel.state.gov. US Department of State.
80. Staff writer (16 March 2013). "Swiss woman 'gang-raped' in central India" (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia
-india-21812849). BBC News. London. Retrieved 16 March 2013.
81. Udas, Sumnima (17 March 2013). "Police: Swiss tourist gang-raped in India" (http://edition.cnn.com/2013/03/16/
world/asia/india-tourist-gangrape/). CNN. United States. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
82. The Associated Press (18 May 2013). "6 charged with gang rape in India after Swiss attacked" (http://www.cbc.c
a/news/world/6-charged-with-gang-rape-in-india-after-swiss-attacked-1.1365501). CBC News. Canada.
Retrieved 23 March 2014.
83. Pearson, Natalie Obiko (22 January 2015). "India's message to women: come visit, we'll become safer" (https://w
ww.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-01-22/india-s-message-to-women-come-visit-we-re-serious-about-safety).
Bloomberg News. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
84. Kazmin, Amy; Singh, Jyotsna; Inagaki, Kana (5 January 2015). "Latest rape case adds to fears for Indian tourism
industry" (https://www.ft.com/content/be36ee2e-94d2-11e4-8341-00144feabdc0). Financial Times. Retrieved
17 March 2015.
85. Nelson, Dean (31 March 2013). "Female tourists shun India after rape attack" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/
worldnews/asia/india/9963608/Female-tourists-shun-India-after-rape-attack.html). The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved
30 October 2016.
86. UNWTO (2014), "Regional results: Asia and the Pacific - fourth consecutive year of robust growth", in UNWTO
(ed.), UNWTO Tourism highlights 2014 edition, Madrid: World Tourism Organization, p. 9,
doi:10.18111/9789284416226 (https://doi.org/10.18111%2F9789284416226), ISBN 9789284416226.
87. Staff writer (6 December 2014). "India logs 10% rise in foreign tourist arrivals" (http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/
india/India-logs-10-rise-in-foreign-tourist-arrivals/articleshow/45529904.cms). Times of India. Retrieved 26 March
2015.
88. Paris, Natalie (6 January 2015). "India tourism fears after latest rape" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinati
ons/asia/india/11327948/India-tourism-fears-after-latest-rape.html). Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 17 March
2015.
89. Mail Today Bureau (17 April 2015). "Indian tourism on a mission mode to work on many aspects to boost influx of
tourists" (http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/mail-today-tourism-summit-indian-tourism-boost-mahesh-sharma/1/430
615.html). India Today.
 90. Buncombe, Andrew (17 December 2009). "Goa MP says rape after midnight 'not a crime' " (https://www.independ
ent.co.uk/news/world/asia/goa-mp-says-rape-after-midnight-not-a-crime-1843100.html). The Independent.
London.
91. PTI (15 December 2009). "Goa MP Shantaram Naik says some women invite rape" (http://www.dnaindia.com/ind
ia/report_goa-mp-shantaram-naik-says-some-women-invite-rape_1324134). DNA India. Retrieved 24 December
2012.
92. "Section 376A, The Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131107103627/http://i
ndiacode.nic.in/acts-in-pdf/132013.pdf) (PDF). The Gazette of India. Government of India. 2013.
93. "Section 53 in The Code Of Criminal Procedure, 1973" (https://indiankanoon.org/doc/633996/). indiankanoon.org.
Retrieved 27 October 2017.
94. Viswanathan, T.K. "The Code of Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Act, 2005" (https://web.archive.org/web/20171
027180631/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/pdf/TheCCP(Amendment)Act,2005.pdf) (PDF).
mha.nic.in.
95. Roy, Rajesh (21 March 2013). "India parliament clears tough rape law" (https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB1000142
4127887324103504578373991905281104). The Wall Street Journal.
96. PTI (3 November 2015). "Child born out of rape has right over assaulter's property: High Court" (http://www.hindu
stantimes.com/india/child-born-out-of-rape-has-right-over-assaulter-s-property-high-court/story-KqYOWg5tM1tjtq
D19VBGfN.html). The Hindustan Times.
97. PTI (3 November 2015). "Child born out of rape has right on assaulter's property: Allahabad HC" (http://www.dnai
ndia.com/india/report-child-born-out-of-rape-has-right-on-assaulter-s-property-allahabad-hc-2141971). DNA
India.
98. "Writ Petition No.8210 (M/B) of 2015 "A" through her Father "F" Versus State Of U.P. Thru Prin. Secy., Med. &
Health Ser. & Ors" (http://elegalix.allahabadhighcourt.in/elegalix/WebDownloadJudgmentDocument.do?judgment
ID=4385424). Allahabad High Court. 3 November 2015.
99. "Sex offenders' registry launched with 4.4 lakh entries" (https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sex-offenders-re
gistry-launched-with-44-lakh-entries/article24999478.ece?homepage=true). The Hindu. Retrieved 20 September
2018.
100. Sharma, Amol; Agarwal, Vibhuti (25 January 2013). "India rape case tests fast-track courts" (https://www.wsj.co
m/articles/SB10001424127887323854904578261551780617048). The Wall Street Journal.
101. Timmons, Heather (24 January 2013). "Rape Trial challenges a jam in India's justice system" (https://www.nytime
s.com/2013/01/24/world/asia/gang-rape-trial-tests-indias-justice-system.html). The New York Times.
102. Chaturvedi, Amit (1 March 2013). "Marital rape not criminal offence: MPs committee backs govt" (http://www.ndtv.
com/article/india/marital-rape-not-criminal-offence-mps-committee-backs-govt-337053). NDTV. Retrieved 16 April
2013.
103. Nelson, Dean (14 March 2013). "Men can still rape their wives in India after new Government bill" (https://www.tel
egraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/9930838/Men-can-still-rape-their-wives-in-India-after-new-Government-
bill.html). Daily Telegaph. London. Retrieved 18 July 2013.
104. Kinnear, Karen L. (2011), "Background and history", in Kinnear, Karen L. (ed.), Women in developing countries: a
reference handbook, Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, pp. 26–27, ISBN 9781598844269. Preview. (https://b
ooks.google.com/books?id=oIjxVimxO_wC&pg=PA26)
105. Mandal, Saptarshi (2014). "The Impossibility of Marital Rape: Contestations around Marriage, Sex, Violence and
the Law in Contemporary India". Australian Feminist Studies – via Taylor and Francis.
106. "Section 375 in The Indian Penal Code" (https://indiankanoon.org/doc/623254/). indiankanoon.org. Retrieved
3 November 2017.
107. "SC says marital rape can't be considered criminal: Tradition doesn't justify assault, child marriage" (http://www.fir
stpost.com/india/sc-says-marital-rape-cant-be-considered-criminal-tradition-doesnt-justify-assault-child-marriage-
3917749.html). Firstpost. 11 October 2017. Retrieved 3 November 2017.
108. "SC says sex with child bride is rape, remember the Centre put marriage above child rights" (http://www.thenews
minute.com/article/sc-says-sex-child-bride-rape-remember-centre-put-marriage-above-child-rights-69826). The
News Minute. 11 October 2017. Retrieved 3 November 2017.
109. Yamunan, Sruthisagar. "Child marital rape is now illegal. It is time to criminalise adult marital rape too" (https://scr
oll.in/article/853796/child-marital-rape-is-now-illegal-it-is-time-to-criminalise-adult-marital-rape-too). Scroll.in.
Retrieved 3 November 2017.
110. Ghosh, Abantika (21 February 2017). "Same-sex attraction is OK, boys can cry, girl's no means no" (http://indian
express.com/article/india/same-sex-attraction-is-ok-boys-can-cry-girls-no-means-no-health-ministry-sex-educatio
n-4535410/). The Indian Express. Retrieved 21 February 2017.
111. FE Online (21 February 2017). "Homosexual attraction is OK; 'NO' means no: Health Ministry rises above Indian
stereotypes" (http://www.financialexpress.com/jobs/homosexual-attraction-is-ok-no-means-no-health-ministry-rise
s-above-indian-stereotypes/560227/). The Financial Express. Retrieved 21 February 2017.

External links
Video lecture on Rape in India: "Understanding Consent" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u-TEW-XILKQ)
Delhi tops with more than double rape cases in 2013 (http://www.indiatomorrow.net/eng/delhi-tops-with-more-tha
n-double-rape-cases-in-2013)
The 'two-finger' test discredited (https://web.archive.org/web/20120515082817/http://infochangeindia.org/women/
books-a-reports/the-two-finger-test.html)

Further reading
"The rapes that India forgot" (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-20907755). BBC. 5 January 2013.
Vutz, Cornelia. "The situation of women and gender-specific violence in India" (http://www.europarl.europa.eu/Re
gData/bibliotheque/briefing/2013/130433/LDM_BRI(2013)130433_REV1_EN.pdf) (PDF). Library Briefing. Library
of the European Parliament. Retrieved 7 March 2013.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rape_in_India&oldid=899564437"

This page was last edited on 30 May 2019, at 21:52 (UTC).

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using
this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia
Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.