02 Well Cementing - Day 2 PDF

Quartz School for Well Site Supervisors
Module – 7
Well Cementing Ops.
Schlumberger Private
Section – 2
Well Cementing – II
1
Well Cementing
Day 2
2
Agenda
• Review Day 1 and Homework
• Squeeze cementing
• Mud removal
• Cementing Job Design
3
Squeeze Cementing
4
Balanced Cement Plugs
A balanced cement plug can be used to:
• Abandon a well at a prescribed depth.

• Create a hard medium to start kicking off for a sidetrack.
• Seal off unwanted perforations. (Squeeze)
• Seal off Lost Circulation zones.
• Plug back an unwanted section of open hole.
• Carry out final abandonment at surface.
• Cement in place, junk, a fish or lost logging tools.
5
Balanced Cement Plugs
A correctly placed balanced plug leaves the required
amount (usually height) of cement slurry in the hole after
the pipe is removed:
Planned Plug Plug in place with Drill Pipe removed
6
pipe
Squeeze Cementing
packer
• Injection of Cement Slurry tubing

FORMATION
• Perforations, Casing Leak,
casing
DEHYDRATED
• Channels CEMENT
cement
slurry
• Below or above fracture pressure
cement PRIMARY
nodes CEMENT
CHANNEL BEHIND
CASING
7
Basic Concept
• Filtration Process
FORMATION
– Differential pressure applied casing PRIMARY
CEMENT
– Porous medium DEHYDRATED
CEMENT
– Filter cake deposition cement

nodes
8
Effect of Fluid Loss Control
Completely bridged casing
Partially bridged casing
Completely filled perforations
Partially filled perforations
9
Squeeze Cementing - Definition
packer
• Injection of Cement Slurry tubing
into the voids behind the FORMATION
casing
casing
DEHYDRATED
CEMENT
• Dehydration of cement cement
slurry
requires: fluid-loss, porous

(permeable) matrix,
cement PRIMARY
differential pressure, time. nodes CEMENT
• Injection below or above CHANNEL BEHIND

CASING
fracture pressure
10
Effect of Fluid Loss Control
Node build-
build-up after 45 min, slurries with different fluid-
fluid-loss, dP=1000psi
dP=1000psi
800 ml/30min
Completely bridged casing
150 ml/30min Partially bridged casing
50 ml/30min Completely filled perforations
15 ml/30min Partially filled perforations
11
Squeeze Cementing - Applications
• Primary cement job repair
• Unwanted Water Production
• High Gas-Oil Ratio (GOR)
• Casing Splits or Leaks
• Nonproductive or Depleted Zones
12
Squeeze Cementing - Applications
• Formation Losses
• Top of Cement Column
• Alter Injection Profiles
– In water injection wells
• Block Squeeze
– Above and below the production zone
• Liner-Top Leaks
13
Squeeze Cementing - Methods
• Pumping technique
• Hesitation
• Running
• Placement technique
• High pressure - above formation frac pressure
• Low pressure - below formation frac pressure
• Tools
• Packer/Retainer
• Bradenhead
• Coiled tubing
14
Low Pressure Squeeze
• Squeeze pressure below fracture pressure
• Best way to squeeze the pay zone
• Use small volume of slurry
• Applicable for :
• Multiple zones
• Long intervals
• Low BHP wells
• Naturally fractured formations
15
High Pressure Squeeze
• Fracturing is necessary to place cement in the void
• Requires placement of large volumes of slurry
• Applicable for
• shoe
• liner top
• block squeeze
• Wash or acid ahead to minimize pump rates required
to initiate fracture
16
Running Squeeze
• Continuous pumping until final squeeze pressure is attained
• Clean fluid in the hole
• Large slurry volumes without fluid loss control
• Low or high pressure squeeze
• Applications
– Water flow
– Abandon perforations
– Increase cement top
– Casing shoes
– Liner tops
– Block squeeze
– Lost circulation zones
17
Running Squeeze
Pressure ( psi )
Time (min) Time (min..)
• Usually a large volume of slurry is pumped with this technique
18
Hesitation Squeeze
• Intermittent pumping
• Low pump rates
• Small slurry volumes
• Long job times
• Applications
– Channel repair
– Long perforated interval
– Long splits in casing
– Lost circulation
– Natural, man-made, caused during breakdown fractured situations
19
Hesitation Squeeze
• Rate of 0.25 - 0.5 bpm
Pressure (psi)
• 10-20 min. intervals
Pressure (psi)
D
A B C D
Time (min)
20
Planning the Squeeze Job
• Problem determination • Fluid in the well
– Temperature log • Well conditions (pre-squeeze
clean-up, if necessary)
– CBL/CET/USI
– Formation lithology
– Noise log – Formation permeability
– Water-flow log – Squeeze temperature
– Tracer survey • Type of squeeze
• Slurry design and amount
• Select tools and location • Pressure limitations
– Casing integrity – Pore and frac
– Type of squeeze • Plan the injection test
– Volume of the slurry
21
Injection Test
• Perforations are open and ready to accept fluid
– Water or brine or wash
• Estimate of the proper cement slurry injection rate
• Estimate the pressure during squeeze
• Estimate the amount of slurry to be used
• Ensure that the perforations are open
• Could pump an acid treatment ahead
22
Washes and Spacers
• Perforations, surrounding voids, and formation face clean-out
to ensure complete fill-up and dehydration
• Clean-up us a separate stage with chemical wash or
hydrochloric acid to remove
– water-based mud
– mud filter cake
– carbonate scale
• During placement slurry needs to be isolated ahead and behind
– 5 to 10 bbls of chemical wash or water
– 50 - 100 gal/ft of perforations
23
Slurry properties
• Fluid loss
• Filter cake development
• Viscosity
• Gel strength
• Free water
• Thickening time
– Squeeze temperature and pressure
• Compressive strength
– not a primary concern
24
Special Systems
• Thixotropic
• Expanding
• GASBLOK*
– Acid resistant
• Micro-fine cement
– SqueezeCRETE*
* Mark of Schlumberger
25
Slurry Volumes
• Length of the interval and number of perforations to be squeezed
• Placement technique to be used
Low pressure
• Injection rate
• Slurry volume to be left in the wellbore Low volume
• Excess Low rate
• Local experience High pressure
• Rules of thumb High volume
– Do not exceed capacity of the work string High or Low rate
– Two sacks of cement per ft. of perforations
– Should not be greater then could be reversed
– Minimum 100 sks if 2 bpm after breakdown, 50 sks otherwise
– Volume limited to ensure reverse circulation is possible
26
Bradenhead Squeeze
• Done through tubing or drill
BOP
pipe without packer
• Advantages
– No tool are used
(simplicity)
50'
– Cost
• Disadvantages CEMENT
– Casing and wellhead are
exposed to pressure 10' Sand
– Old casing BRIDGE PLUG
27
Packer with Tailpipe Squeeze
• Downhole Isolation tool
Packer
• Casing and wellhead
Tail Pipe
protection
• Tailpipe for placement
or setting a bridge plug CEMENT
• Long intervals
• Multiple setting of packer
28
Cement Retainer Squeeze
• Drillable Isolation Tool
• Similar to packer without
tailpipe
• Applications
CEMENT
• Squeeze pressure trapped RETAINER
– Internal control valve CEMENT
• Job Procedure 10' Sand
BRIDGE PLUG
29
Squeeze with Cement Retainer
(or Packer without tailpipe)
Determine the following:
Volume of cement slurry and water ahead/behind
Sacks of cement, mix water and additives
Depth to set C.R. (or Packer), when to Sting-In (or close by-pass)
Maximum displacement volume
Displacement, Hydrostatic Pressure and M.A.S.P. at:
Cement slurry 1bbl to end of tubing (or by-pass)
Cement slurry arrives at C.R. (or packer)
All slurry out of C.R. (or packer)
1bbl slurry above Top of Perforations (end of squeeze)
Chart of Surface Pressure versus Squeeze Volume
Internal yield and collapse pressure of tubular
30
Squeeze with Cement Retainer (Cont.)
Data: Results:
• 9”5/8 – 47#/ft Casing
Do necessary calculations
• Casing damaged at 8000ft
Draw pressure chart
• Cement Retainer @ 7500ft
• 3”1/2 – 12.95 #/ft Tubing Job Procedure
• 15.8ppg Slurry volume = 250 ft3
• Water ahead = 5bbl
• Water behind = 5bbl
• Brine weight = 9.5 ppg
• Frac. Gradient = 0.8 psi/ft
31
• 1 Tubing and Casing data
ft3/ft bbl/ft
CTb
CCs
AnCsxTb
32
2. Slurry and fluids
Step Unit Calculations
Slurry Volume bbl
Amount of Cement Sks

Mix Water bbl
Additive lb or gal
Water ahead bbl
Water behind bbl
33
• 3a. Depth to set Cement Retainer
• 3b. When to Sting-Into the Cement
Retainer (or close the by-pass)
• 4. Maximum Squeeze Volume
Sting-In End Squeeze
34
5a. Hydrostatic pressure: Beginning of squeeze
Fluid Density Volume Length Pressure

ppg bbl ft psi
Brine
Water
Slurry
Water
Brine
Total
Start Squeeze
35
5b. Water ahead out of the stinger (packer)

ppg bbl ft psi
Brine
Water
Slurry
Water
Brine
Total
Water ahead out
36
5c. All Slurry out of Stinger (packer)
ppg bbl ft psi
Brine
Water
Slurry
Total
Slurry Out
37
5d. Water behind out of Stinger (packer)
ppg bbl ft psi
Brine
Water
Slurry
Total
Water behind out
38
5e. End of Squeeze (1bbl slurry above perfs.)
ppg bbl ft psi
Brine
Brine
Water
Slurry
Total
Water behind out
39
6. Maximum Allowable Surface Pressure

Vol. of Brine P. Frac. P. Hyd. P. Safety M.A.S.P.
Stage Pumped (psi) (psi) (psi) (psi)
(bbl)
a. Start Squeeze
b. Water ahead Out
c. Cement Slurry Out
d. Water behind Out
e. End of Squeeze
40
7. M.A.S.P. Chart
Final Surface Pressure
Surface Pressure (psi)
ure
s
re in res
s u rg e P
res Ma fac
. P ty u r
ac Saf e S
r
F i b le
s w a
0 p lo
50 Al SAFE AREA
u m
x im
a
M
Initial Surface Pressure Volume of Brine pumped (bbl) M.S.V.
41
8. Yield and Collapse Pressure
∆P
P Annular P. Squeeze Pty Ptc Pcy Pcc
(psi) Maxi (psi) (psi) (psi) (psi) (psi)
(psi)
42
9. Job Procedure
• RIH with Cement Retainer to setting depth of 7500ft;
• Set Cement Retainer;
• Sting into Retainer;
• Perform injection test;
• Sting out of Retainer;
• Pump:
5bbl of water ahead;
44.5bbl of Cement Slurry;
5bbl of water behind;
4.6bbl of brine;
43
9. Job Procedure
• Sting into Retainer;
• Inject slurry into zone:
“hesitating” if necessary (if no pressure build up)
Max. pressures shown on chart
Maximum cumulative volume of 85.7 bbl of brine;
• Sting out of Retainer;
• Reverse out to clean tubing and stinger (55.1 bbl);
• W.O.C
44
Mud Removal
45
Mud Removal
• One of the most important aspect of cement job
• A 3-step process before cementing
• Hole cleaning
• Conditioning the drilling fluid
• Displace the drilling fluid from the annulus
46
Mud Removal (Cont.)
• Hole Cleaning
• Controlled & optimized mud properties
• Wiper trips
• > 95% Total hole volume in circulation
• Caliper log
• Conditioning Mud
• Break gel strength
• Lower ty + pv
• Drill solids < 6%
• Determine minimum rate to have flow all-around casing
• Displace Mud from Annulus
• Optimized slurry placement ---> CemCADE
• Casing centralization optimized (STO > 75%)
47
• Casing movement
Criteria for Effective Mud Removal
• Centralize casing
• Casing movement
• Scratchers
• Wiper plugs
• Washes and spacers
• Flow regime selection
48
The Ideal Wellbore Casing
BHST at top of Annular gap
cement Minimum: 3/4”
>BHCT at TD Ideal: 1 1/2”
Properly conditioned
hole and mud
No sloughing
Gauge
diameter Uniform as possible
( no washouts or restrictions)
NO LOSSES NO FLOW
Casing centered in borehole
Thin, impermeable mud filter cake

(not gelled or unconsolidated) Accurate BHST and BHCT
49
Casing Centralization
• Relative Variation of flow rate ratio as a function of eccentricity
18
RH
16
14
RC
FLOW RATE RATIO
12
10
W
8
6 % Stand-off =
w X 100
RH - RC
4
2
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
API % STAND-OFF
50
Centralizing the casing
• Requires the fitting of centralizers to achieve a
minimum stand-off of 67% (API)
Ridged Centralizer Spiral & Turbulent Centralizers
51
Influence of the Casing Stand-Off
In Laminar Flow
V2 = 4V1 (For 67%)
Di
Do
In Turbulent Flow
Vnar Vwide
V2 = 1.64 V1 (For 67%)
52
Effects of Standoff on Mud Displacement
Mud
Cement
Decreasing Stand-
Stand-off
53
Casing Movement
Casing Stationary
ROTATION
Gelled Mud
Rotation Started
Flowing Cement
Re
s is Mud almost
t in
g
dr removed
a
m g fo
ud r
d i ce c
sp
la a n
ci b
ng ec
fo om
rc e
e po
sit
i ve
54
Casing Movement
RECIPROCATION
Stand-
Stand-off = 100 %
Mud
Stand-off
Stand-off ==20
Stand- 20%%
Stand-
Stand-off = 20 %
Cement
Slurry
55
Scratchers and Collars
Rotating Scratcher Reciprocal Scratcher
Model J10H Model J5H
Stop Collar Stop Collar
56
Plugs
• Separate fluids
• Wiping casing
• Surface indication of placement
Top Plug (Solid) Bottom Plug (Hollow Inside)
57
Chemical Washes
• Low Viscosity Fluids
• Usually Water Based
• Contain Surfactants and mud thinners
58
Chemical Washes (Cont.)
• Separate mud and cement

– No incompatibility effect
• Remove mud from annulus
– Turbulence at low pump rate
– Erode, dilute and disperse particles
• Leave casing and formation water wet
– Function of the Surfactant
• Provide less hydrostatic pressure
– Water or oil-based
59
Spacers
• Densified viscous fluid separating mud and slurry
• Thorough removal of mud
• Compatible with mud and cements
• Specified rheology
– Low for Turbulent Flow
– Adjustable for Effective Laminar Flow
60
Job Design
61
Job Design
• Introduction
• Stress Analyser
• Gas Migration
• Slurry Designer
• CemCADE
– WELLCLEAN II
– LabDB
62
Designing a Cement Job
• Compute fluid volumes
( Slurry, Wash, Spacer, displacement volumes )
• based on :
– Hole capacity
– Casing capacity
– Annular length
• Low cost implies:

– Good mixing and economical pumping
63
• Check that well security is respected:
– Simulate cement pumping process
to compute hydrostatic and dynamic
pressures and compare them to :
– Formation pore pressure

– Formation fracture pressure
– Tubular burst pressure
– Tubular collapse pressure (∆ P)
• Ensure well security when
Running In Hole
• Check temperature and thickening
time
64
• Check for an efficient mud removal to
prevent mud channeling and to ensure
good zonal isolation
– Optimize fluid properties
– Optimize the pumping rate
– Optimize casing centralization
• Ensure good wall cleaning
– Optimize pre-flushes volume, and flow rate
65
Slurry Designer
66
Agenda
• Why?
• What is it?
• The story of making knowledge consistent…
• How does it work?
• What comes next?
67
Why SlurryDesigner?
Designing properly a slurry right away is

complex:
The problem of • many design rules for each slurry system
• more than 100 tech memos for additives to
be selected
Cementing lab technicians and engineers,
affects as well as field and sales engineers
•Poor new technology introduction

the impact of
•Unnecessary tests done
which is •Time wasted to search suitable additives
68
What is it?
Unlike LabDB or CemCRETE calculator
Improves design efficiency by providing all users with a
Slurry Designer
minimum level of expertise rather than just a calculator.
For All cementing technical community
Who Are designing slurries on a daily basis
Slurry Designer Is an engineering application
Improves the slurry design efficiency :
• ensure better designs right away
That • support implementation and dissemination of new
technology
by integrating knowledge into the application
69
Towards consistent knowledge
Yesterday
– InTouch (Case Histories, Best Practices, …)
– Tech Memos
Today
– All Tech Memos are consistent with SlurryDesigner
-> InTouch and sustaining
– Ongoing process, please help!
Tomorrow
– Add new functionalities
– Keep knowledge base clean
– Push updated knowledge everywhere
-> SlurryDesigner automatic update mechanism
70
CemCADE
Cementing
Cem
Computer
Aided
Design &
Evaluation
Software
71
CemCADE (Cont.)
Reducing Time to
Design and Optimise
Cement Jobs
• Visualize Problems
• Printed Reports
• Reduced Duplication
• Interactive Graphics • Multiple Data Sets
• Customized Reports • Different Scenarios
• Data Exchange • Optimised in Same Session
• Database
• Load Case Manager
• Extensive Help
72
CemCADE - Input
Well Type
Caliper
Tubular
Formation
Temperature
73
CemCADE - Output
BHCT
Placement
U-Tube
Well Head Effect
Pressure
Safety Checks
74
WELLCLEAN II
• A numerical tool that helps the engineer to design a better
cement job
• It predicts the quality of cement by calculating:
• Fluid position during and at the end of placement
• Fluids channeling / bypassing
• Risk of having mud on the formation and the casing
• Uses the Herschel Bulkley Model
ItIt is
is our
our “Down
“Down hole
hole Eye”
Eye”
75
WELLCLEAN II (Cont.)
Water-
Water-based Oil-
Oil-based
Casing
Displacing Displaced
fluid fluid
Formation
Wetting film
Laminar layer
““Water
WaterWetting
WettingZone”
Zone””
Zone
Zone” on the walls
The “Mixing” zone
Theoil
oilfilm
filmisisremoved
removed
Water
Water wet steel &formation
wet steel & ““Mixing
formation ““Tangential
TangentialErosion
ErosionZone”
Zone””
Zone
Zone” MixingZone”
Zone””
Zone
Zone”
surfaces The
surfaces The
Thelaminar
laminarlayer
layerisis““eroded”
eroded””
eroded
eroded” The““mixing”
mixing””isisefficient
mixing
mixing” efficient
No i.e.
i.e. the mud is thinnedupon
the mud is thinned
No“mud-on-the
“mud-on-thewall”
wall”left
left mixing (reverse
upon
Emulsion)
mixing (reverse Emulsion)
76
WELLCLEAN II (Cont.)
• Vertical, inclined and
horizontal wells
• Laminar and turbulent flow
• 3-parameter Herschel-
Bulkley model
– Better description at
low shear rates
77
Field Cases
• New Orleans
Before
Beforeusing
usingSimulator
Simulator After
AfterusiusingngSimulator
Simulator
Well
WellNumbers
Numbers 55 33
Wells
WellsSqueezed
Squeezed 33 00
Squeeze
SqueezeCost
Cost($K)($K) 600600 00
VADN data were used
78
WELLCLEAN II Simulator Results
79
Field Cases
• Norway
Before using WELLCLEAN II Simulator:
5 ½” Liner at 52 deg deviation
After using WELLCLEAN II: (LiteCRETE HP)
7” Liner at 90 deg deviation
80
End of Day 2
81

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Quartz School for Well Site Supervisors

• Cementing Job Design

• Abandon a well at a prescribed depth.

• Injection of Cement Slurry tubing

– Filter cake deposition cement

Completely bridged casing

Completely filled perforations

Partially filled perforations

• Injection of Cement Slurry tubing

into the voids behind the FORMATION

requires: fluid-loss, porous

• Injection below or above CHANNEL BEHIND

150 ml/30min Partially bridged casing

50 ml/30min Completely filled perforations

15 ml/30min Partially filled perforations

Time (min) Time (min..)

• Usually a large volume of slurry is pumped with this technique

– Old casing BRIDGE PLUG

– Internal control valve CEMENT

• Job Procedure 10' Sand

• 1 Tubing and Casing data

Step Unit Calculations

Amount of Cement Sks

• 3a. Depth to set Cement Retainer

• 4. Maximum Squeeze Volume

Sting-In End Squeeze

Fluid Density Volume Length Pressure

Fluid Density Volume Length Pressure

5c. All Slurry out of Stinger (packer)

Fluid Density Volume Length Pressure

5d. Water behind out of Stinger (packer)

Fluid Density Volume Length Pressure

Water behind out

5e. End of Squeeze (1bbl slurry above perfs.)

Fluid Density Volume Length Pressure

6. Maximum Allowable Surface Pressure

b. Water ahead Out

c. Cement Slurry Out

d. Water behind Out

Final Surface Pressure

8. Yield and Collapse Pressure

• One of the most important aspect of cement job

Casing centered in borehole

Thin, impermeable mud filter cake

V2 = 4V1 (For 67%)

Rotating Scratcher Reciprocal Scratcher

Top Plug (Solid) Bottom Plug (Hollow Inside)

• Low Viscosity Fluids

• Contain Surfactants and mud thinners

• Separate mud and cement

• Compatible with mud and cements

• Low cost implies:

– Formation pore pressure

• How does it work?

• What comes next?

Designing properly a slurry right away is

•Poor new technology introduction

VADN data were used

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