B Services

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING & DESIGN
BUILDING SERVICES (BLD 60903)

APRIL 2019
Project 1: Case Study of Building Services in Multi-Storey Buildings Involving

Public Use
MENARA OBYU
HO MIN YEE 0328710

CHONG MIN 0333339
TEH ROUYI 0328189
LEE JIA YEE 0333311
NG JING YUAN 0334472
I MADE LINGGA PRAYOG 0332722
TUTOR: MOHAMAD ZAFARULLAH MOHAMAD ROZALY

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express our most heartfelt gratitude to all our members, whom without
we would have never been able to complete this assignment. We would like to thank
everyone in this group for their hard work, dedication and most importantly their
cooperation in this project.
We would also like to thank the management of Menara OBYU for allowing us to use
your building as our case study and for allowing us to visit the building and collect our
data firsthand. We would also like to extend our thanks to the maintenance team, who so
patiently guided us around the building and answered our questions the best they could.
Last but not least, we would like to thank our tutor, Mr Zafar, for guiding us and providing
insight throughout the entire assignment. His teachings and explanations helped us and
our research greatly, and we are extremely lucky learn from him.
ABSTRACT
This report is a group project that required us to perform a case study on building
services systems applied and installed in multi-storey buildings involving public use. The
building that we chose was Menara OBYU, which is a corporate office tower located in
Damansara Perdana. The purpose of this assignment is to introduce students to the
basic principles, processes and equipments of various building services systems found
in buildings , and to expose students to the integration of various building services
systems in a building. This assignment also allows students to demonstrate their
understanding of building services systems and statutory requirements, and helps to
develop students’ understanding and familiarization in applying the correct graphic
communications according to the required standards (MS1184).
Upon completing the assignment, we have managed to identify and understand relevant
information related to mechanical ventilation, air-conditioning system,
mechanical transportation system as well as fire protection systems, as well as
understand the functions and purposes of building services systems. As such, we have
become more conscious about the importance of building services in design, the
importance of statutory requirements and regulations towards public safety.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 Introduction to Menara OBYU 1

1.1 Overview 2
2.0 Active Fire Protection System 3

2.1 Water based system 6
2.1.1 Hose reel system 6
2.1.2 Wet riser system 12
2.1.3 Sprinkler 20
2.1.4 Fire Hydrant 27
2.2 Non water based system 31
2.2.1 Fire Extinguisher
2.3 Alarm & detection system 34
2.3.1 Fire control room
2.4 Telephone handset 41
2.5 Fire alarm bell 43
2.6 Manual call point 45
2.7 Fireman’s switch 47
2.8 Smoke & fire detector 48
2.9 Conclusion 51
3.0 Passive Fire Protection System 52

3.1 Introduction of passive fire protection system 53
3.2 Purpose group of Menara OBYU 54
3.3 Fire fighting access 55
3.3.1 Fire lobby
3.3.1 Fire appliance access 56
3.3.1 Fire staircase 58
3.3.1 Fire lift 59
3.4 Means of escape 60
3.4.1 Evacuation route
3.4.2 Carpark 61
3.4.3 Office 62
3.4.4 Ground level
3.4.5 Lobby 63
3.4.6 Rooftop level 64
3.4.7 Evacuation route distance
3.4.8 Emergency exit signage 66
3.4.9 Assembly point 67
3.4.10 Exit 69
3.5 Passive containment 73
3.5.1 Compartmentation
3.5.1.1 Shaft and opening control 75
3.5.2 Fire containment 76
3.5.2.1 Fire rated door
3.5.2.2 Structural fire protection 78
3.5.2.2.1 Fire wall
3.6 Conclusion 79
TABLE OF CONTENTS
4.0 Air-Conditioning System 80
4.1 Introduction of air conditioning system 81
4.2 Central plant air conditioning system
4.2.1 Cooling tower 82
4.2.2 Water cooled packaged chiller 84
4.2.3 Air handling unit 88
4.2.4 Diffuser 93
4.2.5 Air duct
4.3 Split unit air conditioning system 94
4.3.1 Variable refrigerant volume
4.3.2 Fan coil unit 95
4.4 Conclusion 96
5.0 Mechanical Ventilation System 97

5.1 Introduction 98
5.1.1 Benefits of mechanical ventilation
5.2 Types of Mechanical ventilation 99
5.3 Components of mechanical ventilation system 100
5.3.1 Mechanical fan
5.3.2 Ductwork system 103
5.3.3 Ventilation grilles and air filters 104
5.3.4 Fire damper 105
5.3.5 Silencer 106
5.4 Case study (Combined Mechanical ventilation)
5.4.1 Pressurization control system for staircase and lift lobbies 108
5.4.2 Natural ventilated basement car park 113
5.4.3 Mechanical supply and extract system at wet risers pump room 114
and domestic water pump and filtration room
5.4.4 Combined mechanical extract and supply (offices, toilets) 117
5.4.5 Mechanical Extract system at A/C condenser pump room and 121
hose reel pump room
6.0 Mechanical Transportation System 123

6.1 Introduction of Lifts 124
6.2 Speed of Lift 125
6.3 Layout of Lifts
6.4 Quantity of Lifts 127
6.5 Zoning of Lifts
6.6 Functions of Lifts 129
6.6.1 Passenger Lifts
6.6.2 Firefighting Lift 130
6.7 Types of Lift 132
6.7.1 Traction with Machine Room
6.7.1.1 Components of Gearless Traction Lift 133
6.7.1.2 Machine Room 134
6.7.1.3 Hoisting Motor
6.7.1.4 Traction Sheae 135
6.7.1.5 Overspeed Governer
6.7.1.6 Control Panel 136
6.7.2 Machine-Roomless Traction (MRL) 137
6.7.2.1 MRL Components 138
6.7.2.2 Overspeed Governer 139
6.7.2.3 Control Panel
TABLE OF CONTENTS
6.8 Other Components 140
6.8.1 Elevator Shaft
6.8.2 Suspension ropes
6.8.3 Counterweight 141
6.8.4 Buffer
6.8.5 Elevator Pit 142
6.8.6 Lift Landing Door
6.9 Elevator Car 143
6.9.1 Car Door 144
6.9.2 Car Sling
6.9.3 Maintenance Balustrade 145
6.9.4 Traveling cable
6.10 Elevator Cabin 146
6.11 Car Operating panel 147
6.12 Emergency Bell Button
6.13 Elevator Safety Features 148
6.13.1Aprons
6.13.2 Safety Door Edges
6.13.3 Progressive Safety Gear 149
6.13.4 Smoke Detector in Lift Lobby
6.14 Conclusion 150
7.0 References 151

1.0
INTRODUCTION
1
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Overview
Menara OBYU (formerly known as Point 92) is a stand-alone Grade-A corporate

office tower located in Damansara Perdana. It was built as an office headquarters
for a corporation. This building is located in between PJ Trade Centre, Empire
Damansara, Neo Damansara and Metropolitan Square.
The building is designed to follow and comply with the Green Building Index (GBI). It
is designed by ZLG Design, and developed by Tujuan Gemilang. It comprises a single
19-storey block with 11-storey office, 1 lobby floor and 7-storey car park bays. It has
gross floor area (GFA) or 214,199.4 sf and net floor area (NFA) of 158,992.64 sf.
Typical floor plate area is 14,855 sf. Its floor to ceiling height is 3.2 m to 3.4 m. While
floor to floor ceiling height is 4 m. The building is served by 4 lifts and 2 car park
lifts. There are a total of 394 car park bays and 95 motorcycles parking bays.
This iconic office building is surrounded by many popular amenities such as The
Curve, IKEA, IPC, One Utama, Tesco, Cathay Cineleisure, hotels, schools and high
end restaurants. The centre is conveniently located with connections to major
highways such as LDP, Sprint Expressway, NKVE and North-South Expressway
linking to various places in the Klang Valley (Regus Group Companies, 2019).
Figure 1.1 Perspective of Menara OBYU
2
2.0
ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION
SYSTEM
3
2.0 Active Fire Protection System
Figure 2.1 Basement 2 Fire System Plan
Figure 2.2 Ground Floor Fire System Plan
4
Figure 2.3 Office Fire System Plan
Figure 2.4 Rooftop Fire System Plan
5
2.1 Water based system
2.1.1 Hose reel system
Hose Reel Tank

Hose Reel
1
Level 2
Indicator
Pump
(running)
Pump
(standby)
Figure 2.5 Hose Reel System
Fire hose reel systems consist of pumps, pipes, water supply and hose reels located
strategically in a building, ensuring proper coverage of water to combat a fire.
The system is manually operated and activated by opening a valve enabling the water to
flow into the hose that is typically 30 meters away. The system pressure loss will activate
the pump ensuring adequate water flow and pressure to provide a water jet of typically a
minimum of 10 meter from the nozzle.
Installation of hose reel Hosreel Discharge Flow Rate and Throw Length
6
50mm pipework
560mm hose reel drum Fire Extinguisher Hose Hose Reel

Reel Pipe
Figure 2.6 Hose Reel Figure 2.7 Compartmented Space with Hose
Reel, Landing Valve and Fire Extinguisher
A fire hose is a high-pressure hose that carry water and used to extinguish fire. It is
permanently attached to the fire hose reel system within the hose reel drum. Fire hose
reels are located to provide a reasonably accessible and controlled supply of water to
combat a potential fire risk. These appliances are designed to deliver, as a minimum,
0.33L of water per second. A control nozzle attached to the end of the hose enables the
operator to control the direction and flow of water to the fire. All fire hose reels come
with a unique ball valve shut-off device, a plastic or solid brass hose reel nozzle and
mounting bracket
Fire hoses can be found in every floor in Menara Obyu. It is normally placed inside a
compartmented space together with hose cradle, landing valve and fire extinguisher.
From Basement 6 to Lobby, there are 2 fire hoses each floor; from level 3-13 (offices) to
rooftop, there are 3 fire hoses each floor.
-UBBL 1984 Part VII : Fire Alarms, Fire detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting
Access
By-law 231. Installation and testing of wet rising system

(2) A hose connection shall be provided in each fire fighting access lobby.
7
Figure 2.8 Basement 2 Hose Reel Location Plan
Figure 2.9 Lobby Hose Reel Location Plan
Figure 2.10 Rooftop Hose Reel Location Plan
8
Figure 2.11 Hose Reel Pump
Hose reel pumps draw water from the fire water storage tank and 2 sets of pumps,
one on duter and the other on standby, are provided. The pump capacity is usually
sized to deliver a flow rate of 120l/min at a running pressure of not less than 2 bars
for any 4 hose reels operating at the same time. The standby hose reel pumpset
should be supplied with power from the emergency generator if this is available.
Electrical cabling to supply power to the hose reel pumps should be run in
galvanised steel conduit or alternatively, may be of fire rated type of cable. The hose
reel pump sets are protected from the weather and away from locations likely to be
flooded. In Menara Obyu, it is located on the roof, ventilated by mechanical means
and provided with necessary signage.
Figure 2.12 Rooftop Hose Reel Pump Room Location Plan
9
The fire water storage tank should be based on 2275L for the first hose reel &
1137.5L for every additional hose reel up to a maximum of 9100L for each system.
The tank may be of pressed steel, fibreglass reinforced polyester or concrete.
Pressed steel tanks where used should be hot dipped galvanized and coated
internally with bituminous paint for corrosion protection. The tank should be
compartmented and water level indicator should be provided to show the amount of
water available. The hose reel tank should be refilled automatically from a water
supply pipe of minimum 50mm diameter to provide a minimum of 150L/min.
Figure 2.13 Rooftop Hose Reel Tank Room Location Plan
10
MAINTENANCE AND TESTING
During routine maintenance, the following checks and necessary repairs are carried
out to ascertain that all the hose reels are operational all the time:
1. Run out the hose reel and ensure the hose is non-kinking.
2. Take remedial actions when there are leaks at the nozzle, hose clip, hose, reel
and the swinging arm.
3. Lubricate the nozzle and inlet valve when they are not working smoothly.
4. Take remedial action when there is corrosion.
5. Take remedial action when the operating instructions are not legible.
6. Ensure the hose can be run out, through the hose guide if provided, in any
generally horizontal direction up to the limit of hose length.
7. Ensure the force required to start or restart rotation of the reel drum is not too
great ( < 200N ).
8. Check that the automatic valve is fully opened.
9. Check that the hose is filled but not under pressure when coiled in the drum.
-UBBL 1984 Part VII : Fire Alarms, Fire detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire
Fighting Access
- By-law 247, Water Storage

(1) Water Storage capacity and water flow rate for the fire fighting systems and
installations shall be provided in accordance with the scale as set out in the 10th
Schedule to these By-laws.
(2) Main water storage tanks within the building, other than hose reel systems, shall
be located at the ground, first or second basement levels, with fire brigade pumping
inlet connections accessible to fire appliances.
(3) Storage tanks for automatic sprinkler installations where full capacity is provided
without need for replenishment shall be exempted from the restrictions in their
location
11
2.1.2 Wet riser system
Figure 2.14 Wet Riser System
Wet risers are a form of internal hydrant for the firemen to use and are always
charged with water. Wet risers are only required for buildings where the topmost
floor is higher than 30.5metres above the fire appliance access level. Wet riser
system comprises duty fire pump with standby pump discharging into a 150mm
diameter riser pipe with landing valves at each floor and to which canvas hose with
nozzles can be connected to direct the water jet at the fire. A jockey pump is usually
provided to maintain system pressure.
Landing valves are provided on each

floor and are usually located within
fire fighting access lobbies, protected
staircases and installed at not more
than 0.75metres from the floor. The
pressure at the landing valve should
be no less than 4 bars and not more
than 7 bars. To achieve this, there are
two types of landing valves (pressure
reducing type with or without relief
outlet). Those with relief outlets
require a wet riser return pipe.
Landing Valve
Hose cradle
Figure 2.15 Hose cradle & Landing Valve
12
Figure 2.16 Basement 2 Wet Riser Location Plan
Figure 2.17 Lobby Wet Riser Location Plan
Figure 2.18 Rooftop Wet Riser Location Plan
Wet riser can be found at every floor. There are 2 wet risers in each floor except lobby
and rooftop which have only 1 wet riser.
13
Figure 2.19 Wet Riser System Component
● It consists of a vertical stack that is charged with water under pressure, fed by
pump set that draws water from a break tank.
● The riser extends from ground level to the top floor of the building.
● On every floor, including the roof, is fitted with a valved outlet called landing
valve.
● At the top end is an air release valve, and at the bottom end a pump set.
● The fire service inlets called breeching inlets are connected to supply the
break tank for feeding the pumps.
All risers must be electrically earthed. The risers must not be fitted with pressure
reducing valves.
14
Figure 2.20 Wet Riser System Component
Operation:
As the name implies, the riser contains water under pressure all the time.
During a fire:
1. The fire brigade connect the suction side of their pumps to a water supply (main)
via an underground fire hydrant, or hydrants.
2. The outlet side of their pumps are connected to the ground level wet riser
breeching inlets, thereby supplying water from the water main or hydrant into the
break tank.
3. The riser pumps draw water from the break tank and force it into the riser.
4. On every floor, water becomes available for fire-fighting via the landing valves.
5. The firemen can now enter the building and connect their hoses to landing valves
fitted to the riser at the fire zone/level.
6. Should there be air trapped in the riser, an automatic air release valve at the top
of the riser opens to allow air in the pipe to escape and closes after that.
15
Figure 2.21 Wet Riser Pipes Figure 2.22 Wet Riser Pipes Low &
High Zone Outside Wet Riser
Pump Room at B2
The wet riser mains located in the protected areas and such that spaces are to be
within 45 metres coverage from a landing valve. Where more than one riser is
required for each floor, the distance apart between the risers do not exceed 60
metres. The riser pipe diameter is 150mm galvanised iron. All wet riser pipes are
coated with primer and finished with red gloss paint. Alternatively, the pipes are
coded with red bands of 100mm width and elbows and tees painted red. The riser
pipes are electrically earthed to achieve equipotential with the building.
16
Figure 2.23 Wet Riser Figure 2.24 Wet Riser Pump Figure 2.25 Wet Riser Pump
Pump Room Low Zone High Zone
Figure 2.26 Pressure of Wet Riser System of Jockey, Duty and Standby
( Cut-in & Cut Out ) at Low Zone and High Zone
The wet riser system is distributed in 2 parts: Low Zone & High Zone. Ground
floor to 6th floor is considered as low zone; while 7th to rooftop is considered
as high zone. Both has different wet riser pipe to supply water.
The wet riser pumps draw water from wet rise storage tank and 2 sets of pumps, one
on duty and the other on standby, are provided. The pump capacity is usually sized to
deliver a flow rate of 1500L/min at a running pressure of not less than 4 bars but not
more than 7 bars, when any 3 landing valves are in use at the same times. the
standby wet riser pump set should be supplied with power from the emergency
generator if this is available. The wet riser pump set are protected from fire and away
from locations likely to be flooded. Sump pumps shall be installed where the fire
pump room is located in the basement below external drainage levels. It is ventilated
by natural or mechanical means and provided with the necessary signage.
17
Figure 2.27 Basement 2 Wet Riser Pump Room Location Plan
Figure 2.28 Wet Riser Water Tank
Wet riser tanks are located inside the wet riser pump room in basement 2.
The tanks are fitted with an automatic warning system to indicate level of
water. At protracted incidents the wet riser tank may need to be augmented
using conventional fire appliances and additional water supplies. The
operation of wet riser is similar to hose reel, the difference is, the hose
cradle needs to be connected by the firefighters before spraying when it
reaches the landing valve.
18
Figure 2.29 3-way outlet at rooftop
Fighting Access
By-Law 231. Installation and testing of wet rising system

(1) Wet rising systems shall be provided in every building in which the topmost floor
is more than 30.5 metres above fire appliance access level
(2) A hose connection shall be provided in each fire fighting access lobby
(3) Wet risers shall be of minimum 152.4 mm diameter and shall be hydrostatically
tested at a pressure 50% above the working pressure required and not less than 14
bars for at least 24 hours
(4) Each wet riser outlet shall comprise standard 63.5mm instantaneous coupling
fitted with a hose of not less than 38.1mm diameter equipped with an approved
typed cradle and a variable fog nozzle.
(5) A wet rise shall be provided in every staircase which extends from the ground
floor level to the roof and shall be equipped with a 3 way 63.5mm outlet above the
roof line
(6) Each stage of the wet riser shall not exceed 61m, unless expressly permitted by
DGFS but in no case exceeding 70.15m
By-law 248, Marking On Wet Riser

(1) Wet riser, dry riser, sprinkler and other fire installation pipes and fittings shall be
painted red.
(2) All cabinets and area recessed in walls for location of fire installations and
extinguishers shall be clearly identified to the satisfaction of the Fire Authority or
otherwise clearly identified.
19
2.1.3 Sprinkler
Duty
Pump
Jockey
Pump Standby
Pump
Figure 2.30 Sprinkler System
Automatic sprinklers are devices for automatically distributing water upon a fire in
sufficient quantity either to extinguish it entirely or to control its spread.
Sprinklers systems are a series of water pipes which are supplied by a reliable water
supply. The thermo sensitive sprinkler head senses thermal fluctuation during fire
outbreak which will the distribute water intervally. Sprinkler heads draw water from
water tank with the help of duty pump. Both duty and standby pump functions as
pressure supplier to pump water to sprinklers while jockey pump maintains the
system pressure, to operate upon initial monitor pressure loss and prevents larger
duty pumps to cut in intermittently.
Water or foam sprinkler fire fighting system consists of fire sprinklers attached to
the fire fighting pipeline and are installed at the top on ceiling or on the wall. The
water is supplied by water tank via fire pumps. The fire pumps are jockey pump,
electric pump and diesel genset pump. The water sprinkler fire fighting system may
be wet type of dry type depending upon the temperature and distance of fire
fighting water source from the hazard and nature of fire hazard. In dry type
sprinkler dry air or nitrogen is used. The water / foam sprinkler fire fighting system
is controlled by the alarm check valves. The fire sprinkler is consists of bulb and
deflector. Bulb is filled with heat sensitive fluid. When the temperature of the
surrounding increase the liquid in the bulb expand, ruptured the bulb glass, the fire
sprinkler orifice is opened and water sprinkler fire fighting system is activated. The
fire sprinklers have deflector type head to project the water stream at particular
position. In Foam sprinkler fire fighting system foam is injected into the fire fighting
pipeline with foam proportioner and open type fire fighting sprinklers are installed.
The whole fire fighting system is control by deluge valve via any fire alarm system
20
2.1.3 Sprinkler
Sprinklers utilize water by direct application onto flames and heat. This action
cools the combustion process and prevents ignition of adjacent combustibles..
(a) Upright sprinkler heads
Figure 2.31 Car Park Figure 2.32 Fire Staircase Sprinkler Figure 2.33 Basement
Sprinkler
office Sprinkler
Upright sprinkler heads point up toward the ceiling, instead of the

downward direction of the pendant heads. These heads are used in
carpark, mechanical rooms, basement office, fire staircase or other
inaccessible rooms. They are used to provide better coverage between
obstructions like air ducts.
(b) Pendant Sprinkler Heads
Figure 2.34 Office Sprinkler

Figure 2.35 Sprinkler heads component
(Source :Fire Sprinkler Systems Guy R. Grant,
PE)
Pendant sprinkler heads are the most common heads for your sprinkler
systems. These heads extend from the ceiling to provide you with as much
coverage as possible for your commercial and residential space. When
these heads are activated, a stream of water is sent downward onto the
deflector, which disperses the water throughout the room.
21
2.1.3 Sprinkler
Operation of sprinkler system :
1. The typical sprinkler head consists of a plug held in place by a

trigger mechanism.The most common type of trigger is a
glass bulb filled with a liquid that expands when heated.
2. The liquid in the glass bulb is designed to expand ad break the tube
at a certain temperature. The most common are
designed to break at 155 degrees.
3. The plug is forced out by the pressurized water behind it and

deflected away. The water sprays over the deflector plate which is
designed to distribute it in an even pattern directly over the source of the
fire. Contrary to what is sometimes shown on
television shows, all sprinklers in the building do not operate
simultaneously.
Figure 2.36 Sprinkler system that connected Figure 2.37 Sprinkler Pipe for different
to sprinkler pump room at B2 level
The sprinkler system is connected from the sprinkler pump room and
is distributed according to different level, High Zone (10-13), Low
Zone(1-9), Carpark(B1-B6).
3 classes of sprinkler system have been developed to suit the following fire
hazard classes of occupancy:
1. Extra light hazard
2. Ordinary hazard
3 Extra high hazard
22
2.1.3 Sprinkler
Figure 2.38
Sprinkler pumpset
The sprinkler pumps draw water from sprinkler storage rank to feed to sprinkler
network. 2 sets of pumps, one on duty and the other on standby, are provided together
with a jockey pump to maintain system pressure. Sprinkler pump capacity should be
selected to meet the duties defined for the various classes of hazards. The nominal
pressure and flow requirements depend on the height measured between the topmost
and bottom most sprinkler head.
Figure 2.39 Figure 2.40 Figure 2.41

Sprinkler Pressure Gauge Jockey Pump Sprinkler Piping
23
2.1.3 Sprinkler
Figure 2.42 Figure 2.43

Duty Sprin2 Duty Sprinkler Pump
ler Pump (High Zone)
(Low Zone)
Phase Light
AC Failure
Pump Run (L)

Pump Trip (R)
Figure 2.44 Jockey Pump
24
2.1.3 Sprinkler
Pressure gauge controls the

water pressure. Jockey, duty
and standby pump working
depends upon the water
pressure. Jockey will
Standby automatically cut-in and
cut-out the water, but in duty
and standby auto cut-in only.
Duty Cut-out is done manually.
Jockey
Figure 2.45 Pressure of Sprinkler Pumpset of Jockey,

Duty and Standby
( Cut-in & Cut Out ) at Low Zone
Figure 2.46 Figure 2.47 Basement 2 Sprinkler Pump Room Location

sprinkler water tank Plan
25
2.1.3 Sprinkler
Benefits of using fire sprinkler system:
1. Immediate identification and 2. Immediate alert

control of a developing fire -In conjunction with the building
-Sprinkler systems respond at all fire alarm system, automatic
times, including periods of low sprinkler systems will notify
occupancy occupants and emergency
response personnel of the
developing fire
3.Reduced heat and smoke 4. Enhanced life safety

damage - Occupants will be subject to less
-Significantly less heat and smoke danger when fire growth is
will be generated when the fire is checked
extinguished at an early stage
6. Decreased insurance
5. Design flexibility
expenditure
- Fire and smoke barrier placement
- Sprinkler controlled fires are less
becomes less restrictive since early
damaging than fires in
fire control minimized demand on
non-sprinklered building.
these systems.
Insurance underwriters will usually
offer reduced premiums in
sprinkler protected properties
which can save a large amount of
capital.
26
2.1.4 Fire Hydrant
Figure 2.48 2-way Fire Hydrant
Water hydrant fire fighting system consist of hydrants attached to same

pipeline, the other end of the pipeline is attached to the fire pumps and water
supply tank. The fire pumps are jockey pump, electric pump and diesel genset
pump.The fire fighting hydrant line is close loop pipe system to maintain the
pressure in the water hydrant fire fighting system. In water hydrant fire fighting
system hydraulic calculations are done according to NFPA Standards. fire
fighting piping may be underground and above ground. MS pipe is use for
above ground fire fighting piping and HDPE piping is use for underground fire
fighting hydrant line. fire hose cabinet with two hoses is installed near each
fire hydrant to use fire hoses at the time of fire hazard emergency.
27
2.1.4 Fire Hydrant
Figure 2.49 Typical Fire Hydrant Installation
Figure 2.50 Distance of Fire Hydrant Installation
Fire hydrant is placed not more than 30m away from the
breeching inlet for the building, and not less than 6m form the
building, spaced not more than 90m apart along access road
28
2.1.4 Fire Hydrant
PURPOSE
1. A fire hydrant is an above-ground connection that provides access to a

water supply for the purpose of fighting fires.
2. The primary function of fire hydrants is to provide fire fighters with a

fast and reliable method of connection to water mains.
3. The water supply may be:
● pressurized, as in the case of hydrants connected to water mains

buried in the street, or
● unpressurized, as in the case of hydrants connected to nearby ponds
or cisterns.
4. Every hydrant has one or more outlets to which a fire hose may be
connected.
A hose is attached to the fire hydrant, and the valve is opened to provide a
powerful source of water. The hose can be further attached to a fire engine,
which can then use a powerful pump to boost the water pressure and
possibly split it into multiple streams.
-UBBL 1984 Part VII : Fire Alarms, Fire detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting
Access
By-law 225. Detecting and extinguishing fire
(2) Every building shall be served by at least one fire hydrant located not more than
91.5metres from the nearest point of fire brigade access.
(3) Depending on the size and location of the building and the provision of access for
the fire appliances, additional fire hydrant shall be provided as may be required by the
Dire Authority.
29
2.1.4 Fire Hydrant
Figure 2.51 Ground Floor Fire Hydrant Location Plan
Figure 2.52 Basement 6 Fire Hydrant Location Plan
30
2.2 Non water based system
There are 2 types of fire

extinguisher in Menara Obyu:
- 2kg Portable co2 pipe

extinguisher
- 6kg ABC dry powder

portable fire extinguisher
In Menara Obyu, there are more

ABC dry powder portable fire
extinguishers compared to the
Figure 2.53
Portable co2 pipe extinguisher
Figure Fire extinguisher
2kg Portable co2 pipe extinguisher
- The principles of extinguishment of fire by CO2 are Smothering and Cooling
- Carbon dioxide has been used for many years in the extinguishment of
flammable liquids, gas fires and fires involving electrically energized equipment
and to a lesser extent, on ordinary combustibles, such as paper, cloth, etc.
- Carbon dioxide is effective primarily because it reduces the oxygen content of

the atmosphere by dilution to a point where the atmospheres no longer support
combustion.
- As carbon dioxide is discharged, it boils (vaporizes) off rapidly as a gas,

extracting heat from the surrounding atmosphere, thereby cools the
combusting substances.
- The advantages of using carbon dioxide as an extinguishing agent are:
a. Non combustible
b. Non conductive of electricity and will not damage electronic
equipment.
c. Does not react with most substances.
d. Non toxic
e. No residue (Clean)
f. It is a gas and can penetrate and spread to all parts of the fire
area
g. Easily liquefied and bottled under pressure.
31
6kg ABC dry powder portable fire extinguisher
- Powders used to extinguish or control fires are composed essentially of very

small particles of an appropriate chemical or chemicals.
- Different chemicals are effective on different classes of fire.
- They are classified according to their potential applications, i.e. AB, ABC.
[ABC: mono ammonium/ AB: Bicarbonates of sodium & potassium]
- These powders are chemically active and present a large surface area within
the reaction zone of the flame, interfering with the chemical
processes/reaction and inhibit flame propagation.
- Powder also forms a barrier to reduce the oxygen content (smoldering) for
sustainable combustion. A crust is formed over the burning material by the
action of heat on the powder. This crust enables the material to cool and
thus retard the burning.
- The advantages of using chemical dry powder as an extinguishing agent are:

a. Effective for fires involving plastics, burning metal.
b. Give quick knock-down.
c. When applied, cloud screens flames, enables close attack to be
made on fire.
d. Forms a radiant heat barrier.
Fighting Access
By-law 227. Portable extinguisher

Portable extinguisher shall be provided in accordance with the relevant codes of
practice and shall be sited in prominent positions on exit routes to be visible from
all directions and similar extinguishers in building shall be of the same method of
operation
32
Figure 2.54 Basement 2 Fire Extinguisher Location Plan
Figure 2.55 Ground Floor Fire Extinguisher Location Plan
LEVEL NUMBER OF DP NUMBER OF CO2

FIRE FIRE
EXTINGUISHER EXTINGUISHER
B6 7 2
B5-B4 7 0
B3-B2 7 2
B1 7 1
GF 5 3
LOBBY 4 0
3-13 8 0
ROOFTOP 0 3
33
2.3 Alarm & detection system
Figure 2.56 Fire Control Room at Ground Floor
The control panel is the "brain" of the fire detection and alarm system. It is responsible
for monitoring the various alarm "input" devices such as manual and automatic
detection components, and then activating alarm "output" devices such as horns, bells,
warning lights, emergency telephone dialers, and building controls. Control panels may
range from simple units with a single input and output zone, to complex computer driven
systems that monitor several buildings over an entire campus. The active fire protection
systems works automatically or manually to warm the occupants of the presence of a
fire threat. In the event of a fire breakout, the panel will activate one or more signaling
circuits to sound building alarms and summon emergency help. The smoke and heat
detector system will be activated and they will send signal to fire control panel. The light
bulbs at the fire mimic diagrams will light up showing the fire source, and trigger the fire
alarm.
Figure 2.57 Ground Floor Fire Control Room Location Plan
34
Fire Alarm System:
Fire alarm usually consists of alarm bells, fireman's switch, voice communication
system, fire control panel,manual call point smoke and heat detector. The fire
alarm system provides audible and visual alarm signals for the occupant of the
building. The signals may be coming from the manual operation (breaking glass)
or auto operation (detector).
Figure 2.58 Fire Alarm System
35
Figure 2.59 Fire alarm control panel
The fire alarm system or fire detection system is conventional and addressable
system. The fire alarm system is divided into zones depending upon the nature of
fire or hazard area. The fire alarm system also contain manual push buttons
sounders and flashers that activated a few second before the system to alert the
occupants from fire. The conventional fire alarm system are installed with less
number of inputs and outputs devices but addressable fire alarm systems are
multitask fire alarm systems that also merged with other systems to control the
butterfly valves, Solenoid valves and pressure switches to activate the fire fighting
systems such as foam system activation or fire spray system. The heat detectors,
smoke detectors and flame detectors are the fire detection devices that are
installed on these fire alarm system, that send input fire signal to main control
panel to activate the sounder & flasher and also alert the fire safety person via
buzzer.
36
Figure 2.60 Mimic diagram
The fire mimic diagrams in Menara Obyu has a schematic plan of the building with
plans identified and an indicator lamp in each plan to indicate where an activation
has occurred. The system involved shown in mimic diagram includes wet riser
pump, hose reel pump, gas system discharge, pressurization fan. When there is fire
and the manual call point is broken, the systems are activated, the plan location of
specific functional systems will ignite on mimic diagram. The system is also known
as addressable system. It is to ease the personnel and firefighters to monitor the
condition of the building during fire emergency and to notify if there is any
occurence of fire outbreak that urges occupants to use the system.
37
Meter reading to check health of fire

intercom system
Master panel intercom console
Intercom indicators to indicate the

contact source location
Figure 2.61 Voice communicating system- intercom panel
An emergency voice communication system is an important part of the automatic

fire detection and alarm system that allows the fire fighting team to communicate
critical information and to notify the building occupants of the need for action in
connection with a fire or other emergency.
The operational success of the SCDF at emergencies involving multi-storey buildings

is largely dependent on effective voice communication between commanding
officers on the scene. The permanently installed communication system would be
used by both the building occupants and the SCDF in determining and
communicating (as appropriate):
i. The extent of the emergency

ii. The strategy and techniques to be employed in combating the fire
iii. A speedier, more systematic and orderly evacuation of occupants
iv. The rescuing of occupants and
v. The activation of needed manpower and equipment for logistical support
Disorderly evacuation and panic could result in loss of life during an emergency
evacuation of our buildings.
38
Role of Voice Communication system in fire:
- The fire detector system detect the occurrence of the fire and the SCDF is
notified automatically through the DECAM station.
- When the fire alarm is activated, an alert signal is broadcasted throughout the
building using the Voice Communication System (VCS), advising the
occupants to prepare for an evacuation should the need arise.
- Nominated Floor Wardens on each floor attend to an emergency intercom

system, which is linked back to an emergency control centre.
- They are advised by the Chief Warden of the extent of the emergency and if
necessary controlled evacuation of the building may commence.
- At all times the occupants are advised of the situation and extent of the
emergency, minimizing panic and ensuring a safe retreat from the building.
Fighting Access
By-law 239 Voice communication system

There shall be two seperate approved continuously electricity supervised voice
communications systems, one fire brigade communications system and the other a
public address system between the central control station and the following areas:
(a) lifts, lift lobbies, corridor and staircases
(b) in every office area exceeding 92.9 square metres in area
(c) in each dwelling unit and hotel guest room where the fire brigade system may be
combined with the public address system
Generally, a voice communication system shall consist of:
1. a one-way communication system and
2. a two-way communication system
both centrally controlled and monitored from a Fire Command Centre.
39

Operation of voice communication system
(1) One-Way Communication System
- The manual operation of any floor or zone selector switch at the control console
shall permit public address announcements to be given to that floor or zone when
the “press-to-talk” button on the microphone is depressed.
- The manual operation of an “all-call” switch shall permit public address
announcements to be given throughout the building when the “press-to-talk”
button on the microphone is depressed regardless of whether individual selector
switches have been operated or not.
- The depression of the”press-to-talk” button on the microphone shall shut down all
background music systems, if provided. Releasing the “press-on-talk” button shall
not restart the background music systems. It shall be necessary to manually
restart them.
- Any defect in the voice communication system equipment or wiring including the
microphone shall be indicated by a visual signal at the control console.
(2) Two-Way Communication System
- The raising of any remote telephone handset from its bracket shall:
- Visually indicate at the control console the location of that handset by means of a
flashing signal
- Sound a distinct and unique audible signal at the control console and; produce an
audible tone in that handset to indicate that the system is functioning until such
time that the handset at the console is raised from its bracket, then the tone shall
disappear and messages may be received
- The raising of the telephone handset at the control console shall silence the
audible signal, replace the flashing visual signal with a continuous visual signal,
permit two-way telephone communication with one or any number of remote
handsets and shut down all the background music systems, where provided.
Replacing the handset shall not restart the background music systems. It shall be
necessary to manually restart them
- If during the course of a normal or non-private conversation between the master
handset and a remote handset, one or more of additional remote handsets are
raised, then this condition shall be indicated by a continuous visual signal at the
control console. These additional handsets shall be able to listen to the
conversation or to join the conversation.
- Should the operator at the control centre wish to engage a private conversation
with a particular floor, he shall be able to select the floor in question by
depressing the floor selector button, and activating the privacy button.
40
2.4 Telephone handset
Figure 2.62 Telephone handset
The telephone handset link to the intercom master telephone as well as digital alarm
communicator. It is located at the fire staircase every floor in Menara Obyu.
41
2.4 Telephone handset
Basement Telephone Handset Location Plan
Ground Floor Telephone Handset Location Plan
LEVEL NUMBER OF LOCATION

TELEPHONE
HANDSET
B6-B3 2 STAIRCASE
B2 4 STAIRCASE, WET RISER PUMP ROOM, SPRINKLER

PUMP ROOM
B1 2 STAIRCASE
GF 4 STAIRCASE, GENSET ROOM, TNB HT ROOM
LOBBY 1 STAIRCASE
3-13 2 STAIRCASE
ROOFTOP 1 MOTOR LIFT ROOM
42
2.5 Fire alarm bell
Figure 2.63 Fire Alarm Bell
Fire alarm bell is activated when it is triggered by any detection services.

These alarms may be activated automatically from fire detectors or
manually thru manual call points. It serves to alert occupants of Menara
Obyu to evacuate as fast as possible and to send to signals to the
authorities to take immediate action. In Menara Obyu, fire alarm bells
are installed together with manual call points throughout every floor of
the building.
43
2.5 Fire alarm bell
Figure 2.64 Ground Floor Manual Call Point Location Plan
LEVEL NUMBER OF MANUAL CALL POINT
B6-B1, GF 4
LOBBY 3
3-13 5
ROOFTOP 2
By-law 237. Fire alarms
(1) Fire alarms shall be provided in accordance with the 10th Schedule to these
by-laws
(2) All premises and building with gross floor area excluding car park and storage area
exceeding 9290 square metres or exceeding 30.5metres in height shall be provided
with two-stage alarm system with evacuation(continuous signal) to be given
immediately in the affected section of the premises while an lert (intermittent signal)
be given in adjoining section
(3) Provision shall be made for the general evacuation of the premises by action of a
master control.
44
2.6 Manual call point
Figure 2.65 Manual call point/ Break glass
Break glass manual call points are installed in Menara Obyu. It enables people to
raise a fire alarm in the case of fire emergency by pressing or breaking the glass to
activate the fire alarm system that is connected directly to it. They are located at
place that are easily accessible, identified and operated. Fire alarm bells are
connected with the call points. They are installed within a maximum distance of
45m apart so that occupants can always find one easily.
Operation
When the glass panel is intact, the button is depressed to open the switch in the
call point. This keeps the circuit open without activating the alarm.
And when the glass panel is broken, the button held down now springs
outwards. This closes the switch to activate the alarm.
45
2.6 Manual call point
Figure 2.66 Ground Floor Manual Call Point Location Plan
LEVEL NUMBER OF MANUAL CALL POINT
B6-B1, GF 4
LOBBY 3
3-13 5
ROOFTOP 2
By-law 155 Fire mode of operation

(1) The fire mode of operation shall be initiated by a signal from the fire alarm panel
which may be activated automatically by one of the alarm devices in the building or
manually
46
2.7 Fireman’s switch
Figure 2.67 Fireman’s switch
Fireman's switch is a specialized switch for firefighter to disconnect

power from high voltage devices which may pose a threat in the event
of fire emergency. In Menara Obyu, these switches can be found at the
emergency staircase within every floor.
Fighting Access
By-law240. Electrical isolating switch

(1)Every floor or zone of any floor with a net area exceeding 929 square metres
shall be provided with an electrical isolation switch located within a staircase
enclosure to permit the disconnection of electrical power supply to the relevant
floor or zone served
(2) the switch shall be a type to the firemen's switch specified in the institution
of electrical engineers regulations in the force.
47
2.8 Smoke & fire detector
Figure 2.68 Smoke & fire detector at carpark
Automatic fire detectors system is used in Menara Oyu. There are 2 types of
detector which are :
(1) photo-electronic detector

(2) ionization detector
In Menara Obyu, photo-electronic smoke detectors and heat detectors are use as it
is better for alerting people of smoldering sources instead of effective for flaming
fires. Heat detectors can be found every floor in Menara Obyu, especially at the fire
staircase.
Smoke detectors detect fires at an early stage in order to prevent it from

spreading to an extent that it gets out of control. In general, smoke detectors give
appreciably faster responses than heat detectors, but may be more liable to give
false alarms. As such, care must be taken in their selection
and location.
Smoke detectors normal working will be altered when smoke particles are
present in the detector. Any abnormality will then cause its electric circuit to
activate to sound an alarm. Where there are productions or other processes that
produce smoke, fumes, dust, etc., which might activate smoke detectors, an
appropriate type of fire detector should be used.
48
Figure 2.69 Basement 2 Smoke & fire detector plan
Figure 2.70 Ground floor Smoke & fire detector plan
49
Figure 2.71 Rooftop Smoke & fire detector plan
LEVEL NUMBER OF LOCATION

DETECTOR
B6 6 STAIRCASE, ROOMS
B5/B4 4 STAIRCASE
B3 5 STAIRCASE, METER ROOM
B2 8 STAIRCASE, WET RISER PUMP ROOM, SPRINKLER

PUMP ROOM
B1 8 STAIRCASE, UTILITY ROOM, SDF ROOMS
GF 8 STAIRCASE, CONTROL ROOM, LIFT AREA
LOBBY 7 STAIRCASE, LIFT AREA
3 ~ 13 8 STAIRCASE, LIFT AREA,AHU
ROOFTOP 12 STAIRCASE,M&E ROOM, LIFT MOTOR ROOM, A/C

CONDENSER PUMP ROOM, ROOF DOMESTIC PUMP
ROOM, HOSE REEL PUMP ROOM
50
2.9 Conclusion
Menara OBYU consists of 14 office levels and 6 basement level. It ensures fire safety
optimization through the implementation of UBBL 1984 active fire protection system
requirements to create a safer working environment. Each component shall be
placed and implemented in accordance with the requirements of law. Menara OBYU
has one of the most important components for fire protection system that is located
in the ground floor, which includes a fire control room for the fire alarm panel, fire
detector monitoring unit and the services system.
51
3.0
PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION
SYSTEM
52
3.0 Passive Fire Protection System
3.1 Introduction
Passive Fire Protection (PFP) is an integral component of the components of

structural fire protection and fire safety in a building. Passive fire protection requires
no activation. It attempts to contain fires or slow the spread, through use of
fire-resistant walls, floors, and doors. The purpose of PFP is limiting building damage
and providing more time to the building occupants for emergency evacuation or to
reach an area of refuge.
The most important goal of PFP is identical to that of all fire protection: life safety.
This is mainly accomplished by maintaining structural integrity for a time during the
fire, and limiting the spread of fire and the effects of heat and smoke. Property
protection and continuity of operations are usually secondary objectives in codes.
In general, the PFP system can be categorized into three main parts, namely means
of escape, compartmentation and firefighting access. The first principle, means of
escape, provides safe routes and information for occupants to reach a place of
safety from any part of the building in the shortest time, such as evacuate route,
exits, fire escape plan, emergency escape sign, horizontal and vertical exits, and
assembly points. Passive containment is the second principle which is designed to
isolate fire affected areas, preventing the spread of smoke and heat, and the
escalation of small fires into full-scale blazes. This principle includes
compartmentation, fire containment and structural fire protection. The third principle
is firefighting access. Firefighters and fire brigade appliances uses the firefighting
access like the fire engine routing, firefighting lobby, staircase and lift to move about
in the building during fire incidents.
Passive Fire Protection
Means of Escape Passive Containment Firefighting access
Fire escape plan Compartmentation Fire brigade access
Assembly point Fire containment Fire staircase
Evacuation route Structural fire protection Fire lift
Emergency exit signages
Diagram 3.1 : Overview chart of passive fire protection system in Menara OBYU
53
3.2 Purpose group of Menara OBYU
Menara OBYU accommodates office commodity and a cafe that is located at the
lobby floor. The user group of Menara OBYU includes office workers and known
personnel.
UBBL 1984
Part VII : Fire Requirements
By-law 134. Designation of purpose groups.
For the purpose of this part every building or compartment shall be regarded according
to its use or intended use as falling within one of the purpose groups set out in the
Fifth Schedule to these By-laws and, where a building is divided into compartments,
use or intended to be used for different purposes, the purpose group of each
compartment shall be determined separately:
Provided that where the whole or part of a building or compartment, as the case
may be, is used or intended to be used for more than one purpose, only the main
purpose of use of the building or compartment shall be taken into account in
determining into which purpose group it falls.
Conclusion:
The purpose group of Menara OBYU complies with the UBBL 1984 requirements listed
under By-law 134. The building comprises 11-storey office for lease and one cafe that
operates at the lobby floor. Menara OBYU has more than one purpose group which are
group IV (office) and V (shop), as stated in the Fifth Schedule.
54
3.3 Firefighting access
Firefighting access is an approved unobstructed and safe route that is always

available for use by fire trucks and is designed to meet fire equipment load
requirements. Access to different levels of the building through the provided
designated routes to ensure the firefighting to be carried out efficiently. Firefighting
access includes fire lobby, fire staircase, fire appliance access and fire lift.
3.3.1 Fire lobby
A fire-resisting enclosure providing access to an escape stairway via two sets of fire
doors and into which no room opens other than toilets and lifts. Firefighters uses the
space of fire lobby to set up all the equipments and start rescuing the victims.
The fire staircases of Menara OBYU also serves as fire lobbies. The fire lobbies are
able to withstand the spread of fire for four hours, which provide safe evacuation for
the occupants.
Figure 3.1 : Typical storey plan fire lobby of Menara OBYU highlighted in red.
UBBL 1984
By-law 197. Protected lobbies.
(1) Protected lobbies shall be provided to serve staircase in buildings exceeding 18

metres above ground level where the staircase enclosures are not ventilated through
external walls.
55
3.3.2 Fire appliance access
Accessway is provided within the site to enable fire appliances to gain access to
Menara OBYU. Access openings is also provided along the external walls of
buildings fronting the accessway to provide access into the building for fire fighting
and rescue operations. Besides that, the accessway have a minimum width of 6
metres throughout its entire length to accommodate the entry and maneuvering of
fire engine, extended ladders pumping appliances, turntable and hydraulic platforms.
The access arrangements increase with the size and the height of a building, for
firefighting and rescue activities to be perform efficiently.
6100 mm
Figure 3.2 : Fire engine access width along the ramp in Menara OBYU.
Figure 3.3 : Concierge entrance for fire appliance access of Menara OBYU.
56
3.3.2 Fire appliance access
Menara OBYU has an approximate height of 46m, with a 1,345.3m² floor area, and an
approximate volume of 61,884m³, which can be categorized under one-half of
minimum proportions of the perimeter of the building. It shows that the fire appliance
access design of Menara OBYU complied with By-law 140 with a fair approach in
designing the fire brigade access.
Figure 3.4 : Fire appliance access plan of Menara OBYU.
UBBL 1984
By-law 140. Fire appliance access.
All buildings in excess of 7000 cubic metres shall abut upon a street road or open
space of not less than 12 metres width and accessible to fire brigade appliances. The
proportion of the building abutting the street, road or open space shall be in
accordance with the following scale:
Volume of building in cubic meter Minimum proportions of perimeter of

building
7000 to 28000 One-sixth

28000 to 56000 One-fourth
56000 to 84000 One-half
84000 to 112000 Three-fourths
112000 and above Island site
57
3.3.3 Fire staircases
Figure 3.5 : Typical storey plan fire staircase of Menara OBYU highlighted in red.
The fire staircase from above ground floor and below ground floor is detached to
prevent occupants from rushing to the wrong floor during evacuation. In addition to
safety and egress of occupants, practical and safe access to the building by
firefighters and rescue equipment in order to stage rescue, fire containment and
extinguishment are provided in Menara OBYU.
UBBL 1984
By-law 177. Computing number of staircase and staircase widths
(c) exits should never decrease in width along their length of travel and, if two or more
exits coverage into a common exit, the common exit should never be narrower than
the sum of the width of the exits converging into it;
(d) except as provided in these By-laws, the minimum number of exit is two;
(e) at least one of the staircases should be a minimum of two units width except that
900 milimetres may be allowed where total occupancy of all floors served by
staircases is less than 50; and
(f) there should be no decrease in width along the path of travel of a staircase.
58
3.3.4 Fire lifts
The fire lift is accessible to an exit staircase and is approachable through a fire
fighting lobby at each floor. The fire lift shaft is continuous throughout the building
and serve every floor.
Figure 3.6 : Typical storey plan fire lift of Menara OBYU highlighted in red.
UBBL 1984
By-law 243. Fire Lifts.
(3) The fire lifts shall be located within a separate protected shaft if it opens into a
separate lobby.
(4) Fire lifts shall be provided as the rate of one lift in every group of lifts which
discharge into the same protected enclose or smoke lobby containing the rising
main, provided that the fire lifts are located not more than 61 metres travel distance
from the furthermost point of the floor.
59
3.4 Means of escape
Means of escape are the designated escape paths for the occupants to escape from
the building on fire using enclosed corridors or emergency staircases of each floor
which will leads towards the final exit door of the building, bringing the occupants to
a safe place or an assembly point outside of building.
The whole system of means of escape consists of evacuation route, fire escape
plan, exits, emergency escape signage, horizontal horizontal and vertical exits, and
lastly assembly points.
3.4.1 Evacuation route

There are a total of 20 floors in Menara OBYU. basement 6 to basement 1 are the
open-air car park areas , which are below ground level. The rest of the 14 floors are
above ground level. Out of the 14 floors, office lots occupy 11 floors from Level 3 to
Level 13. The topmost level ( Level 14) is where the lift motor room, cooling tower,
A/C condenser pump room,A/C make-up tank, domestic roof tank and pump room ,
hose reel tank and pump room and are located. The lobby is located at Level 2, while
the Level 1 (ground floor ) is where the control room located and also the final
evacuation exits of all the escape routes within building that circulate horizontally
and vertically to direct occupants out towards the the main road outside at ground
floor.
Offices
Exit via ground

floor
Basement
Figure 3.7 : Section showing general evacuation route
60
3.4 Means of escape
3.4.2 Car Parks ( Basement 6 to Basement 1)
Six of the basement parking levels consists of a centralized escape configuration

with two escape points ( left and right ) that allows occupants to access the
emergency staircase route vertically to discharge from the building in the event of
fire breakout and towards the outside assembly point on ground floor. The simple
centralized configuration help the occupants to easily identify the circulation pattern
and the dual escape escape staircases serve more conveniently to ease the human
traffic flow to prevent a packed situation that hinders the evacuation process.
The location of
the staircase
Evacuation route
Figure 3.8 : Evacuation route on basement 6 to basement 1
61
3.4 Means of escape
3.4.3 Offices ( Level 3 to 13)
The evacuation route of the offices level is uniformed throughout the building. The
fire emergency staircases located at the two sides of the central service core, this
will help to ease the escape traffic especially when there is a panicking crowd during
fire breakout. The circulation pattern is well-thought so that occupants at different
parts of the office lots can use the various different exist nearest ot them to enter
into the protected corridors which connect to the fire emergency staircase.
The location of
Figure 3.9 : Evacuation route on level 3 to level 13
the staircase
Evacuation route
3.4.4 Ground Level

Ground floor is where the control room is located. It is also the floor of where the
final exit of emergency staircase for upper floor ( Level 2 to Level 14) and lower
floors (basement 6 to basement 1). In the fire emergency, occupants at different
rooms are free to escape through respective room exits straight out to the open
area.
The location of
the staircase
Evacuation route
Figure 3.10 : Evacuation route to open area on ground floor
62
3.4 Means of escape
3.4.5 Lobby ( Level 1)
The protected corridors are designed to have different exists cater to different sides
of evacuees at lobby area. Occupants at the north side and south side of the lobby
area can easily access the north exit or south exit respectively into the protected
corridors which are connected with the fire emergency staircase that eventually
direct the evacuees to the ground floor and later discharge off from building.
Occupants near the lobby entrance can have the option of directly escape towards
the external lobby that eventually descends towards the ground floor and to the
place of safety, outside and away from the building of fire.
Evacuation route
Figure 3.11 : Evacuation route from the lobby using a ramp
Figure 3.12 : A ramp from lobby towards the open space
63
3.4 Means of escape
3.4.6 Rooftop Level ( Level 14)

The roof level is only accessible by authorized personnel, other occupants seldom
access to this vicinity of service area. During the event of emergency, authorized
personnel can easily towards two staircases depends on their vicinity and will be
directed downwards to the final exit at ground floor.
3.4.7 Evacuation Route Distance
The maximum travel distance given to exits and dead-ends limit are elucidated in the
Seventh Schedule of the of the Uniform Building By-laws.
Menara OBYU is a corporate office tower and is accommodated with automatic fire
sprinkler systems at all floors. The evacuation route of Menara OBYU complies with the
maximum travel distances of 60m to exits by having 2 staircases at each floor and 15
m dead-end limits as specified in the Seventh Schedule of the Fire Requirement
By-Laws. There are also at least two exits for each floors in the building.
LIMIT WHEN ALTERNATIVE EXITS ARE AVAILABLE (m)

PURPOSE GROUP
DEAD-END LIMIT UN-SPRINKLERED SPRINKLED
Open plan Not applicable 30 45
Office 15 45 60
Shops 15 30 45
Places of assembly Not applicable 45 61
Table 3.1 : Seventh Schedule showing maximum travel distance from emergency exits.
Source : UBBL 1984, 2015
64
UBBL 1984
Part VII: Fire Requirements
By-law 165 : Measurement of travel distance to exits
(1) The travel distance to an exit…. continue
(2) In the case of an open areas the distance to exits shall be measured from the
most remote point of occupancy provided that the direct distance shall not
exceed two-thirds the permitted travel distance.
By-law 166 : Exits to be accessible at all times

(1) Except as permitted by by-law 167 not less than two separate exits shall be
provided from each storey together such additional exits as may be
necessary
(2) The exits shall be so sited and the exit access shall be so arranged that the
exits are within the limits of travel distance as specified in the Seventh
Schedule to these By-laws and are readily accessible at all times
By-law 169: Exit route

No exit route may reduce in width along its path of travel from the storey exit to
the final exit
65
3.4 Means of escape
3.4.8 Emergency Exit Signages
The fire escape signage is to help direct and guide occupants to the nearest escape
exit for efficient evacuation and convenient notice even when the occupants are not
familiar with the layout of the premises. In Menara OBYU, this signages are place
above every fire-rated doors (which enter into fire protected escape route) , to
indicate the safe and shortest way to evacuate out of the building during fire
breakout, and it is devoid of any surrounding decoration. These signages will also
illuminate at all time of the occupancy and equipped with backup electricity power
system so that it can functions in any unforeseen circumstances.
Figure 3.13 : Emergency exit signage
UBBL 1984
By-law 172 : Emergency exit signs

(1) Storey exits and access to such exits shall be marked by readily visible signs
and shall not be obscured by any decorations, furnishings or other equipment.
(2) A sign reading “KELUAR” with an arrow indicating the direction shall be placed
in every location where the direction of travel to reach the nearest exit is not
immediately apparent.
(4) All exit sign shall be illuminated continuously during periods of occupancy.
(5) Illuminated signs shall be provided with two electric lamps of not less than
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3.4 Means of escape
3.4.9 Assembly Point
The assembly point is the area where the evacuees should gather and be identified
after escaping from the building during the the case of emergency. At Menara OBYU,
all exit points from the emergency staircases at ground floor are directed towards
the assembly point located at the open space right in front of the building.
Assembly point
Evacuation route
Figure 3.14 : Showing the routes to the assembly point
Figure 3.15 : Assembly point is located at the open space
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UBBL 1984
By-law 178 : Exits for institutional and places of assembly
In buildings classified as institutional or palaces of assembly, exits to a street or

large open space, together with staircases, corridors and passages leading to such
exits shall be located, separated or protected as to avoid any undue danger to
occupants of the place of assembly from fire originating in the other occupancy or
smoke thereform.
By-law 179: Classification of places of assembly
Each place of assembly shall be classified according to its capacity as follows:

Class A - Capacity : 1000 persons or more
Class B - Capacity : 300 to 1000 persons
Class C - Capacity : 100 to 300 persons
By-law 183: Exit details for places of assembly

Every place of assembly, every tier or balcony and every individual room used as a
place of assembly shall have exits sufficient to provide for the total capacity thereof
as determined in accordance with by-law 180 and as follows:
(b) doors leading outside the building at ground level or not more than three
risers above or below ground one hundred persons per exit unit:
Staircases or other types of exit not specified in by-law 177 above

(c) seventy-five persons per exit unit
(e) Every Class B place of assembly (capacity three hundred to one thousand
persons) shall have at least two separate exits as remote from each other
as practicable, and if of a capacity of over six hundred at least three such
exits
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3.4 Means of escape
3.4.10 Exits
Exits are passageways that direct occupants from one space to another, or from
building space to the outside area. Examples of exits include a door and staircases.
An exit route must be a continuous, unobstructed path from anywhere in the each
level to the final exit to place of safety. In the case of fire emergency, exits play a key
role in providing a safe route for occupants to escape from life-threatening hazard.
Horizontal exit
Horizontal exit are exits that allows occupants to egress from any points in the
building floor to any protected spaces from fire source with fire -resistance-rated
assembly, such as fire wall or fire barrier.
Horizontal exits in Menara OBYU include fire protected passenger lift lobbies, fire
lobbies, fire-protected corridors that leads to fire emergency staircases ( vertical exit
enclosure) which is accessed through fire-rated doors , so as to ensure safe egress to
assembly point in front of the building . The horizontal exist are mostly enclosed and
the fire-protected area in Menara OBYU are separated from the rest with thicker
concrete separation wall.
Figure 3.17 : Specification of the fire rated

door
Figure 3.16 : Fire rated door
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UBBL 1984
By-law 171: Horizontal exits

(1) Where appropriate, horizontal exits may be provided in lieu of other exits.
(2) Where horizontal exits are provided protected staircases and final exits need
only be of a width to accommodate the occupancy load of the larger
compartment or building discharging into it so long as the total number of
exit widths provided is not reduced to less than half that would otherwise be
required for the whole building.
By-law 174: Arrangement of storey exits

1) Where two or more storey exits are required they shall be spaced at not less
than 5 metres apart measured between the nearest edges of the openings.
2) Each exit shall give direct access to -

a) A final exit;
b) A protected staircase leading to a final exit; or
c) An external route leading to a final exit
3) Basements and roof structures used solely for services need not be provided
with alternative means of egress
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3.4 Means of escape
3.4.10 Exits
Vertical exits
Vertical exits are the exits that allow occupant to egress from whichever level of a
building ( downwards or upwards) to the ground floor through staircases and/or
bomba lift. In Menara OBYU, the two staircases play a crucial role as means of
escape during evacuation for occupants at the 14 floor above ground level to travel
downwards to ground floors , and for the occupants at the 6 basements to travel
vertically upwards to ground floor , together out to the assembly point in from of the
building, the reinforced concrete wall and the fire emergency staircases are located
within an enclosed space accessible through fire-rated doors.
Figure 3.18 : Section showing a vertical

Figure 3.19 : An emergency staircase that
exit through staircase
lead to the assembly point
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1400mm
1600mm 1340mm 2600mm 1580mm
Figure 3.20 : Dimension of exit stairway.
UBBL 1984
By-law 168 : Staircases

(1) Except as provided for in by-law 194 every upper floor shall have means of
egress via at least two separate staircases.
(2) Staircases shall be of such width than in the event of any one staircase not
being available for escape purposes the remaining staircases shall
accommodate the highest occupancy load of any one floor discharging into
it calculated in accordance with provisions in the Seventh Schedule to these
By-laws.
(4) The required width of a staircase shall be maintained throughout its

length including at landings.
(5) Doors giving access to staircases shall be so positioned that their

swing shall at no point encroach on the required width of the staircase
or landing
By-law 106 : Dimensions of staircases

(1) In any staircase, the rise of any staircase shall be not more than 180
millimetres and the tread shall be not less than 255 millimetres and the
dimensions of the rise and tread of the staircase so chosen shall be uniform
and consistent throughout.
(2) The widths of staircases shall be in accordance with by-law 168
(3) The depths of landings shall be not less than the width of the staircases.
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3.5 Passive containment
Passive containment is an approach from passive fire protection to contain the
spreading fire from point of origin while limiting the fire flame. By containing the fire,
it prevents separate areas of different levels of hazard. To separate areas for safe
exit, evacuation or refuge are relatively important. A building project must limit threat
to the structural integrity of the building in order to allow sufficient time for safe
evacuation, active extinguishment of fire and rescue action to be carried out
smoothly. In general, passive containment encompasses passive measures in the
fire protection system.
Compartmentation is the division of a building into cells, using compartment walls

and floors made of fire-resisting construction which hinders the spread of fire for a
period of time. The main purpose of compartmentation is to isolate the rapid spread
of fire and also to provide more time to evacuation and fire rescue operations.
Figure 3.21 : Compartmentation of typical storey level in Menara OBYU.
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Floor area of the compartment in a storey : Approximately 1,345.3m²

Cubic capacity of the compartment in a storey : Approximately 61,884m³
Figure 3.22 : Floor area and cubic capacity of typical storey level in Menara OBYU.
UBBL 1984
By-law 136. Provisions of compartment walls and compartment floors.
Any building, other than a single storey building, of a purpose group specified in the
Fifth Schedule to these By-laws and which has -
(a) any storey the floor area of which exceeds that specified as relevant to a building
of that purpose group and height; or
(b) a cubic capacity which exceeds that specified as so relevant shall be so divided
into compartments, by means of compartment walls or compartment floors or both,
that -
(i) no such compartment has any storey the floor area of which exceeds the
area specified as relevant to that building
By-law 189. Enclosing means of escape in certain buildings.
(1) Every staircase provided under these By-laws in a building of four storey or more,
or in a building where the highest floor level is more than 1200 millimetres above the
ground level, or in any place of assembly, or in any school when such staircase is to
be used as an alternative means of escape shall be enclosed throughout its length
with fire resisting materials.
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3.5.1.1 Shaft and opening control
Protected shafts can be seen throughout Menara OBYU, such as water pump pipings,
electrical pipings, ductworks and etcetera. Openings shafts are concealed nicely for
safety and aesthetic purposes. Service pipings that intersect through walls and slabs
are also enclosed with proper fittings.
Figure 3.23 : Opening of shafts of Menara OBYU are being concealed.
UBBL 1984
By-law 150. Protected shafts.
(1) No protected shaft shall be constructed for use for any purposes additional to
those specified in this Part other than for the accommodation of any pipe or duct, or
as sanitary accommodation or washrooms, or both.
(2) Subject to the provisions of this Part, any protected shaft shall be completed
enclosed.
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3.5.2 Fire containment
3.5.2.1 Fire rated door
Fire rated door serves an important role in separating a fire-risk zone while
maintaining accessibility for the occupants. Suitable fire-resistant fittings must be
equipped on all fire doors, such as frame and door hardware.
The fire doors in Menara OBYU are fitted with automatic door closers to ensure all
doors are closed at an stationary state, that complies with section 164. The doors
are also enterable without any additional security lock or special key to secure
emergency use. The doors are able to resist fire for an hour. This shows that the fire
rated doors in Menara OBYU complies with section 162.
Figure 3.25 : Specification of fire

door.
Figure 3.24 : Double leaf fire door in Menara OBYU.
LEVEL NUMBER OF FIRE DOOR
BASEMENT 1 ~ 6 4
GROUND FLOOR 6
LOBBY 1
LEVEL 3 ~ 13 4
ROOFTOP 2
Table : Number of fire door in Menara OBYU.
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Figure 3.26 : Ground floor plan fire doors highlighted in red.
UBBL 1984
By-law 162. Fire doors in compartment walls and separating walls.
(1) Fire doors of the appropriate fire-rated protection (FRP) shall be provided.
(2) Openings in compartment walls and separating walls shall be protected by a fire
door having FRP in accordance with the requirements for that wall specified in the
Ninth Schedule to these by-laws.
(3) Openings in protecting structures shall be protected by fire doors having FRP of
not less than half the requirement for the surrounding wall specified in the Ninth
Schedule to these by-laws but in no case less than half hour.
(4) Openings in partitions enclosing a protected corridor or lobby shall be protected

by fire doors having FRP of half-hour.
(5) Fire doors including frames shall be constructed to a specification which can be
shown to meet the requirements for the relevant FRP when tested in accordance with
Section 3 of BS 476:1951.
By-law 164. Door closers for fire doors.
(1) All fire doors should be fitted with automatic door closers of the hydraulically
spring-operated type in case of swing doors and of wire rope weight type in the case
of sliding doors.
(2) Double doors with rabbet, meeting stiles shall be provided with coordinating
device to ensure the leafs close in the proper sequence.
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3.5.2 Fire containment
3.5.2.2 Structural fire protection
3.5.2.2.1 Fire rated walls
A complete fire safety system for a high-rise building includes structural integrity
during fire. Structural fire protection includes the insulation materials, coatings, and
systems used to prevent or delay fire-induced temperature rise in structural
members in buildings. Structural fire protection for walls, columns, and floors can be
provided in varied forms, different materials and products, such as lightweight or
higher density spray-applied fire resistive materials, gypsum board,
intumescent/mastic coatings, concrete and masonry.
Fire rated walls are used in

Menara OBYU to provide safe
evacuation for the occupants.
The fire walls are capable of
withstanding the spread of fire
for 2 to 3 hours. It acts as a
barrier which prolong time for
evacuation through the fire
staircases.
Figure 3.27 : Fire rated walls highlighted in red.
UBBL 1984
By-law 148. Special requirements as to compartment walls and compartment floors.
(6) Any compartment walls or compartment floors which is required by these

By-Laws to have FRP of one hour or more shall be constructed wholly of
non-combustible materials, and apart from other ceilings, the required FRP of wall or
floor shall be obtained without assistance from any non-combustible materials.
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3.6 Conclusion
Through the study of passive fire protection, it shows the importance of the system
towards a building during fire breakouts. If the penetration isn’t properly sealed and
protected with an appropriate firestop system, the fire barrier is rendered less
effective, and fire will spread beyond the compartment of origin that would increase
risks during evacuation.
In considering fire protection measures for a building, it has become evident that
Menara OBYU provides sufficient safety equipments and efficient evacuation system
for both firefighters and occupants that complies to the main requirements set by the
UBBL 1984. Menara OBYU has allocated the best features of passive fire protections
to provide swift and safe evacuation for the occupants.
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4.0
AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM
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4.0 Air Conditioning System
4.1 Introduction of air conditioning system
Menara OBYU, with 14 floors and 6 basement car park, serves as an office building.
This building uses two types of air conditioning system which are the central plant
system and the split unit system. The central plant system is used in Level 3 till Level
13 which are the offices lot. The split unit air-conditioning systems are being used in
lift motor room (at Level 14), management office (Basement 2), control room
(Ground floor), and lobby (Level 1) .
4.2 Central plant air conditioning
Because of its high-rise office building, Menara OBYU is using a central plant system.
If the entire building is to be cooled, the use of a split unit air conditioner in each
room is not economically viable and these small units can not cool the large space
like halls, reception area, auditoriums, etc. The evaporator, condenser, and
compressor are all located in a packed central air conditioner in one cabinet at the
level 14. Air supply and return ducts come from the inside through the exterior wall
or roof of the building to connect to the packed air conditioner, which is located
outside. Often packaged air conditioners include electric heating coils or a fur of
natural gas.
Return air duct
Outdoor air duct with damper

AHU
Air conditioned
room Fan section
Supply air diffuser
AHU
Air conditioned Cooling coil Return air diffuser

room
Air filter
AHU Cooling tower

Air conditioned
room
Plant room Compressor

AHU
Condenser
Air conditioned
room
Evaporator
Figure 4.0 Components in central plant system
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4.2.1 Cooling tower
There are 7 cooling towers at the level 14 where the main function is to remove heat
from the condenser discharged water so that it can be discharged into the
environment or recirculated and reused. Cooling tower water flows through a heat
exchanger where refrigerant vapor is condensed and heat transferred to the water.
The cooling towers are intended to cool the warm water coming back from the heat
exchanger so that it can be reused. The heat exchanger's warm return water is
sprayed over the "fill" in the open cooling tower. The fill provides the surface area to
enhance the transfer of heat between water and air, causing evaporation of a portion
of the water. That cool water then loops back to the beginning of the heat exchanger
to absorb more heat.
Figure 4.1 Showing highlighted location of cooling tower at level 14
Figure 4.2 Water cooling process
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4.2.1 Cooling tower
Figure 4.3 Cooling towers are located at level 14
Figure 4.4 Cutaway view of crossflow induced draft package cooling tower
83
4.2.2 Water cooled packaged chiller
Chilled water refrigeration systems remove heat from one element (water) and move
it into another element, either ambient air or water. Water-cooled chiller incorporates
cooling towers that enhance thermodynamic efficiency compared to air-cooled
chillers. It is located on the rooftop inside the room.The chiller produces chilled
water, that utilize a liquid refrigerant that changes the gas phase of the evaporator to
absorb heat from the cooled water, and pushing it in every floor to AHU and fan coil.
In ahu, the refrigerant gas is then compressed by a compressor or generator to a
higher pressure and the unwanted heat is removed from the heat before the cool air
is distributed throughout the building. The heat from the condenser is pumped to the
cooling towers to refuse the heat from the chiller.
Figure 4.5 Showing highlighted location of chillers at level 14
Figure 4.6 A chilled water refrigeration cycle
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Components of water chilled system:
1. Compressor
The compressor is the primary mover, creating a difference in pressure to move the
coolant around the system. It is always between the condenser and the evaporator.
It is usually partly isolated and will be attached as the driving force by an electrical
motor. Compressors can be extremely noisy, usually a constant deep droning sound
with a high pitch overlay, and when close to the chiller, hearing protection should be
worn.
Figure 4.7 Compressor
2. Condenser
A water-cooled condenser is a heat exchanger which removes heat from the coolant
vapor and transfers it to the water that runs through it. This is done by condensing
the refrigerant vapor on the outside of a tube. In doing so, the vapor condenses the
water running inside the tube and gives up heat.
Figure 4.8 Condenser
85
3. Expansion valve:
Between the condenser and the evaporato there is an expansion valve. It is intended
to expand the refrigerant to reduce the pressure and increase the volume of the
refrigerant which will allow it to pick up the unwanted heat in the evaporator.
Figure 4.9 Expansion valve
4. Evaporator
The evaporator is located between the expansion valve and the compressor, the
purpose of which is to collect the unwanted heat from the building and move it into
the refrigerant so that it can be sent and rejected to the cooling tower. The water
cools as the coolant extracts the heat, this "cooled water" is then pumped around the
building to provide air conditioning, this "cooled water" returns to the evaporator
bringing any unwanted heat from the building.
Figure 4.10 Evaporator
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5. Controls
Usually the control unit is mounted on the chiller. It is intended to monitor and
control the different aspects of chillers performance by making adjustments. The
control unit will generate the engineering teams ' alarms and shut down the system
safely to prevent damage to the unit. There are usually also BMS connections to
enable remote control and monitoring.
Figure 4.11 Control panels
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4.2.3 Air handling unit
In Menara OBYU, the air handling unit is located in every floor from 3rd floor until
13th floor with 2 AHU rooms for each floor. AHU's function is to recondition the
outside air and provide it with fresh air in a building. All exhaust air is removed,
creating an acceptable quality of indoor air. The fresh air is either heated by a
recovery unit or heated coil, or cooled by a cooling coil, depending on the required
temperature of the re-conditioned air. Some of the air from the rooms can be
recirculated via a mixing chamber in buildings where the hygienic requirements for
air quality are lower and this can result in significant energy savings. A mixing
chamber has dampers to control the return, exit and exhaust air ratio.
Figure 4.12 Showing highlighted location of AHU at level 3 until 13
Figure 4.13 HVAC system with YORK air handling unit.
88
The air goes back out of space to the air handling unit via the duck. Return air can
then move into a mixing box and blend in warmer outdoor air, not only from the
outdoor air, it is also recirculate the cool air in the space.The air passes through a
receptacle of air filters and moves across the refrigerant coil of the evaporator that
contains cold water or coolants. The blower pushes it through the ductwork and
stretches it out into space. Sometimes, after the evaporator spiral, a small heating
element is available for the air moisture control before it enters the space.
Mixing damper Filter Cooling coil UVC
Outdoor air
Cool air supply
to building
Removing the UVC prevents dust and

Return air from building dust and other other components from
contain dust and other components entering the air
components
Figure 4.14 Components of AHU
Figure 4.15 Plan of AHU on an exterior wall. Outdoor air

is taken through wall, and a return air fan is overhead
89
Components of AHU:
1. Mixing damper box
This is the place in which the external air and the return air are mixed to give the right
proportion of airstreams that are distributed in the space to be conditioned.
Figure 4.16 An example of a mixing damper box

(Source: Carrier Enterprise,2019)
2. Filter
The air coming back from both a building and the exterior is not fresh air, it has some
dust, bacteria, and other ingredients. Improving air quality through the removal of
dust and additional undesirable air components is the main function for a filter to
make it clean and fresh.
Figure 4.17 Filter of AHU
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3. Cooling coil
AHU cooling coils are usually situated after the mixing dampers and filters in the air
discharge current for the cooling of the mix. The cooling coil is used on some AHUs
to dehumidify the air flow.Due to its lower cost and less resistance to air velocity,
corrosion resistance hydrophilic fines are also used.
Figure 4.18 Cooling coil of AHU

(Source: Aarkays Air Equipment
Private Limited, 2019)
4. Humidifiers
Humidifiers use deionised, demineralized, softened or untreated water to provide

protection and decrease of the static electricity of hot, circulating air. It is usually
incorporated into an air handling unit before the cooling coil.
Figure 4.19 Humidifiers of AHU

(Source: ACHRNews, 2019)
91
5. Fan
The fan function is to drive air from one location to another and the air from one duct
to another is directed to ensure the system is efficient. Multiple fans are used in this
Menara OBYU to create cool air at the end of the unit of AHU and to supply the
chilled air at the beginning of the duct air.
Figure 4.20 The blower of AHU

(Source: Bright Hub Engineering, 2019)
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4.2.4 Diffuser
In Menara OBYU, they use a square cone diffuser that offers an comfortable
environment for occupants through removal of heat and the even distribution of
cooled air from the AHU.
Figure 4.21 Diffuser is located at the ceiling Figure 4.22 A square cone diffuser plan and
of the office section
4.2.5 Air duct
The air duct, that is attached to the mixing box at AHU, distributes a chilled air to the
spaces that need to be air conditioned. For material, it uses galvanized steel and
aluminum that is lightweight, rapid installation of the material, and prevent rusting.
Figure 4.23 Air duct that attached to the AHU
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4.3 Introduction of split unit air conditioning
A split air conditioner consists of an outdoor unit and an indoor unit. On the outside
wall of the space, the outdoor unit is installed that you want to cool. The compressor,
condensation coil and spool, and capillary tubing are contained in this unit. The sleek
indoor unit includes a cooling coil, an air filter and a long blower.
Figure 4.24 Multi unit system with an external unit that connects to some indoor units
4.3.1 Variable refrigerant volume system
Menara OBYU is using a variable refrigerant volume (VRV) system, only at the server
room, that changes the volume of refrigerant in a system in order to meet the exact
requirements of a building. For a system to maintain set temperatures, a minimum of
energy is needed and able to provide total versatility and each indoor unit may cool
or heat independently of each other. In the longer term, this unique mechanism
achieves more sustainability by reducing energy cost and the carbon emissions of
the end users.
Figure 4.25 An outdoor YORK variable refrigerant volume unit
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4.3.2 Fan coil units
A fan coil unit (FCU) is a device that uses a coil and a fan to heat or cool a room
without connecting to ductwork. In this Menara OBYU, the FCU is located at the lobby
where indoor air moves over the coil, which heats or cools the air before pushing it
back out into the room. Thermostat is used to control the volume of flow of chilled
water through the cooling coil and thus change the air supply temperature. FCU can
be noisy because the fan is within the same space.
Figure 4.26 FCU is located at the lobby in Menara OBYU
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UBBL 1984
Part III : Space, light and ventilation
By-law 41. Mechanical ventilation and air-conditioning
(1) Where permanent mechanical ventilation or air conditioning is intended, the

relevant building by-laws relating to natural ventilation, natural lighting and heights of
rooms may be waived at the discretion of the local authority.
(2) Any application for the waiver of the relevant by-laws shall only be considered if
addition to the permanent air conditioning system there is provided alternative
approved means of ventilating the air conditioned enclosure, such that within half an
hour of the air conditioning system failing, not less than the stipulated volume of
fresh air specified hereinafter shall be introduced into the enclosure during the
period when the air conditioning system is not functioning.
(3) The provisions of the Third Schedule to these By-laws shalll apply to building
which are mechanically ventilated or air conditioned.
4.4 Conclusion
MENARA OBYU uses both the central and split air conditioning unit systems, which
not comply with the UBBL 1984 requirements. However, the entire system of air
conditioning in Menara OBYU is well maintained, as the operator monitors the entire
system every month since it is one of the most important systems in this high rise
office building. Therefore, it makes a thermal comfort such as a good quality of air
for the users in the office.
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5.0
MECHANICAL VENTILATION
SYSTEM
97
5.0 Mechanical Ventilation System
5.1 Introduction
Mechanical Ventilation systems work by extracting stale air or supplying fresh air
into rooms in a house or building. A building ventilation system that uses powered
fans or blowers to provide fresh air to rooms when the natural forces of air pressure
and gravity are not enough to circulate air through a building. Mechanical ventilation
is used to control indoor air quality, excess humidity, odours, and contaminants can
often be controlled via dilution or replacement with outside air. However, in humid
climates specialised ventilation systems can remove excess moisture from the air.
Since electricity became readily available in the early part of the twentieth century,
fan-assisted movement of air has largely superseded the unreliable natural systems.
(Greeno, 1997)
Components include: fan, filters, ductwork, fire dampers, diffusers and etc.
5.1.1 Benefits of mechanical ventilation
Without mechanical ventilation to provide fresh air, moisture, odors, and other
pollutants can build up inside a building. Mechanical ventilation systems circulate
fresh air using ducts and fans, rather than relying on airflow through small holes or
cracks in a building’s walls, roof, or windows. (Energy Star, 2000)
- Better Indoor Air Quality. Indoor air can be many times more polluted than
outdoor air, and the average Malaysian spends 90 percent of the day inside.
Ventilation systems can significantly improve a space’s air quality by
removing allergens, pollutants, and moisture that can cause mold problems.
- More Control. When homes rely on air flow through walls, roofs, and windows
for ventilation, there is no control over the source or amount of air that comes
into the house. Mechanical ventilation systems, however, provide proper fresh
air flow along with appropriate locations for intake and exhaust to replenish
oxygen.
- Improved Comfort. Mechanical ventilation systems allow a constant flow of

outside air into the home and can also provide filtration, dehumidification, and
conditioning of the incoming outside air.
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5.2 Types of Mechanical Ventilation
Mechanical ventilation systems are categorised as:
◘ Mechanical extract- natural supply

◘ Mechanical supply - natural extract
◘ Combined mechanical extract and supply
The type of mechanical system of ventilation applied in Menara OBYU is combined

mechanical extract and supply.
Combined ventilation system using both mechanical fans to draw fresh outside air
into buildings and exhaust the stale interior air to outside simultaneously.
The benefits of applying this system is that it does not reply on natural ventilation
which often lack of control over the amount of air that comes into the building and
deprived of opportunity to treat the air beforehand. With mechanical ventilation
systems, there is more control with the proper fresh air flow speed along with
desirable location for intake and exhaust. Also. treatment can also be done to the
incoming fresh air with filtration, dehumidification or conditioning to get rid of dust,
airborne bacteria before flowing to occupants usage.
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5.3 Components of mechanical ventilation system

Fan is a device for impelling air through inlet point or ducts, forming part of the
distribution system. Typical applications include climate control and personal
thermal comfort, vehicle and machinery cooling systems, ventilation, fume
extraction, and to provide draft for a fire. While fans are often used to cool people,
they do not actually cool air, but work by increasing heat convection into the
surrounding air due to the airflow from the fans.
Air-handling processes
Figure 5.1 Propeller fan Figure Axial 5.2 fan Figure 5.3 Centrifugal fan
Propeller fan
Propeller fans utilize long slender blades twisted in such a manner as to provide
some angle of attack on the gas being moved. The blades are fixed to a hub, and the
entire assembly rotates in a housing. The housing has little or no effect on
controlling the gas flow. Typical applications for propeller fans are wall- and
ceiling-mounted exhausters. The main purpose is for free air discharge. It has low
cost of installation and also quiet.(Bloch. H. P, Soares. C, 1998)
Case Study
Figure 5.4 Propeller fan in Figure 5.5 Propeller fan in Figure 5.6 Propeller fan in
domestic water pump room sprinkle pump room a/c condenser pump
room
In Menara OBYU, propeller fan can be found within exhaust and supply system in
an enclosed space where air is supply by fan and distributed into the room and
vacuums out air to allow indoor air movement and provide fresh air
simultaneously.
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Axial fan
Axial fans have blades that force air to move parallel to the shaft about which the
blades rotate. An axial fan is a type of a compressor that increases the pressure of
the air flowing through it. The blades of the axial flow fans force air to move parallel
to the shaft about which the blades rotate. In other words, the flow is axially in and
axially out, linearly, hence their name. The design priorities in an axial fan revolve
around the design of the propeller that creates the pressure difference and hence the
suction force that retains the flow across the fan.(Mechanical engineering, 2017)
Figure 5.7 Components of Axial fan
Case study
The axial fan located at the carpark acts as part of the extract system for the
fireproof staircase. It is connected with several ductwork system to suck air out to
the outdoor space passing through the diffuser.
Figure 5.8 Axial fan at carpark
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Belt Driven Centrifugal fan

Centrifugal fan has a moving component (called an impeller) that consists of a
central shaft about which a set of blades, or ribs, are positioned. Centrifugal fans
blow air at right angles to the intake of the fan, and spin the air outwards to the outlet
(by deflection and centrifugal force). The impeller rotates, causing air to enter the fan
near the shaft and move perpendicularly from the shaft to the opening in the
scroll-shaped fan casing. A centrifugal fan produces more pressure for a given air
volume. They are typically quieter than comparable axial fans. They are suitable for
high pressure applications as compared with axial fans. Generally centrifugal fans
have three types of blade: forward blade, backward blade and radial blade. (Yu. J,
Zhang. T and Qian.J, 2011).
Figure 5.9 Components of Centrifugal fan
Case study
The centrifugal fan is located on rooftop in a row. It is used for air conditioning
system and also ideal for use in air pollution and filtration systems by transporting
the air all the way up to the rooftop open air.
Figure 5.10 Centrifugal fan on rooftop
102
5.3.2 Ductwork system

Ducts are conduits or passages used in heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
(HVAC) to deliver and remove air. The needed airflows include, for example, supply
air, return air, and exhaust air. Ducts commonly also deliver ventilation air as part of
the supply air. As such, air ducts are one method of ensuring acceptable indoor air
quality as well as thermal comfort.
Case Study
The ductwork is apply in supply and exhaust system to channel outside air towards
the room or the air from the room towards the outside. It is also used to convey air
throughout a building. Ductwork layouts may be very complex, involving a number of
supply and return ducts, that branch to all parts of a building through diffuser grilles.
Flexible duct
Flexible ducts (also known as flex) are typically made of flexible plastic over a metal
wire coil to shape a tube. They are used in A.H.U room to channel cool air.
Figure 5.11 Flexible duct in A.H.U room Figure 5.12 Components of flexible duct
Rigid Duct
The rigid duct is used on the rooftop connecting with the centrifugal fan to withstand
the extremely high air pressure produce in the extract system. It works as air
distribution system which channels air throughout the building. The building also use
sweeping bends and takeoffs duct for better airflow.
Figure 5.13 Rigid duct on rooftop Figure 5.14 Air changes in rigid duct
103
5.3.3 Ventilation grilles and Air filters
Ventilation grilles
Grille can be used for exhaust fan systems and other applications such as creating a
cross flow ventilation. It is usually located at the edge of the ductwork where the air
is released into the room.
Air filters
air filter is a device composed of fibrous or porous materials which removes solid
particulates and bacteria from the air. Air filters are used to ensure adequate indoor
air quality for users in rooms fitted with the ventilation system by enhancing the
quality of supplied air.(Ginestet. A, Pugnet. D and Mouradian.L, 2013).
Case study
Figure 5.15 Components of grilles and filters system
A balanced ventilation system for dwellings is typically composed of one ductwork

(including a fan) to supply air from outside indoors and one other ductwork (also
including a fan) for indoor air exhaust. The ventilation grille is located at 2 end of the
ductwork and it is protected by two filters installed upstream, one on the outdoor air
and the other on exhaust air.
Figure 5.16 3 slot linear Figure 5.17 Supply air Figure 5.18 Fresh air Figure 5.19 Exhaust
supply air grille at lift side grille at stairwell grille at pump room for return air grille at A.H.U
lobby from the outdoor open better indoor air quality room to extract hot
space via ductwork to remove odour. return air from the
system office on the other side
of the wall.
104
5.3.4 Fire damper

Fire dampers are devices designed to impede the spread of fire through walls, floors
and partitions. It is passive fire protection products used in heating, ventilation, and
air conditioning (HVAC) ducts to prevent the spread of fire inside the ductwork
through fire-resistance rated walls and floors. When a rise in temperature occurs, the
fire damper closes, usually activated by a thermal element which melts at
temperatures higher than ambient but low enough to indicate the presence of a fire,
allowing springs to close the damper blades. Fire dampers can also close following
receipt of an electrical signal from a fire alarm system utilising detectors remote
from the damper, indicating the sensing of heat or smoke in the building occupied
spaces or in the HVAC duct system. (Knapp. J, 2011).
Figure 5.20 Components of fire damper
Case study
In Menara OBYU, fire dampers are installed in the ducts of ventilation and air
conditioning systems which penetrate fire-resistant constructions and will
automatically close on the detection of heat. It is often found behind the diffuser or
grille. Fire dampers are installed in or near the wall or floor, at the point of duct
penetration, to retain the integrity and fire rating of a wall.
Figure 5.21 Fire damper in ductwork system
105
5.3.5 Silencer
All mechanical ventilation equipment produces noise. Heating, ventilation and air
conditioning systems (HVAC) can become pretty noisy when in use. Therefore
silencer are used to keep the systems silent while used as a wholesome part of a
HVAC system. The silencers have sound absorbing insulation inside to keep the
sound down. Acoustic insulation inside the silencer contains millions of air pockets
that absorb the acoustic energy as it passes, reducing the noise. (Dunn. K, 2018).
Rectangular Absorptive Duct Silencer
Figure 5.22 Components of silencer
Case study
In Menara OBYU the silencer are generally mounted within the system’s ductwork,
they ensure that a specific noise criteria is achieved within the internal or external
areas served. The rectangular ductwork offers solutions for installation within
apertures and restricted spaces. It has been used in several places as shown below:
Figure 5.23 Louvres on Figure 5.24 Silencer position Figure 5.25 attenuator position
Silencer Inlet relative to centrifugal fans relative to axial fans
There is a spacer between There is a spacer between There is an adequate

the louvre and the silencer the fan and the silencer, distance between silencer
and the splitter orientation and the splitter orientation and axial fans.
is at 90° to the louvre is rotate by 90°.
orientation.
106
UBBL 1984
PART III: Space, light and ventilation
By-law 41. Third schedule
2. Windowless room
(1)Habitable rooms with no external walls on other enclosures shall be provided with
mechanical ventilation or, such that within half an hour of the permanent
air-conditioning system failing, not less than the stipulated volume of fresh air
specified hereinafter shall be introduced into the enclosure during the period when
the air-conditioning system is not functioning.
3. Filters for exhaust air
(1)Filters for the removal of airborne bacteria shall be provided for all exhaust air
discharge points to the requirements of the governing health authority.
(2)Exhaust air discharge points shall be at high or roof level and shall not in any case
be lower than 5 metres from the external ground or pavement level.
Conclusion
Application of exhaust system in windowless mechanical rooms such as sprinkle
room, pump room, wet riser room, domestic water room and etc. meet the
requirements of statement 2 in Third Schedule, By-law 41. It provide minimum air
movement in order to exhaust foul air produce by the machines in an enclosed
space. There are also air filters placed at every end of the ductwork system with inlet
and outlet grille to maintain a good air quality within a space.
107
5.4 Case Study (Combined Mechanical ventilation)
5.4.1 Pressurization Control System for Staircases and Lift Lobbies
Pressurization system assists in providing pressure difference across a barrier

between escape route spaces and the adjacent part of the building to control smoke
movement.The high-pressure side of the barrier is the refuge area or an exit route.
The low-pressure side is exposed to smoke.The higher amount of pressure in the
escape exit route or refuge spaces compared to the adjacent part of the building,
has the effect of making smoke or toxic gasses incapable of moving towards the
bomba lift lobbies and staircases and avoid the escape routes from filling up with
smoke in the event of a fire.
A path that channels smoke from the low-pressure side to the outside ensures that
gas expansion pressures do not become a problem. This path is provided by the
fan-powered exhaust system.
Figure 5.26 Pressurization control system

Source: National Institute of Standards and Technology of U.S, n.d.
108
In Menara OBYU the supply systems for the building staircases are separated into two.
From level 2 to 14, the air supply comes from the centrifugal fans at rooftops; level B6
to level 1 (ground floor) the air supplied from the axial fans at the basement carpark.
During non-fire emergency, these mechanical ventilation will function to supply air to
stairwell as there is no windows designed in the staircase enclosure for natural
ventilation.
Basement B6 to Level 1 (
ground floor) supply system
Level 2 to Level 14 supply

system
Figure 5.27 Building sections showing the upper floor and lower floors
sir supply system for the staircase pressurization system
Figure 5.28 Centrifugal fan at Figure 5.29 Air supply system for
rooftops providing air supply for lower floors staircase pressurization
upper floors staircase pressurization system
system
109
The pressurization control system is an automated airflor regulation. In the case of

a fire break-out, the smoke detector is activated, warning will be shown on the
control panel in control room, which in turn start up the pressurisation system.
centrifugal fans located at the rooftops will start to supply clean air from outside the
building to bomba lift lobbies and staircases ( the escape routes) from Level 2 to
Level 13 , while for level B6 to level 1 (ground floor) , the axial fans located at the
basement carpark will also start to supply clean outside air to through the pressure
transmitter and supply air grille
The benefits of the system are ensuring visibility , safe evacuation of occupants ,
smoke free and easy access for firefighters in the event of a fire. The system is very
important as it improves fire fighting operation efficiency and safeguarding the
occupants lives.
Figure 5.30 Part of mechanical ventilation drawing of Menara OBYU showing how
pressurization system works for upper floors
Figure 5.31 Fire damper at bomba Figure 5.32 Air supply grille at basement
lift lobby staircase
110
UBBL 1984
By-law 198 : Ventilation of staircase enclosure

(1) All staircase enclosures shall be ventilated at each floor or landing level by
either permanent openings or openable windows to open air having a free area
of not less than 1 square metre per floor.
(2) Openable windows hall meet the operational requirement of D.G.F.S.
By-law 200 : Ventilation of staircase enclosures in building exceeding 18 meters
For staircases in buildings exceeding 18 meters above ground level that are not
ventilated in accordance with by-law 198, two alternative method of preventing the
infiltration of smoke into the staircase enclosures may be permitted by providing:
(a) Permanent ventilation at the top of staircase enclosure of not less than 5% of the
area of the enclosure and in addition at suitable intervals in the height of the
staircase a mechanically ventilated shaft to achieve not less than 20 air changes
per hour to be automatically activated by a signal from the fire alarm panel; or
(b) Mechanical pressurization of the staircase enclosure to the standard of
performance as specified in section 7 of the Australian Standard 1688, Part 1 -
1974 or any other system meeting the functional requirements of the D.G.F.S.
By-law 201 : Staircase enclosures below ground level

All staircase enclosures below ground level shall be provided with suitable means of
preventing the ingress of smoke
By-law 202 : Pressurized system for staircase

All staircases serving buildings of more than 45.75 metres in height where there is no
adequate ventilation as required shall be provided with a basic system of
pressurization:
(a) Where the air capacity of the fan shall be sufficient to maintain an air flow of not
less than 60 metres per minute through the doors which are deemed to be open
(b) Where the number of doors which are deemed to be opened at the one time shall
be 10% of the total number of doors opening into the staircase with a minimum
number of two doors open.
(c) Where with all the doors closed the air pressure differential between the
staircases and the areas served by it shall not exceed 5 millimetres water gauge.
(d) Where the mechanical system to prevent smoke from entering the staircase
shall be automatically activated by suitable heat detecting device, manual or
automatic alarm or automatic wet pipe sprinkler system
111
By-law 197 : Protected lobbies

(1) Protected lobbies shall be provided to serve staircases in buildings exceeding
18 metres above ground level where the staircase enclosures are not
ventilated through external walls.
(2) In buildings exceeding 45 metres above ground level, such protected lobbies
shall be pressurized to meet the requirements of Section 7 of the Australian
Standard 1668, Part 1 - 1974 or any other system meeting the functional
requirements of the D.G.F. S.
(3) Protected lobbies may be omitted if the staircase enclosures are pressurized
to meet the requirements of the by-law 200.
Conclusion:
The staircase enclosure mechanical ventilation fulfills the requirement of UBBL
clause 200. The stairwell pressurization system in Menara OBYU meets the
requirement stated in UBBL clause 201 and 202 which functions to supply air from
outside to pressurize the stairwell at every floor during fire emergency. The lift lobby
pressurization system in Menara OBYU also meets the requirement stated in UBBL
clause 197, it has the similar character and function as with the stairwell
pressurization system
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5.4.2 Natural Ventilated Basement Car Park
The car park of Menara OBYU is located at the open-air basements. The sides are
walled by high tensile steel cables grids function as support to climbing plants
facade in this naturally ventilated underground car park， fresh air flows in freely
throught these permeable green walls to replace the smoke or harmful vehicle
exhaust emissions, preventing a stationary mode of stale foul air from
accumulation by the vehicular emissions.Mechanical ventilation systems is thus
excluded for ventilation purpose. It is one of the design employed in this certified
green building by the Green Building Index (GBI) of Malaysia to achieve energy
efficiency and sustainability.
Figure 5.33 Naturally ventilated basement carpark, B1
Figure 5.34 Basement 2 floor plan showing the naturally ventilated car parking area
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5.4.3 Mechanical Supply and Extract System at Wet Risers Pump Room and
Domestic Water Pump and Filtration Room
Wet Risers Pump Room and Domestic Water Pump and Filtration Room are
adjacent to each other and located at the underground car park. They are fitted
with individual exhaust and supply systems separated from the other areas. The
mechanical ventilation system ensures prevention of heat concentrations from
pump machinery and provision of air freshness to the spaces. Both pump rooms
have their respective air supply inlet and extract outlet provided by wall-mounted
propeller fans.
As the domestic water pump room is organized at the external side, the exhaust
ductwork from the internal wet riser pump room is passing through
the former, so that the stale air can be disposed to outside.
Figure 5.35 Location of Wet riser pump room and Domestic water
pump room
Figure 5.36 Labelling on ductwork; left: ductwork labeled with outside air and it is for
carrying supply air; right: ductwork labeled with exhaust air and it is for carrying exhaust
air
114
5.4.3 Mechanical Supply and Extract System at Wet Risers Pump Room and
Domestic Water Pump and Filtration Room
C
E
D B
Figure 5.37 Sketch of how air is extracted out and being supplied at domestic
water pump room and wet riser pump room respectively
C B
Figure 5.38 Supply fan (wall-mounted

Figure 5.39 Supply fan, supply air grille and
propeller fan) for domestic water pump
exhaust air grille for wet riser pump room
room and the connected ductwork
Figure 5.40 Wall-mounted propeller exhaust Figure 5.41 Supply air grille at domestic water
fan at domestic water pump room pump room
115
UBBL 1984
Part III : Space, Light and Ventilation
By-law 41 : Mechanical ventilation and air-conditioning
(3) The provisions of the Third Schedule to these By-laws shall apply to buildings
which are mechanically ventilated or air-conditioned
Third Schedule
Clause 7 : Mechanical ventilation system in basement areas

(1) Basement and other enclosures below ground level used for working areas or
for occupancy of more than two hours duration shall be provided with
mechanical ventilation having a minimum of six air changes per hour
(2) Basement or underground car parks shall be provided with mechanical
ventilation such that the air exhausted to the external atmosphere should
constitute not less than six air changes per hour. Air extract opening shall be
arranged such that it is not less than 0.5 metres above the floor level period
system.
(3) Basement and other enclosure below ground level used for working areas or
for occupancy of more than two hours’ duration shall be provided with a
minimum of one fresh air change per hour, or the minimum of 028 cmm per
person working in such area.
Conclusion:
According to UBBL 1984, basement car parks require mechanical ventilation
systems. The car park of Menara OBYU locates at the open-air basements that is
naturally well-ventilated. Hence, the car park below the ground level can exclude
any exhaust systems. Moreover, the wet risers pump room and domestic water
pump and filtration room complies with clause 7 of the Third Schedule by having
both supply and extract air systems. These room may sometimes be used for
more than two hours during servicing and the exhaust system is crucial to
exhaust the harmful gas particles and heat generated by pumps machinery.
116
5.4.4 Combined mechanical extract and supply
Offices
Behind the disguise of same grilles design, two different functions of air transfer
are being performed. The extraction of the interior air is located at the return air
grilles positioned closed to the thermostat. The stale and warm air is then carried
through the ductwork system as transfer path to the rooftops where the
centrifugal fans extract the air out or the stale warm air is returned back to the
air-handling unit to reprocess and recirculate. The renewal of the inlet fresh air is
provided by the air supply from the air-handling units.
Figure 5.42 Air circulation pattern of office at Level 4: air supply from AHU highlighted in turquoise,
air to be returned or exhausted at rooftops highlighted in orange
Figure 5.43 Open-plan office of Level 4
117

The thermostat function to keep the air quality of the offices in check: if the office is
too cool , it stops the supply air; when it is too warm, it signals more supply air from
AHU.
This type of combined mechanical extract and supply system reduces dust and noise
pollution incurred in the case of natural extract or supply system. The windows are
mainly used for natural lighting , and are often kept in closed position. The regulated
airflow provides the office workers a friedly, conducive atmosphere to work in.
Toilets
In Menara OBYU, the mechanical air extract to depressurize the toilet spaces, the
resulting negative pressure draws outside air ( air from supply air grilles at enclosed
corridors ) into the toilets. This prevent any unpleasant odors from the toilet drifting
out to the office areas and accumulation of odours in the toilets itself.
In Menara OBYU, the mechanical extract outlets are positioned in the toilets to
combat unpleasant odours and high humidity level, continuous drawing of stale air
out of the toilet through the centrifugal fans at rooftops via ductwork, the toilet is
kept dry and fresh all the times, this ensures maximum comfort levels for toilet
users
Figure 5.44 Toilets location at Level 4
118
Figure 5.45 Exhaust air grille at toilet Figure 5.46 Exhaust air grille above toilet basin area
cubicle
Figure 5.47 Part of mechanical ventilation drawing of Menara OBYU showing extract system at
toilets
119
UBBL 1984
Part III : Space, Light and Ventilation
By-law 41 : Mechanical ventilation and air-conditioning
(3) The provisions of the Third Schedule to these By-laws shall apply to buildings
which are mechanically ventilated or air-conditioned
Third Schedule
Clause 10: Water-closets and toilets
Water closets, toilets, lavatories, bathrooms, latrines, urinals or similar rooms or

enclosures used for ablutions which are situated in the internal portions of the
building and in respect of which no such external walls ( or those overlooking
verandahs, pavements or walkways) are present, shall provided with mechanical
ventilation or air-conditioning having a minimum of fresh air change at the rate of 0.61
cmm per square metre of floor area of ten air changes per hour, whichever is the
lower.
Conclusion:
The toilets of the Menara OBYU is compliant with the By-law 41 under the Third
Schedule clause 10. The toilets are located at the internal portion of the building and
are provided with mechanical extract system which help circulate the air and reduce
moisture level, drawing out foul air through exhaust system and replace with new
supply air flows from enclosed corridors.
120
5.4.5 Mechanical Extract System at A/C Condenser Pump Room and Hose Reel
Pump Room
In daily normal circumstances, the wall-mounted propeller fans circulate the stale
air out of the space and drawn in fresh air.
In the event of fire breakout. The in extract systems at the A/C Condenser Pump
Room and Hose Reel Pump Room function to extract out any accumulation smoke
and harmful fumes from the internal spaces. The extraction of oxygen from the
internal spaces may help to retard the spreading of fire.
Figure 5.48 Location of A/C Condenser pump room and Hose reel pump room at level 14
(rooftop)
A B C
Figure 5.49, 5.50, 5.51, 5.52 The three wall-mounted propeller fans at A/C Condenser room, interior and
exterior views
Figure 5.53, 5.54 Wall-mounted propeller fans at hose

reel pump room; left: interior view, right: exterior view
121
UBBL 1984
Part VIII : Fire Alarms, fire detection, fire extinguishment and fire fighting access
By-law 249 : Smoke and heat venting
In windowless buildings, underground structures and large area factories, smoke

venting facilities shall be provided for the safe use of exit.
By-law 251: Smoke vents to be adequate to prevent dangerous accumulation of

smoke
Where smoke venting facilities are installed for purposes of exit safety in
accordance with the requirements of this Part they shall be adequate to prevent
dangerous accumulation of smoke during the period of time necessary to
evacuate the area served using available exit facilities with a margin of safety to
allow for unforeseen contingencies
Conclusion:
Menara OBYU complies with By-laws 249 and 251. The A/C Condenser Pump Room
and Hose Reel Pump Room are fitted with necessary exhaust system which function
as smoke and heat venting during fire emergency and ventilation purposes under
normal circumstance to extract and disperse smoke, harmful air particles which could
be detrimental to health and safety of occupant.
122
6.0
MECHANICAL
TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
123
6.0 Mechanical Transportation System
6.1 Introduction
Mechanical transportation systems is an integral part of modern buildings that is

used to move goods and people vertically and horizontally. Common types of
transportation systems are:
● Lifts/ Elevators
● Escalators
● Travelators
In Menara OBYU, the only mechanical transportation system is lifts.
Lifts
A lift is an apparatus for raising and lowering people or things to different floors of
the building
According to Section 124 in UBBL 1984:
For non-residential buildings that exceed 4-storeys above/ below the main
entrance, a lift shall be provided.
A lift is also required in a building less than 4 storeys if access for elderly or
disabled is required. Menara OBYU has a total of 20 floors, thus lifts are required.
Offices
Lobby Level
Entrance Level
Basement Parking
Figure 6.1: Section showing different levels of the building.
124
6.2 Speed of Lifts

The speed of the lift also depends on the types and functions of the lift.
6.3 Layout of Lifts
Figure 6.2: Possibilities of lift layout arrangements. (Greeno & Hall, 2003)
According to MS 1184 : 2014
15 Lifts
15.1 All accessible levels of a building shall be accessible with ramps and lifts.
Lifts are preferable, and shall be accessible for all people, including people with
disabilities.
At least one lift car, adjacent to a building entrance that is accessible for disabled
persons, shall be designed as a lift for wheelchair users.
125
The minimum standard of service is one lift for every four storeys, and with a
maximum walking distance of 45m to the lift lobby. Lift should be positioned at
locations which provide easy access to building users, and the grouping of lifts is
essential for user convenience. It is also preferable for lifts to be grouped together
when a number of them are required. On the ground level (main entrance level) of
Menara OBYU, the lobby provides access from the basement and firefighting
passenger elevators to the passenger lifts that go up to the upper levels. This
provides a transitional space between lifts that lead to different areas. The purpose
of having the lifts being grouped closer is to reduce costs as well as waiting time
for the users. Floor space and lift car capacity can also be estimated at 0.2 m2 per
person. (Greeno & Hall, 2003)
Passenger Lifts (Upper Levels)
Passenger Lifts (Basement Levels)
Firefighter Lifts
Figure 6.3: Lift layout on lobby level.
Figure 6.4: Dimensions of lift lobby.
Usually, the width of the lift lobby should be anywhere between 3.5 to 4.5m, or twice
the width of the lift car, as it should be large enough to allow traffic to move in two
direction. The width of the lift lobbies of Menara OBYU complies with this.
126
6.4 Quantity of Lifts

There are a few factors that have to be taken into account when deciding the
quantity of lifts needed in a building. The factors include population of building, type
of building occupancy, number of floors and height, initial costs, and maintenance
costs. As the number of lifts increase, the installation cost, capital costs, and
maintenance costs also increase. However, the less the lifts provided, the longer the
waiting time. Below, a chart shows how to estimate the number of lifts required.
In Menara OBYU, there are 6 lifts (5 passenger lifts and 1 firefighting lift).
6.5 Zoning of Lifts
For skyscrapers or high-rise buildings, it is necessary to divide a building into

groups of elevator serving floors called zones, such as low, middle and high zones.
Zoning is needed to provide an equal amount of lift service to every user as much
as possible. The recommended number of floors for each group to service is 10 to
15 floors. To carry passengers to their destination zone as fast as possible, express
zones are sometimes provided to run express or shuttle elevators between the
lobby and each zone. This will also maximize high speed elevator performance,
reduce round trip time, increase passenger handling capacity, and reduce the
required number of elevators. In general, the recommended number of serving
floors in a zone is 7 to 10.
The space above the low and middle zone elevator hoist ways in the building is
available for use as offices and other purposes. The elevator hall space between
express elevator serving floors is also available for use as storage. Thus, rentable
space within the building will be increased. (SIGMA, n.d.)
127
High Zone
Low Zone
Figure 6.5: High zone and low zone of the building.
In Menara OBYU, the building can be split into two zones, the low and high zone.
The low zone consists of the 6 basements levels, and the high levels consist of the
12 upper levels that are mostly office spaces. These two zones are separated by the
entrance and lobby levels. Two passenger lifts go down to the basements from the
lobby level, whereas the other three passenger lifts bring the users from the ground
floor to the upper floors. The firefighting lift is the only lift that is able to access all
levels.
128
6.6 Function of lifts

6.6.1 Passenger Lifts
A passenger lift has a completely enclosed lift car that travels vertically within a
specially prepared lift shaft where passengers are transported between floors at
reasonably quick speeds and the control systems are often designed to give the
most economical distribution of passengers throughout the building. (Invalifts, n.d.)
In Menara OBYU, there are 5 passenger lifts in total. Two of the passenger lifts lead
from the lobby level to the basement levels (low zones), while the other three, which
require special access, lead up to the upper floors (high zone). This lift is space and
cost-efficient, and is able to hold up to 11 passengers, whilst being able to travel up
to 1.75m/s, making it suitable to use in a commercial building where it needs to
constantly transport people to different levels.
Passenger lifts to low zone.
Passenger lifts to high zone.
Figure 6.6: Location of passenger lifts on the lobby level.
Figure 6.7: Passenger lift to low zone. Figure 6.8: Passenger lifts to high zone.
129
6.6.2 Firefighting Lift
A firefighting lift is a lift that is often provided within a tall, complex building or a
building with deep basements. The firefighting lift functions to provide a facility in
assisting firefighters to move with more ease vertically through a building. Unlike a
normal passenger lift, it can operate so long as is practicable when there is a fire in
parts of the building beyond the confines of the firefighting shaft, as it is used to
transport firefighters and their equipment to a floor of their choice. (National
Operational Guidance, n.d.)
Firefighter lift.
Figure 6.9: Location of firefighter lift in plan on lobby level.
Figure 6.10: Photo of firefighter lift.

130
The lift can be used in normal times as a passenger lift by the occupants of the
building. However, in order to prevent the risk of the entrance being obstructed
when the lift is required to go into the firefighting mode, the firefighting lift in Menara
OBYU is not usually used to move goods, nor is it allowed to be used by other users
on a normal basis, with the exception of the security team or the building’s
maintenance crew as it also functions as a service lift.
There is only one firefighting lift in Menara OBYU, and it is the only lift with a
two-sided entrance and access to all floors. It is the only lift that can access levels
in both the low zone and high zone. It can hold up to 15 passengers, and can travel
up to 1.75m/s.
A firefighting lift switch is provided to enable the fire service to obtain immediate
control of the firefighting lift in a firefighting shaft. Once the firefighting lift has
arrived at the fire service access level, its doors should open and it should then
operate as follows:
•Fire personnel entering the lift car should be able to register a call to any selected
landing in the building by sustained pressure on a car control until the car doors
have fully closed.
•The doors should immediately reopen if a car control is released before the doors
have fully closed, and the call should be cancelled.
•It should be possible to register additional calls on the car controls once the lift is
moving. The lift should travel in the direction of the first call registered, and should
stop at the first floor encountered for which a call is registered.
•The doors should remain closed unless they are operated by continuous pressure
on the 'door open' control. It should not be possible to open the doors without
sustained pressure on the control.
•Release of the 'door open' control before the doors are fully open should cause
the doors to automatically re-close. This allows fire service personnel to observe
the situation immediately outside the lift landing doors in the firefighting lobby.
•Once the doors are fully open they should remain open until a new call is
registered at the car control station.
Advantages:
•Helps to ease the vertical transportation of firefighters and equipment within a
building.
Possible Disadvantages/ Threats:

•Possibility of user becoming trapped
•Lift movement may increase ventilation to fire
•Firefighting lifts should not be used as service lifts however it is still used as such
•Not prominent or always readily identifiable
131
6.7 Types of Lifts
Electric Lift
There are two types of electric lifts, both which can be found in Menara OBYU:
•Traction with Machine Room
•Machine-Room-Less Traction (MRL)
6.7.1 Traction with Machine Room
There are 3 traction lifts with machine room found in Menara OBYU, and they are
gearless traction lifts. The gearless traction lifts are the lifts connecting the ground
floor to the high zone, and does not provide access to the basement levels. These
lifts provide access to the offices in the higher levels, and have are more private,
th
requiring access cards to access the upper levels. The lift shaft goes up to the 13
floor, with the machine room being located on the rooftop.
Gearless traction lifts
Figure 6.11: Location of the gearless traction lifts in plan on lobby level.
Figure 6.12: Gearless traction lifts seen from the lift lobby.
132
6.7.1.1 Components of a Gearless Traction Lift
The traction lift operates as ropes that lift it pass over wheel attached to an electric
motor above the elevator shaft. This type of electric lift is more suitable for medium
or high-rise buildings as it can move at a faster speed compared to a hydraulic lift.
The efficiency of the elevator is increased with the help of a counter weight, which
offsets the weight of the car and occupants so that the motor doesn't have to move
as much weight.
(ISF, 2017)
Figure 6.13: Components of a gearless traction lift.
133
6.7.1.2 Machine Room
The machine room is a room specifically for the lift controllers and drives. As
recommended (Greeno & Hall, 2003), the machine room of Menara OBYU is located
on the roof top, above the lift shaft in order to minimize rope length and optimize
efficiency. The machinery are also well secured to a concrete base and the room is
ventilated.
Figure 6.14 Components of a machine room. Figure 6.15: Machine room in Menara OBYU.
6.7.1.3 Hoisting Motor
A hoisting motor is a DC motor-driven device used for lifting or lowering a load by

means of a drum or lift-wheel around which rope or chain wraps. Other motors may
be manually operated, electrically or pneumatically driven and may use chain, fiber
or wire rope as its lifting medium. The most familiar form of a hoist is an elevator,
the car of which is raised and lowered by a hoist mechanism. Historically, AC
motors were used for single or double-speed elevator machines on the grounds of
cost and lower usage applications where car speed and passenger comfort were
less of an issue, but for higher speed, larger capacity elevators, the need for
infinitely variable speed control over the traction machine becomes an issue.
Therefore, DC machines powered by an AC/DC motor generator were the preferred
solution.
134
6.7.1.4 Traction sheave

In roped elevators, the car is raised and lowered by traction steel ropes rather than
pushed from below. The ropes are attached to the elevator car, and looped around a
sheave which acts as a pulley with a grooves around the circumference. The sheave
grips the hoist ropes, so when you rotate the sheave, the ropes move too.
The sheave is connected to an electric motor. When the motor turns one way, the
sheave raises the elevator; when the motor turns the other way, the sheave lowers
the elevator. In gearless elevators, the motor rotates the sheaves directly, and is
housed in the machine room along with the other machinery.
Figure 6.16: Traction sheave in the machine room.

An overspeed governor is an elevator device which acts as a stopping mechanism
in case the elevator runs beyond its rated speed. This device must be installed in
traction elevator, and are typically found in overhead machine rooms, which is where
it is located in Menara OBYU.
Conventional elevator safety equipment includes an overspeed governor for

disrupting elevator car movement when a predetermined speed is exceeded.
Overspeed governors include a switch that opens when the elevator reaches a
predetermined velocity. When the switch opens, power is removed from the
machine motor and brake. A braking mechanism then stops the elevator car. The
switch remains open, and the elevator remains inoperable, until the switch is
manually reset.
Figure 6.17: Overspeed governer in Menara Figure 6.18: Example of an overspeed

OBYU elevator machine room. governer (Wolftech, 2019)
135
6.7.1.6 Control panel
Like most modern high-rise buildings, Menara OBYU uses a microprocessor control
system to control their gearless traction lifts, as this control system is very compact
and consume a lot less power in comparison to the older electro-mechanical relay
controllers. This takes up much less space, hence the machine room can be much
smaller than if they were to use older controllers. The lift brakes can be activated
here manually in case of an emergency. The readers for the access card system are
located here as well, which provides access via the lift to different levels only for
users who has the access cards.
Figure 6.20: Access card system control panel.
Figure 6.19: Control panels in the

elevator machine room in Menara
OBYU.
136
6.7.2 Machine-Room-Less Traction (MRL)
There are 2 machine-room-less elevators found in Menara OBYU. They are both
situated next to the firefighter lift. And only connect the ground floor to the
basement levels, they do not provide access to the upper levels in the high zone.
This allows more space to be used in the upper levels.
Machine-room-less elevators are elevators which do not have a dedicated machine

room above the shaft. The machinery sits in the override space and is accessed
from the top of the elevator cab when maintenance or repairs are required. Unlike
the regular gearless traction lifts in Menara OBYU, the MRL lifts do not have their
control panels in a separate room. Instead, the true machine-room-less has a
control panel next to the lifts, and its controllers are located within the hoistway.
Figure 6.21: Location of controller in a true machine-room-less elevator.
Figure 6.22: Location of the machine-room-less elevators in plan on lobby level.
137
(Fujihd, 2016)
6.7.2.1 Components of Machine-Room-Less Traction (MRL)
Figure 6.23: Components of a machine-room-less elevator.
Figure 6.24: Difference between a conventional traction

machine elevator and a machine room-less elevator.
138
An overspeed governor is an elevator device which acts as a stopping mechanism

in case the elevator runs beyond its rated speed. For a machine-room-less elevator,
the safety gears of the lift car are triggered by the overspeed governer via the
governer rope when the lift car exceeds its rated speed. This will cause the lift car to
clam onto the guard rails in the elevator shaft and impede its movement.
Figure 6.25: Example of a bi-directional

overspeed governer for a MRL. (Kone, n.d.)
Figure 6.26: Location of overspeed governer in hoistway.

6.7.2.3 Control Panel
The control panel is located at the wall beside the lift, with the controllers in the
hoistway, instead of in a machine room. It can be seen from the lift lobby, but it is
usually hidden behind a metal panel cover.
Figure 6.27: Controllers in the control panel in Figure 6.28: Control panel
the wall. located beside the lift.
139
6.8 Other Components

6.8.1 Elevator Shaft
Also known as a hoistway, an elevator shaft is a vertical shaft in a building that
permits the passage of an elevator from floor to floor. Guide rails, counterweight
and suspension ropes as well as other various components can be found inside the
elevator shaft. The size of the elevator shaft is determined by the number of users.
Figure 6.29: Example of the inside of an elevator shaft. (Diesel, 2013)
6.8.2 Suspension ropes
Suspension ropes are needed in traction elevators to allow the lift car to be raised
and lowered instead of being pushed from below. Suspension ropes used in
traditional lifts are connected to the cross head and extended up onto the traction
sheave on the motor and then back down to the counter weight. High tensile steel
ropes are used to suspend lift cars, but sometimes flat steel rope belts are used.
There are usually at least four ropes in number.
Figure 6.30: Different roping methods.
The lifts in Menara OBYU uses the single wrap 1:1 roping method, which is the most
economical and efficient of roping systems. The rope is passed over the traction
once and is connected to the counterweight. This method is most efficient when
used for small capacity cars, which is suitable for the lift cars in Menara OBYU as
they are only primarily used as passenger lifts and firefighter lifts.
140
6.8.3 Counterweight
A counterweight is found in the elevator shaft and is a weight that, by exerting an

opposite force, provides balance and stability of a mechanical system. Its purpose
is to make lifting the load more efficient, which saves energy and is less taxing on
the lifting machine. The counterweight weighs about the same as the car filled to
40-percent capacity.
Figure 6.31: Example of a counterweight.

(Tyssenkrup, 2019)
6.8.4 Buffer Figure 6.32: Counterweight in the shaft.
A buffer is a device designed to stop a descending car or counterweight beyond its

normal limit and to soften the force with which the elevator runs into the pit during
an emergency. They may be of polyurethane or oil type in respect of the rated
speed. The type used in Menara OBYU is oil buffer. An oil buffer uses a combination
of oil and springs to cushion a descending car or counterweight and are most
commonly located in the elevator pit, because of their location in the pit buffers
have a tendency to be exposed to water and flooding. They require routine cleaning
and painting to assure they maintain their proper performance specifications. Oil
buffers also need their oil checked and changed if exposed to flooding.
Figure 6.33: Components of an oil buffer. Figure 6.34: Oil buffer. (Margalift, n.d.)
141
6.8.5 Elevator Pit
The elevator pit is the area located at the base of the hoistway beneath the elevator
car. Buffer springs can be found there to catch the lift car in case it over travels or
fall suddenly. Traction elevators will have a set of springs beneath the
counterweight as well. For Menara OBYU, oil buffers are located there.
Figure 6.35: Components found in an elevator pit.
6.8.6 Lift Landing Door
The landing doors are lift doors that can be seen from each floor of the building.
They are also known as outer or hoistway doors. In Menara OBYU, the landing doors
are two panel, centre-opening doors. These hoistway doors can be opened or
closed by electric motors or manually during emergencies. They also have motion
sensor systems that keeps the doors from closing when someone or something is
between the doors. The elevator car doors travel along the hoistway with the lift car,
but hoist doors are fixed doors on each landing floors.
Figure 6.36: Lift landing doors as seen from the lift lobby.
142
6.8 Elevator Car
According to UBBL 1984:
By-law 151: Opening in Lift Shafts
1)Every opening in a lift shaft or lift entrance shall open into a protected lobby
unless other suitable means of protection to the openings to the satisfaction of the
local authority is provided. These requirements shall not apply to open type
industrial and other special buildings as approved by the D.G.F.S.
2)Landing doors shall have a FRP of not less than half the FRP of the hoistway
structure with minimum FRP of half hour.
3)No glass shall be used in landing doors except for vision in which case any
vision panel shall be glazed with wired safety glass and shall not be more than
0.0161 square metre and the total area of one more visions panels in any landing
door shall be not more than 0.0156 square metre.
4)Each clear panel opening shall reject to sphere 150 mm in diameter.

5)Provision shall be made for the opening of all landing doors by meansof an
emergency key irrespective of the position of the lift car.
6.9 Elevator Car

Elevator car is is essentially a platform that is either pulled or pushed up by a
mechanical means. A modern-day elevator consists of a cab (also called a car)
mounted on a platform within an enclosed space called a shaft or sometimes a
"hoistway".
Figure 6.37: Components of elevator car.
143
6.9.1 Car Frame
Car frame is used to support the cabin which is located in three different positions
– upper, sides and bottom.
Figure 6.38: Car frame. Figure 6.39: Components of car frame.
6.9.2 Car Sling
Car sling is the framework which encloses the cab. It also caters the necessity to
connecting the rope guides and plat form attach to the car frame. The height of the
car sling depends on the cab height.
Figure 6.40: Components of car sling.
144
6.9.3 Maintenance Balustrade

The maintenance balustrade is located at the roof of the lift car. The balustrade is to
prevent people from falling into the shaft while maintenance work is being carried
out.
Figure 6.42: Maintenance balustrade

surrounding top part of elevator car.
Figure 6.41: Components of maintenance
balustrade.
6.9.4 Traveling Cable

Traveling cable is a flexible cable that supplies electricity to a lift and serves as
mean of communication between controller and car.
Figure 6.43: Example of traveling cables. (Mitsubishi, n.d.)
145
6.10 Elevator Cabin
Elevator cabins are enclosed by walls, floors and ceilings made of steel or other
materials. The only openings allowed is the car door, emergency trap door and
ventilation apertures.
Ceiling
Vents
Lighting
Walls
Doors
Floor
Figure 6.44: Elevator cabin interiors.
146
6.11 Car Operating Panel
Elevator car operating panel is installed in the elevator car. The car operating panels
in Menara OBYU contain controls such as:
•Open and close button: Instructs the landing doors to open or close.
•Floor request button: Allow users to choose the desired floors.
•Overload warning: Produces a warning sound when the lift capacity is exceeded.
•Intercom system: Connects the inside of the lift car to a control room in case of
emergencies.
•Automatic emergency rescue device: In case of a power failure and the lift has not
arrived on the appointed floor, the AERD will trigger, and allow it to stop at the
nearest floor and open the doors.
•Fire alarm home landing: When fire alarm is activated, the car will return to the
selected floor.
Figure 6.45: Floor request buttons. Figure 6.46: Floor display.
6.12 Emergency Bell Button
The emergency bell button can be found on the operating panel. When pressed, it
will produce a sound to alert people outside the lift shaft that there is someone
trapped inside in case of a lift malfunction. The controller interacts with this button
by receiving visual or audible response when pressed.
Figure 6.47: Emergency Bell Button.
147
6.13 Elevator safety features
6.13.1 Aprons
Aprons are an appliance for the safety of evacuated passengers that prevents
them from falling back into the hoist when the cabin is above the floor. The width
of the widest hoist door opening shall be no less extended.
Figure 6.48: Apron
6.13.2 Safety door edges
A feature that detects an object or a passenger at the doorway that prevents

closing of doors (usually fitted to access). The door will open and not be closed
until the individual moves away or the item removed is reopened if the person or
object blocks the door and the sensors can detect the person or item.
Figure 6.49: Safety door edges
148
6.13.3 Progressive Safety Gear
A mechanical device that stops the lift car or counterweight by gripping the guide
rails in case of a malfunction that involves a free moving car. Safety gears are
mounted at the lower part of the car sling and are actuated by the overspeed
governor.
Figure 6.50:Progressive Safety Gear
6.13.4 Smoke Detector in Lift Lobbies
Smoke detectors can detect snoke within the vicinity and send signals to the fire
alarm control panel, these can be found in the lift lobbies.
Figure 6.51: Smoke detector
149
6.14 Conclusion
Elevators are the only type of mechanical transportation found in Menara OBYU.
There is a total of four gearless elevators traction (three passenger lifts and one
firefighter lift) and two machine-room-less elevators (both which are passenger
lifts). There are also two distinct zones, high zone which is the upper levels, and
low zone which is the basement levels, which can be accessed by different sets of
elevators. Furthermore, the lifts in Menara OBYU comply with the requirements
listed in the UBBL and MS1184 regarding lifts. In conclusion, Menara OBYU has
successfully provided means of mechanical transportation for its users in a way that
is both safe and efficient.
150
7.0
REFERENCES
151
7.0 References
1.0 Introduction
1. Regus Group Companies, 2019. Office space in Petaling Jaya, Menara OBYU.
Retrieved from
https://www.regus.com.my/office-space/malaysia/petaling-jaya/petaling-jay
a-menara-obyu Accessed by 21 May
2.0 Active Fire Protection
1. Hamzah,(March 2006) Guide To Fire Protection In Malaysia

2. Design for Fire Active Safety 1
3. Fire Sprinkler Systems Guy R. Grant, PE University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign Retrieved from
https://www.fs.illinois.edu/docs/default-source/Big-10-and-Friends/2016-pre
sentations/universityfireprotectionsystemdesign.pdf?sfvrsn=2
4. Fire sprinkler systems: a guide to designs, colour codes and suppliers.
Retrived from
https://www.ifsecglobal.com/sprinklers/types-fire-sprinkler-systems-designs-
colour-codes-suppliers/
5. Fire Fighting Systems | Fire Protection Systems - Pakistan Retrieved from
Retrieved from https://qecpak.com/firefightingsystems.html
6. 3.2 An Introduction to Fire Detection, Alarm, and Automatic Fire Sprinklers
Retrieved from
https://www.nedcc.org/free-resources/preservation-leaflets/3.-emergency-m
anagement/3.2-an-introduction-to-fire-detection,-alarm,-and-automatic-fire-sp
rinklers
3.0 Passive Fire Protection
1. JENNA, A. (Ed.). (2008, January 4). The Basics of Passive Fire Protection.
Retrieved May 22, 2019, from
https://www.buildings.com/article-details/articleid/5851/title/the-basics-of-p
assive-fire-protection-
2. Structural Fire Protection. (n.d.). Retrieved May 22, 2019, from
https://www.jensenhughes.com/engineering-services/design/structural-fire-p
rotection/
3. Fire Protection Equipment and Systems , Fire Technology 106, Suzanne
Freeman. (n.d.). Retrieved May 25, 2019, from
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/firetech/chapter/firefighter-access/
152
7.0 References
4.0 Air Conditioning
1. {{ meta.social.title }}. (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://www.lennox.com/buyers-guide/guide-to-hvac/glossary/central-air-co
nditioning-system
2. Kubba, S. (2012). Handbook of green building design and construction:
LEEDS, BREEAM, and Green Globes. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann.
3. Grondzik, W. T., & Kwok, A. G. (2015). Mechanical and electrical equipment
for buildings. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
4. Araner. (2019, February 04). Cooling Tower: Types, Work Process and
Industrial Application. Retrieved from
https://www.araner.com/blog/cooling-tower/
5. AHU types, components, and configurations. (2019, January 21). Retrieved
from
https://www.csemag.com/articles/ahu-types-components-and-configuration
s/
6. Benefits of a Split Air Conditioning System. (2017, May 16). Retrieved from
https://www.pointbayfuel.com/5-benefits-of-a-split-air-conditioning-system/
7. Khemani, H. (2018, November 12). Chilled Water Central Air Conditioning
Plants. Retrieved from
https://www.brighthubengineering.com/hvac/50160-chilled-water-central-air
-conditioning-systems/
5.0 Mechanical Ventilation
1. Greeno. R, 1997. Building Services, Technology and Design. England:

Pearson Education Limited.
2. Energy Star, 2000. Mechanical Ventilation. Retrieved from
https://www.energystar.gov/ia/new_homes/features/MechVent_062906.pdf
Accessed by 22 May 2019
3. Introduction to mechanical Fans, 2017. Mechanical Engineering. Retrieved
from https://www.mechlectures.com/mechanical-fans/ Accessed by 25 May
2019
4. Yu. J, Zhang. T and Qian.J, 2011. Electrical Motor Products. United States:
Woodhead Publishing Limited.
5. Bloch. H. P, Soares. C, 1998, 1998. Process Plant Machinery.
Butterworth-Heinemann: Elsevier Inc.
6. Dunn. K, 2018. How does a noise attenuator works. Retrieved from
http://www.recovercanterbury.co.nz/how-a-noise-attenuator-works/
Accessed by 26 May 2019
7. Knapp. J, 2011. Fire Dampers and Smoke Dampers: The Difference is
Important. Retrieved from
https://www.amca.org/assets/resources/public/documents/FireSmokeDam
pers.pdf Accessed by 26 May 2019
8. Ginestet. A, Pugnet. D and Mouradian.L, 2013
9. Greeno, R. (2015). Building services, technology and design. Harlow, England:
PEARSON, Longman
10. Hall, F., & Greeno, R. (2007). Building services handbook. London:
Butterworth-Heinemann.
153
7.0 References
6.0 Mechanical Transportation
1. Hall, F., & Greeno, R. (2007). Building services handbook. London:

Butterworth-Heinemann.
2. Ismail M.R, 2009. Transportation in building. Retrieved from
https://www.slideshare.net/arkam_slideshare/transportation-systems-in-
buildings Accessed by 20 May 2019
3. Sigma, 2010. Planning guide. Korea: SIGMA.
4. Ford. M, 2006. Machine-roomless-elevators. Retrieved from
https://www.buildings.com/article-details/articleid/3076/title/machine-ro
om-less-mrl-elevators Accessed by 26 May 2019
5. 「安心」「安全」「快適」なエレベーターで社会を支える東芝エレベータ. (n.d.).
Retrieved from https://www.toshiba-elevator.co.jp/elv/index_j.html
6. The Advantages of a Home Lift. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.invalifts.com/advice-centre/what-is-a-passenger-lift.html
7. Harris, T. (2018, June 28). How Elevators Work. Retrieved from
https://science.howstuffworks.com/transport/engines-equipment/elevator3.
htm
8. Advantages And Disadvantages Of Machine Roomless Elevators. (n.d.).
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mless-elevators.html
9. Gearless Traction Elevators. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://www.aboutelevator.com/2015/11/geared-traction-elevators_21.html
10. Guidance | NOG. (n.d.). Retrieved from
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11. Elevators, & Elevators, A. (2017, October 17). Gearless Traction Elevators.
Retrieved from https://www.isfelevator.com/gearless-traction-elevators/
154

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SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING & DESIGN

BUILDING SERVICES (BLD 60903)

Project 1: Case Study of Building Services in Multi-Storey Buildings Involving

HO MIN YEE 0328710

TUTOR: MOHAMAD ZAFARULLAH MOHAMAD ROZALY

1.0 Introduction to Menara OBYU 1

2.0 Active Fire Protection System 3

3.0 Passive Fire Protection System 52

5.0 Mechanical Ventilation System 97

6.0 Mechanical Transportation System 123

7.0 References 151

Menara OBYU (formerly known as Point 92) is a stand-alone Grade-A corporate

Figure 1.1 Perspective of Menara OBYU

Figure 2.1 Basement 2 Fire System Plan

Figure 2.2 Ground Floor Fire System Plan

Figure 2.3 Oﬃce Fire System Plan

Figure 2.4 Rooftop Fire System Plan

2.1 Water based system

2.1.1 Hose reel system

Hose Reel Tank

Figure 2.5 Hose Reel System

2.1 Water based system

2.1.1 Hose reel system

560mm hose reel drum Fire Extinguisher Hose Hose Reel

By-law 231. Installation and testing of wet rising system

2.1 Water based system

2.1.1 Hose reel system

Figure 2.8 Basement 2 Hose Reel Location Plan

Figure 2.9 Lobby Hose Reel Location Plan

Figure 2.10 Rooftop Hose Reel Location Plan

2.1 Water based system

2.1.1 Hose reel system

Figure 2.11 Hose Reel Pump

Figure 2.12 Rooftop Hose Reel Pump Room Location Plan

2.1 Water based system

2.1.1 Hose reel system

Figure 2.13 Rooftop Hose Reel Tank Room Location Plan

MAINTENANCE AND TESTING

- By-law 247, Water Storage

2.1.2 Wet riser system

Figure 2.14 Wet Riser System

Landing valves are provided on each

Figure 2.15 Hose cradle & Landing Valve

2.1.2 Wet riser system

Figure 2.16 Basement 2 Wet Riser Location Plan

Figure 2.17 Lobby Wet Riser Location Plan

Figure 2.18 Rooftop Wet Riser Location Plan

2.1.2 Wet riser system

Figure 2.19 Wet Riser System Component

2.1.2 Wet riser system

Figure 2.20 Wet Riser System Component

2.1.2 Wet riser system

2.1.2 Wet riser system

2.1.2 Wet riser system

Figure 2.27 Basement 2 Wet Riser Pump Room Location Plan

Figure 2.28 Wet Riser Water Tank

2.1.2 Wet riser system

Figure 2.29 3-way outlet at rooftop

By-Law 231. Installation and testing of wet rising system

By-law 248, Marking On Wet Riser

Figure 2.30 Sprinkler System

(a) Upright sprinkler heads

Upright sprinkler heads point up toward the ceiling, instead of the