1.

Compound Interest
You may have heard financial experts/advisors extol the power of compounding.
Albert Einstein, in fact, called compounding "the greatest mathematical discovery of
all time".
Compounding is the process of earning interest on principal as well as accumulated
interest. The longer the duration of the investment, the greater is the potential for
gaining from compounding, which makes it a very powerful tool in finance.
The formula is
Formula: A = P * (1+r/t) ^ (nt)
Where
A = amount after time t
P = principal amount (your initial investment)
r = annual interest rate (divide the number by 100)
t = number of years
n = number of times the interest is compounded per year
EXAMPLE
Suppose you intend to invest Rs 1,00,000 for 10 years at an interest rate of 10 per
cent and the compounding is annual.
The total amount you will receive after 10 years will be
= 1,00,000(1+0.1) ^10 = 2,59,374.25
This shows that the interest earned over 10 years is Rs 1,59,374.25
If you were to stretch the period by another 10 years, which makes it a total of 20
years, the return would be Rs 6,72,749.99. The interesting point is that your
investment grew over four times in 20 years. That is why compound interest is your
best friend when it comes to investing. A longer tenure, coupled with higher
frequency of compounding (quarterly, half-yearly), can work magic. So, the next time
your financial adviser asks you to stay long and enjoy the ride, know that he is
referring to the power of compounding.
2. Post Tax Return
We invest thinking about probable returns that can be generated. But we forget that
these returns will be much lower if we take into account taxes too.
Continuing with the earlier example, the returns above are pre-tax. What you see on
your fixed deposit certificate is the absolute figure. As per the income tax rules, any
income from a bank deposit is taxable as per one's tax slab. So, if you fall in the 30
per cent tax bracket, the interest earned will fall by 30 per cent.
Formula = Interest rate - (Interest rate*tax rate)
= 10-(10*30%) = 7
This means that the effective interest earned after tax falls to 7 percent. It is always
wise to calculate post-tax returns while investing in a financial instrument.
3. Inflation
 Inflation lowers purchasing power of the rupee. As a result, whenever a saving plan
is being chalked out, inflation is one of the factors that has to be taken into account.
EXAMPLE
It is important to know what will be the future value of, say, today's Rs 10,000, ten
years later if inflation is 5%.
Formula: Future amount = Present amount * (1+inflation rate) ^number of
years
= 10,000* (1+5%) ^10 = 16,289
The future value of present Rs 10,000 turns out to be Rs 16,289.
4. Purchasing Power
Conversely, if you want to determine the purchasing power of the same Rs 10,000 in
future, keeping all the other parameter as before, the formula is:-
Formula: Future Value = Present value/(1+inflation rate)^number of years
=10,000/ (1+5%) ^10 = 6,139
The value of Rs 10,000 will decline
to Rs 6,139 in 10 years if inflation is 5 per cent.
5. Effective Annual Rate
Generally, an investment's annual rate of return is different from the nominal rate of
return when compounding occurs more than once a year (quarterly, half-yearly). The
formula for converting the nominal return into effective annual rate is:-
Formula: Effective Annual Rate = (1+(r/n))^n)-1*100
Where
r = nominal return divided by number of times compounding is done in a year
n = number of times compounding is done in a year
EXAMPLE
If an investment is made at 9 per cent annual rate and compounding is done
quarterly, the effective annual rate will be
Effective annual rate =
(1+(0.09/4)^4) -1*100 = 9.3 per cent
Thanks to the power of compounding, the effective annual rate of the fixed deposit
turns out to be 9.3 per cent
 6. Rule of 72
Rule of 72
refers to the
time value of
money. It
helps you
know the time
(in terms of
years)
required to
double your
money at a
given interest
rate. That's
why it is
popularly
known as the
'doubling of
money'
principle.
The thumb
rule is divide
72 by the
interest rate
EXAMPLE
If you are assuming a 12 per cent return on your investment,
the number of years in which the money will double is
= 72/Interest rate= 72/12 = 6 years
7. Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR)
This is used to indicate the return on an investment over a period. It is also the best
tool to compare returns of two different asset classes - for instance gold/equity or
equity/real estate.
The benefit of using this parameter is that it provides a smoothed-out return over a
period, ignoring volatility.
There are three components that make up CAGR - beginning value, ending value
and number of years. The equation is presented as:
Formula: CAGR=((FV/PV)^(1/n)) - 1
Where
FV is the investment's ending/maturity value
PV is the investment's beginning/opening value
n is the duration in years
EXAMPLE
Case I
Suppose that an investment of Rs 1,000 grows to Rs 5,000 in 10 years.
The CAGR is calculated as ((5,000/1,000)^(1/10)) - 1
This comes to 17.4 per cent, indicating that the investment grew at a CAGR of 17.4
per cent over the period.
Case II
Let's compare Case I's performance with another instrument whose value rose from
Rs 10,000 to Rs 20,000 in two years.
Applying the same formula
((20,000/10,000) ^(1/2)) - 1, the CAGR comes to 41.42 per cent.
Hence, if you have to compare the performance of any two asset classes or check
returns from an investment over different time frames, CAGR is the best tool as it
blocks out all the volatility that can otherwise be confusing.
8. Loan EMI
Equated monthly instalments (EMIs) are common in our day-to-day life. At the time
of taking a loan, we are shown a neat A4 size paper explaining the EMI structure in a
simplified manner. It is generally an unequal combination of principal and interest
payments.
We absorb these details and move on with life. But have you ever wondered about
the calculation behind these numbers? If you are curious, then here is the formula
Formula: EMI= (A*R)*(1+R) ^N/ ((1+R) ^N)-1)
Where A = Loan amount
R = Interest rate N= Duration
Example
Suppose you have taken a loan of Rs 10 lakh at 11 per cent annual interest for 15
years. 1
1 per cent per annum translates into 11/1200 = 0.00916 per month
Tenure = 15*12 = 180 months
EMI = (1000000 x 0.00916) x
((1+.00916) ^180) / ([(1+.00916) ^180] - 1)
= Rs 11,361
This equation helps you check if the bank is charging the right amount.
9. Future Value of SIP
We all save small amounts at fixed intervals for a goal. It may be in a mutual fund
SIP or PPF. But, how can we know the possible savings ten years down the line?
That is where the future value of SIP formula comes into the picture. Let's see how
this functions. [ One of the best ways to invest in a mutual fund is SIP. ]
The beauty of the method is that an individual can invest a fixed sum (as low as Rs
500) at regular intervals (monthly, quarterly or half-yearly) in a disciplined manner. It
allows one to enjoy the benefits of rupee cost averaging along with compounding.
The data required for this calculation are the amount to be invested per month, the
rate of return and the period of investment.
Formula: S = R((1+i)^n-1/i) (1+i)
Where
S = Future value of investment
R = Regular monthly investment
i = Interest rate assumed /12
n = Duration (number of months or number of years *12)
EXAMPLE
Suppose you are investing Rs 1,000 each month for the next 10 years and expect a
return of 15 per cent.
Your return is calculated as follows Payments:
Monthly over next 10 years = 12*10 = 120 months
Interest: 15% per annum - 15/12 = 1.25% = 0.0125
S = 1,000 * [{(1+ 0.0125) ^120 - 1}/0.0125] *
(1+ 0.0125)
The outcome is Rs 2,78,657, which is the future value of the SIP.
So,with this simple formula, you can know the return your investment is likely to
generate.
10. Liquidity Ratio
Even though it may look like one of the jargons that analysts use to talk about a
balance sheet, it is equally important in personal finance.This ratio indicates the
overall health of one's finances. It helps see if one is prepared to face a liquidity
crunch.
Formula:Liquidity Ratio = Total liquid assets\Total current debt
The value of this ratio should ideally be above one.
A less figure indicates that your liabilities are greater than your assets and so your
financial stability is under threat.