UNIT –II (PROPERTIES OF SOLID AND LIQUIDS)

1. Define Elasticity.
Plasticity is defined as that property of the body by virtue of which
the body regains its original shape and size , when the deforming
forces are removed .

2. Define Plasticity
Plasticity is defined as that property of the body by virtue of which
the body does not regains its original shape and size , when the
deforming forces are removed .

3. Define Stress and explain its types

Stress is defined as the applied force per unit area.
Or
The restoring force per unit area setup inside the body is called
stress
Or
The resistance offered by the body due to the applied force is called
stress

𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
Stress = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎

S.I unit of stress is N/m2 (Newton per meter square)

There are three types of stress

(i) Tensile Stress (ii) Volume or Compressive stress (iii) Shear
stress

Tensile Stress : The stress that tends to change in length of body is

called tensile stress.
 Example: A bicycle chain , Tug of war, Rope of the crane.

Volume or compressive stress : The stress that compresses the

given body is called compressive stress.
Stress that tends to change in volume of the of body is called Volume
stress stress .

Example: Pillars supporting super structure, springs in automobiles

and trains , shock absorbers

Shear Stress : Shear stress is defined as the tangential force acting

per unit area.

Example: Shaft connecting two wheels, A loaded wire when twisted.

4. Define Strain and explain its types

The strain is the amount of change in shape or size of material per
unit original shape or size.

Or
Strain is defined as the ratio of change in shape or size to the original
shape or size.

There are three types of strain

(i) Tensile Strain (ii) Volume or Compression strain (iii) Shear
strain.

Tensile strain : Its is defined as the ratio of change in length to the

original length.

𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
Tensile Strain =
𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
 Volume or compression strain : : Its is defined as the ratio of
change in volume to the original volume.

𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
Volume Strain =
𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒

Shear Strain : If the deforming force produces the change in the

shape of the body without changing its volume ,its called shearing
strain.

𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟𝑠

Volume Strain =
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟𝑠

5. Explain Hook’s law

Within elastic limit stress is directly proportional to strain.

i.e Stress 𝛼 Strain

Stress= E Strain

𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
E=
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛

Where E is called co-efficient of elasticity or modulus of elasticity.

6. Define Poisson’s ratio

It is defined as ratio of the lateral strain to the linear strain for the
material of a given body ,within the elastic limit.

𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
Poisson’s ratio =
𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
7. Define the compressibility.
The property of the body by virtue of which a body can be
compressed so as to occupy smaller volume, by the application of
external forces.

8. Define Factor of safety

Factor of safety of a structure is the ratio of ultimate stress to the
working stress.

9. Define pressure of a liquid .write its S.I units

The thrust exerted by a liquid per unit area around a given point is
called pressure of a liquid.

𝑇ℎ𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡
Pressure =
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
S.I unit of pressure is Pascal (pa) or Newton per meter square
(N/m2)

10. Define Cohesive force and Adhesive force. Give examples

Cohesive forces are the forces of attraction between molecules of
same substances.
Examples: Forces between water molecules, Forces between copper
molecules, Forces between mercury molecules etc.

Adhesive forces are the forces of attraction between molecules of

different substances
Examples : Sticking of gum to paper, Sticking paints to the wall,
lubricants between metallic surfaces, etc.

11. Define an angle of contact

Angle of contact is defined as the angle between the tangent to
the liquid surface at the point of contact with the solid surface inside
the liquid.
12. Define Surface tension. Write its S.I units.
Surface tension of a liquid is its property due to which the liquid
behaves like an elastic stretched membrane which tries to contract
and occupy minimum surface area.
S.I unit of Surface Tension is Newton per meter (N/m)

13. How does the surface tension of a liquid vary with temperature.
Surface tension of a liquid decreases with increase in temperature

14. What are factors effecting of Surface Tension

Nature of liquid: Surface tension varies from one liquid to another.
Temperature: Surface tension of a liquid decreases with increase in
temperature
Impurities: If the impurity present in a liquid is completely soluble in
the liquid ,its surface tension increases.

15. Define Capillarity.

The phenomenon of rise or depression of liquids in a capillary tube is
called capillarity.

16. Mention the Application of Capillarity.

 Blood circulation in human beings and animals is due to the
capillary action.
 A blotting paper kept in contact with ink or water absorbs them
since the fine pores of the blotting paper act as capillaries.
 In kerosene oil lamps and stove oil sucked to the burning end of
the wick through its fine pores, this action is similar to capillary
rise.
17. Write the application of Surface tension
 The property of surface tension is used to manufacture lead
shot
 When soap is added to water , it decreases the surface tension
of water. Therefore when a dirty cloth is dipped in soap water
,it penetrates into the interior parts of the cloth and removes
the dirt.

18. Define Viscosity. Write its S.I units

The property of a liquid which opposes a relative motion between its
different layers is called Viscosity.
S.I unit of Viscosity is Ns/ m2 or Poise

19. How does coefficient of viscosity vary with temperature and

pressure?
 Viscosity of a liquid decreases with increase in temperature
 Viscosity of a liquid increase rapidly with increase of pressure .

20. Write the applications of viscosity.

 An important application of viscosity is lubrication moving
surfaces of machines for reducing the friction between them.
 To reduce the viscous force of water and air, the shapes of
vehicles are streamlined bodies. It reduces fuel consumption.

21. Define Streamline Flow and Turbulent flow of a liquid.

 Streamline flow : The flow of a liquid in which every particle
follows the same path as the preceding particle follows is
known as Streamline flow or regular flow

 Turbulent flow: The flow of a liquid in which a particle does not

follows the same path as the preceding particle follows is
known as Streamline flow or irregular flow.