Hindawi

International Journal of Antennas and Propagation

Volume 2019, Article ID 1273574, 8 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/1273574

Research Article
Influence Analysis of Transmission Lines on a Stable
Non-Foster-Loaded Electrically Small Dipole

Zhixun Huang , Hu Yang, and Taolin Liu

National University of Defense Technology, DeYa Street No. 109, P.O. Box 410005, Changsha, China

Correspondence should be addressed to Taolin Liu; zhaosenliu@163.com

Received 10 July 2018; Revised 6 November 2018; Accepted 19 November 2018; Published 28 January 2019

Academic Editor: Angelo Liseno

Copyright © 2019 Zhixun Huang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Non-Foster-loaded antennas have the advantages of compact size and large bandwidth. Meanwhile, they suffer from two issues:
internal instability and simulation inaccuracy resulting from distribution parameters. The most commonly used stability analysis
method for microwave circuits, Rollett’s criteria, is not suitable for negative impedance circuits. This paper has explained the
reason and proposed an effective method for stability analysis. Transmission lines between lumped components are found to be
a main reason of inaccurate simulations, which is analyzed in this paper, and it is concluded that their influence also exists at
hundreds of megahertz. In order to solve this problem and improve simulation accuracy, circuit and electromagnetic
cosimulation is conducted. Finally, a 320 mm dipole loading with a negative capacitor is fabricated to verify the analysis.
Simulated and measured results indicate that the proposed stability analysis is effective and the simulation accuracy is
significantly improved. The matched dipole achieves less than −10 dB reflection coefficient from 30 MHz to 580 MHz.
Furthermore, a 14 dB gain improvement is obtained in electrically small condition.

1. Introduction sources which enable transformation of inductance into

Non-Foster circuits (NFCs) are circuits whose reactance
decreases with frequency increases. So the circuits can act
as negative inductors and capacitors which are consequently
called non-Foster elements [1]. These non-Foster elements
have been used in RF and microwave devices to achieve bet-
ter performance. NFCs can be used in broad impedance
matching circuits as they violate the Bode-Fano limitation.
NFCs are also employed in electrically small antennas (ESAs)
to reduce their Q value and broaden their bandwidth [4–6].
In addition, NFCs are loaded in a waveguide and microstrip
for broadband fast-wave propagation and squint-free beam-
forming of antenna arrays [7–10].
The first use of NFCs can be traced back to the 1920s when
negative impedance converters (NICs) were designed with
vacuum tubes to realize non-Foster elements for loss compen-
sation in a telephone cable [2]. As semiconductor technology
developed, the performance of transistors got better, and
transistor-based NICs were introduced by Linvill in 1953 [3].
After that, different kinds of grounded and floating-point
NICs became known. FETs are voltage-controlled current
capacitance. So FET-based non-Foster circuits can transfer
inductors into negative capacitors, namely, negative imped-
ance inverters (NIIs). Operational amplifiers can also
implement NFCs. This kind of NFCs is simpler than
transistor-based NICs, and it is easier to achieve the desired
performance, but due to the limited bandwidth gain product
of operational amplifiers, their bandwidths are narrower. Of
all the NFCs mentioned above, the transistor type is used
most commonly.
Even though NFC enables circuits to cancel the reactance,
thus broadening the bandwidth, the circuit plays a less than
expected role in the previous measurement. Possible reasons
are as follows: mismatch and instability. Firstly, mismatch
may be due to the performance of NFCs changing with fre-
quency. The negative reactance varies with frequency, and it
is not likely to cancel the reactance in a wide frequency band.
What is more, the interface transmission lines also have an
impact on negative impedance which is often overlooked,
resulting in simulation inaccuracy. Instability is one of
the most important issues with NFCs because they are
potentially unstable two-port networks [11]. Scarification of
2 International Journal of Antennas and Propagation

ZL The solution to the equations are

1 2
Figure 1: Schematic of the floating NIC without DC bias network.
ZL
3 4
gmVbe1 gmVbe2
+ +
Vbe re1 re2 Vbe
_
1 2
_ the unwanted part of Z a . It needs to be pointed out that
I1 Za
Figure 2: Simplified equivalent circuit of the floating NIC with a
current source I 1 at port 1 and an impedance Z a at port 2.
the performance of NFC is often unavoidable to stabilize
the circuit.
This paper compares different methods of NFC stabil-
ity analysis and proposes a feasible method. The influence
of the interface transmission line is analyzed and verified
by simulation. Finally, an electrically small dipole loaded
with a transistor-based NIC for broadband operation was
designed and fabricated.
2. Transistor-Based NIC Design
2.1. Circuit Analysis. Transistor-based NICs generally work
by maintaining the current of the load and inversing the volt-
age at the output port. Consider the floating NIC shown in
Figure 1. Port 2 is terminated with the device to be matched
whose impedance is Z a while port 1 acts as the output, con-
necting with a 50-ohm transmission line. The simplified
equivalent circuit of the floating NIC is given in Figure 2.
Implementing Kirchhoff’s law, assuming a current source I 1
flowing in port 1, the following equations can be obtained:
V 1 = 2gm Z L r e − Z a − Z L − 2re I 1 ,
V 2 = −Z a I 1 ,
2
V 3 = − Za + re I 1 ,
V 4 = 2gm Z L re − Z L − Z a − re I 1
Thus, the input impedance Z in seen from port 1 is
V1
Z in = = 2gm Z L r e − Z a − Z L − 2r e , 3
I1
where re is the emitter resistance of the transistor itself and
gm is the transconductance, affected by the operating point
of the transistor. Therefore, by selecting a suitable transistor
and employing it at an appropriate operating point, the
impedance Z L can be used to cancel the impedance Z a or
the DC bias network of the transistor is not shown in
Figures 1 and 2. Moreover, the distribution parameters of
the circuit are not considered in the previous analysis. So
when (3) is used to design NICs, more work is needed for
better performance which will be introduced later in the
following sections.
A negative capacitor is designed and loaded on a dipole to
verify the effect of the NIC, as shown in Figure 3. The dipole
operates at 450 MHz with a 40 MHz bandwidth. It is well
known that the dipole is capacitive in an electrically small
case, so the load of NIC should be a capacitor. In addition,
the used NIC is an unbalanced structure while the dipole is
balanced. So a wideband balun is placed between the dipole
and circuit. NPN epitaxial silicon transistor NE68139e is
chosen for the circuit as it has advantages such as low noise
and up to 2 GHz cut-off frequency. Simulation result shows
that the NIC loading dipole has −10 dB reflection coefficient
from 24 MHz to 828 MHz. The imaginary part of the
matched dipole is between −10 and 17 ohms, indicating that
the reactance of the dipole is mostly cancelled out. These
results indicate that NICs have the ability to match imped-
ance in broadband.
2.2. Stability Analysis. The most commonly used stability
determination method for microwave circuits is Rollett’s cri-
teria. Rollett’s conditions for 2-port unconditional stability
are [12]

1 − S11 2 − S22 2 + Δ 2
1 1 K= > 1,
V − V = −I 1 , 2 S12 S21 4
re 1 r e 4
1 1 1 Δ = S11 S22 − S12 S21 < 1
− + V 2 + V 3 = 0,
Za re re
1 1 1 1 An additional condition must also be satisfied wherein
− gm V 1 + gm V 2 + − gm V 3 + gm − − V 4 = 0, the ports must be either open-circuit stable (OCS) or
re ZL re Z L
short-circuit stable (SCS). However, this criterion may give
1 1 1 1
gm V 1 + − gm V 2 + gm − − V3 + − gm V 4 = 0 an incorrect result when applied to negative impedance cir-
re re Z L ZL
cuits [13]. The K factor only analyzes the S-parameters of
1 the circuit, but does not consider the unstable hidden mode
International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 3

V_DC V_DC
SRC6 SRC5
Vdc = 10 V {t} Vdc = 10 V {t}
C
C C47
C37 C = 22 𝜇F
C = 22 𝜇F
C
C C46
C36 C = 1 𝜇F
C = 1 𝜇F
C
C C48
C35 C = 10 nF
C = 10 nF
R R R R
R14 R15 R11 R10
R = 200 ohm R = 4.7 kohm R = 4.7 kohm R = 200 ohm

GRM18 C GRM18
C49 C45 C50
C = 50 pF {t}

BJT_NPN BJT_NPN
BJT4 BJT3
Model = BJTM1 Model = BJTM1
Mode = nonlinear GRM18 Mode = nonlinear
GRM18 C51
C32
Term C 1

Term1 C R C35 3 4
Vo
C52 R
R R12 R C = 1 𝜇F Ref 2
Term
Num=1 C = 1 𝜇F R16 R = 1.1 kohm R13 Term2
Z = 50 ohm R17 R = 1.1 kohm R = 200 ohm Z = file{DAC1, “z[1, 1]”}ohm
R = 200 ohm S4P
SNP2

Figure 3: The schematic of the transistor-based NIC with DC bias network and coupling capacitors, in which the impedance of the dipole is
imported in Term2 and the S-parameters of the balun are imported in the S4P component.

internal unstable, so other ways for stability analysis should

be employed.
L<0 C<0 Many researchers implement time-domain approach for
1 2 NFC stability analysis, applying a Gaussian pulse excitation
and observing the time-domain response of the signal. The
R1 R2
circuit is stable if the energy of the signal decays as time goes
by. The problem is that transients can be very long in NIC
Figure 4: An unstable circuit which would be predicted to be stable circuits. Additionally, the width of the Gaussian pulse should
by Rollett’s criteria. be designed for operating frequency based on the Fourier
transform which is complicated.
Another stability test that has been widely recognized for
inside the circuit. The circuit with two non-Foster elements NICs is the normalized determinant function (NDF) test. In
and two positive resistors shown in Figure 4 is a simple exam- this way, all the possible feedback effects, including those
ple to demonstrate our opinion. In this circuit, if R1 , R2 , L, resulting from parasitic elements inside the device models,
and C satisfy the following conditions: are taken into account [14]. NDF calculates the open-loop
impedance and closed-loop impedance of the circuit. The cir-
R1 = R2 = R, cuit is stable only if there are no zeros of NDF in the right half
5
L = R2 C < 0, of the complex frequency s-plane (RHP). To simplify the cal-
culation, a Nyquist plot is usually used to check the number
of RHP zeros which can avoid solving the complex formula.
then
The number of clockwise encirclements of the origin indi-
cates the number of RHP zeros that were produced by the cir-
R1 + Ls R2 + 1/sC cuit. However, the NDF of the NFCs may be inaccurate
Z 11 = Z 22 = =R 6
R1 + Ls + R2 + 1/sC because the parasitic parameters and transmission lines have
an impact on NFCs which cannot be accurately evaluated.
Using Rollett’s criteria, the circuit is unconditionally sta- The NDF will also become complicated after considering
ble as its input and output impedance are constant R in the these factors.
whole frequency band. But the series RL and RC will oscillate, In this paper, we test the loop gain of the circuit for stabil-
so the circuit is practically unstable. Actually, the K factor ity analysis. This method determines whether the transmis-
only considers the input and output port stability of the cir- sion function will be infinite in some frequencies, which is
cuit, and it is enough for most active microwave circuits like essentially consistent with the NDF method, but it is not
RF amplifiers. For the non-Foster case, the circuits are as complicated as the NDF method. For a NFC system,
4 International Journal of Antennas and Propagation

1.02 2

1.00
0
0.98

Phase (deg)
−2
0.96
Mag

0.94
−4

0.92
−6
0.90

0.88 −8
0 200 400 600 800 1000 0 200 400 600 800 1000
Freq (MHz) Freq (MHz)
After After
Before Before
(a) (b)

Figure 5: Loop gain of the NIC with dipole terminated before and after adding the stabilization network: (a) magnitude of the loop gain;
(b) phase of the loop gain.

assuming that the open-loop gain of the system is A(s)

and the function of the feedback network is β(s), then
0
the transfer function of the system is.

As −5
F s = 7
1−β s A s
S11 (dB)

The product β s A s is the loop gain of the system.
Note that the denominator of (7) is not a sum, because
the NFCs are positive-feedback networks. The circuit is
unstable if there are points where the magnitude of the
loop gain is greater than 1, the phase is 0, and the phase
is decreasing with increasing frequency. Because the transfer
function of the system tends to be infinite, the zero input may
result in an infinite output in such a case [15]. A commercial
simulator, ADS is used to calculate the loop gain and analyze
circuit stability. A device in ADS called “OscTest” is inserted
in the circuit. This device can evaluate the closed loop, small
signal gain of the circuit, which is exactly needed for our
stability analysis.
Stability analysis of the NIC shown in Figure 3 is con-
ducted, and it is found that the circuit is unstable below
100 MHz. The magnitude of the loop gain is close to one
and the phase is 0 at 80 MHz. To stabilize the NIC, a parallel
15-ohm resistor and 20 pf capacitor network was added in
the emitter of the transistor connected to the output port,
wherein the resistor improves the stability of the circuit,
and the capacitor shorts the resistor at high frequencies,
reducing signal loss. Simulated loop gain of the circuit is
shown in Figure 5. It can be observed that the magnitude of
loop gain after stabilizing becomes further away from 1 and
the phase of which is less than 0 from 15 MHz to 1 GHz, indi-
cating that the circuit is stable in this frequency range.
2.3. Transmission Line Analysis. Though the VHF band
wavelength is much longer than the distance of the device
−10
−15
−20
−25
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Freq (MHz)
Without line
1 cm
2 cm
Figure 6: Reflection coefficient of the NIC-loaded dipole with
different lengths of the interface transmission line.
in NFCs, simulations and experiments indicate that the influ-
ence of the transmission line (TL) between devices cannot be
ignored. Specifically, the interface TL of the antenna and
NFC has great impact on the output performance. Figure 6
compares the reflection coefficient of the circuit in Figure 3
at different interface TL lengths. The result shows that even
in tens of megahertz, TL will have an impact on the overall
reflection coefficient, not to mention hundreds of megahertz
or gigahertz. Generally, the interface TL of the antenna and
NFC is two SMA connectors, which will introduce a transi-
tion from coaxial to microstrip. The impedance of the
antenna with interface TL is different from the original one,
resulting in simulation inaccuracy and mismatch. A good
International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 5

V_DC
SRC V_DC
Vdc = 10 V {t} SRC
Vdc = 10 V {t}
C C
C37 C47
C = 22 𝜇F C = 22 𝜇F
C C
C36 C55
C = 1 𝜇F C = 1 𝜇F
C C
C35
C = 10 nF C54
C = 10 nF
R R
R14 R15 R
R R18
R = 200 ohm R = 4.7 kohm R10 R = 4.7 kohm
R = 200 ohm

C V2
C45
C = 50 pF {t}

V1 GRM18
C50
GRM18 GRM18
R C46
R9 C49 PartNumber = GRM188R71C104KA01
R = 15 ohm BJT_NPN
BJT4
print_dipole_balun_new Model = BJTM1 GRM18
Term Mode = nonlinear C48 V3
emModel R
Term1 C PartNumber = GRM188R71C104KA01 R12
l__1 C R
Num = 1 C52 R
Z = 50 ohm C = 1 𝜇F C41 R17
R16 BJT_NPN R = 1.1 kohm
R = 1.1 kohm
C = 20 pF R = 200 ohm BJT5
Model = BJTM1
Mode = nonlinear

R C 1
R13 C56 3 4
Vo
R = 200 ohm C = 1 𝜇F Ref 2

S4P
SNP2
Term
Term2
Z = file{DAC1, “z[1, 1]”}ohm

Figure 7: Cosimulation schematic of the NIC, where TLBLCs of the signal path are the EM model and other components are the
lumped model.

way to minimize the influence of the interface TL is integrat-
ing the antenna and NFC on a printed circuit board to elim-
inate the use of SMA connectors and connecting the dipole
directly to the balun without TLs.
For the unavoidable TLs between lumped components
(TLBLCs) in NFC, their impact on the circuit must be ana-
lyzed and minimized. In order to reduce the transmission
mismatch, the TLs of the signal path in the circuit should
be a 50-ohm microstrip line. The characteristic impedance
Z 0 of the microstrip line is determined by the equivalent per-
mittivity εe , thickness of the printed circuit board h, and line
width w:
60 8h w
ln + ,
εe w 4h
Z0 =
120π
, ≥1
εe w/h + 1 393 + 0 667 ln w/h + 1 444
If the line width is wider, the difficulty of layout design
increases, and the size of the printed circuit board also
becomes larger. After comprehensive consideration, a
0.5 mm thick FR4 board with a relative permittivity of 4.4 is
used. The 0.95 mm wide 50-ohm microstrip line is conve-
nient for layout design. With the layout of the NFC attained,
the influence of the TLBLCs can be analyzed. In this paper,
only the TLBLCs of the signal path is discussed, which is also
the part that has the greatest impact on the circuit. The NIC
with its signal path layout is shown in Figure 7. A sinusoidal
signal source was added at port 1 to see the influence of the
TLBLCs on NIC. The voltages at nodes 1, 2, and 3 in the cir-
cuit were tested, which would be the same without TLBLCs.
The result shown in Figure 8 reveals that the magnitudes of
the voltages at these three nodes are almost the same, but
the voltage at node 1 produces a significant phase shift with
w 500 MHz input signal. It indicates that the TLBLCs of the sig-
≤ 1, nal path with the characteristic impedance of 50 ohms will
h
not cause circuit mismatch but will obviously affect the phase
w of the signal. Comparing the phase of reflection coefficient of
h the NFC with and without TLBLCs, the maximum phase
deviation exceeds 30 degrees in the range of 50–500 MHz.
8 It indicates that the effect of the TLBLCs on the phase of
the NFC is not only determined by its length. For example,
the phase of the NFC with TLBLCs at 100 MHz is 34 degrees
higher than the one without, and the phase difference is
equivalent to a line length of 283.3 mm, which is much more
6 International Journal of Antennas and Propagation

5.8
5.6
5.4
5.2
Node voltage (V)

5.0
4.8
4.6
4.4
4.2
4.0
3.8
0 2 4 6 8 10
Time (nsec)
V1
V2
V3

Figure 8: Voltages of nodes 1, 2, and 3 with 500 MHz sinusoidal

signal source added in port 1.
Figure 9: Fabricated NIC-loaded dipole.
than the length of the signal path. Furthermore, it can be
found that the influence of the phase is less when the length
of each branch is equal, because phase shift can be compen-
5
sated to some extent in cross-coupling. So, when designing
NFCs, not only should the distance of the components be
0
as small as possible to make the length of the entire signal
path short enough, but the length of the TLBLC of each
branch should also be kept as uniform as possible. −5
TLs also influence the stability of the NFCs as they may
S11 (dB)

shift the poles of NDF to RHP, resulting in instability [16]. −10

From the previous analysis, TLs have a great influence on
the phase of the NFCs, so when implementing loop gain sta- −15
bility analysis, the TLs should not be ignored too. The actual
circuit layout needs to be included in the simulation to obtain −20
a reliable result. In this paper, we use the EM model of
TLBLCs and the schematic model of the other lumped com- −25
ponents for cosimulation. Simulation result indicates that the 0 200 400 600 800 1000
circuit with the dipole terminated is stable in the frequencies Freq (MHz)
from 30 MHz to 1000 MHz. Measure
Cosimulate
3. Experimental Verification Simulate
Without match
A prototype of the non-Foster circuit terminated with a
Figure 10: Reflection coefficient of measured, simulated
dipole is fabricated as shown in Figure 9. The circuit part is
NIC-loaded dipole and unmatched dipole.
35 × 35 × 0.5 mm3 in size, integrated with a 320 mm dipole.
No oscillations are observed in the spectrum analyzer when
the DC bias is turned on. The NIC-loaded dipole is stable frequencies. The simulation results especially the cosimula-
as predicted by previous simulation. It is worth mentioning tion considering the influence of TLs are consistent with the
that the method of circuit stability analysis we use is for a measured result. At the frequencies above 400 MHz, the
known terminal load, so the terminal load should be cleared advantages of cosimulation are pronounced. Although the
before the analysis is conducted. trend of reflection coefficient changes with frequency is simi-
In order to verify the performance of the negative capaci- lar, the simulated one without TLs is 5 dB lower than the mea-
tance generated by the NIC, S-parameters are measured using sured one while the cosimulated one with TLs is almost the
a vector network analyzer. Figure 10 compares the reflection same as the measured one. This means that NICs may be
coefficient of measured, simulated NIC-loaded dipole and applied to a higher frequency using cosimulation. The mea-
the unmatched one. It can be observed that the NIC greatly sured result shows that the operating frequency of the
broadens the bandwidth of the antenna, especially at low matched dipole ranges from 30 MHz to 580 MHz, 14 times
International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 7

500 500

400
0

300

Imag (ohm)
Real (ohm)

–500
200
–1000
100

–1500
0

−100 –2000
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 100 200 300 400 500 600
Freq (MHz) Freq (MHz)
Without match NIC matched
NIC match Without match
(a) (b)

Figure 11: Impedance of the NIC matched and unmatched dipole: (a) Resistance; (b) Reactance.

1.0
the bandwidth of the one without matching. The imaginary
part of the input impedance is shown in Figure 11(b), which
indicates that the capacitive part of the electrically small 0.8
dipole has been canceled well. The mismatch problem caused
by the capacitive impedance of the electrically small antenna 0.6
Efficiency

has been greatly improved.

Note that the loss of the NFC may be greater than its
improvement of the matching. It can be seen in
Figure 11(a) that the resistance of the NIC matched dipole
is around 50 ohms while the unmatched one is almost 0 in
the electrically small case. The NFC cannot enhance the radi-
ation impedance of the antenna, so the increased resistance
should be the loss resistance. We found that the NIC in this
paper itself brings approximately 10 dB extra loss, which
weakens the bandwidth benefit of the NIC. The measured
gain of the NIC-loaded dipole at 450 MHz is −10 dBi while
the unloaded dipole is 1.78 dBi. However, in the case of
100 MHz where the wavelength is 0.11λ (λ is the operating
wavelength of the dipole.), the gain of the matched one
becomes −18 dBi and that of the unmatched one is −32 dBi.
A 14 dB gain improvement is obtained in the electrically
small case even though the NIC introduces 10 dB loss. The
total efficiency (including reflection efficiency and radiation
efficiency) of the NIC matched and unmatched dipole is
shown in Figure 12. It indicates that the efficiency of the
matched dipole increases by 10 percent compared to that of
the unmatched one below 300 MHz. The benefit of match
improvement is better than the loss of the NIC. However,
the efficiency of the NIC matched dipole in 450 MHz is 20
percent lower than that of the unmatched one, indicating that
the loss of the NIC is better than the match improvement.
Thus, the NIC is more suitable for a serious mismatch case
like electrically small antennas, rather than broadening the
original antenna band because of its loss. A reasonable
approach to tackle the issue of loss could be to add a
low-noise amplifier after the NIC for compensation.
0.4
0.2
0.0
0 100 200 300 400 500
Freq (MHz)
Without match
NIC matched
Figure 12: Efficiency of the NIC matched and unmatched dipole.
4. Conclusion
This paper analyzes the impedance matching capability, sta-
bility, and TL influence of the NFCs. Circuit characteristics of
Linvill’s negative impedance converter is given by means of
Kirchhoff’s law. Difference stability analysis methods includ-
ing Rollett’s criteria, NDF, and time-domain analysis are
compared and inapplicability of some of the methods for
NFCs is demonstrated. On the other hand, the loop gain
method used in this paper is proved to be effective in NFC
stability analysis. TLs have an impact on the phase of signal
and stability of NFCs. In order to reduce uncertainty of inter-
face TLs, the NIC and antenna are integrated together to
avoid the transition from coaxial to microstrip. A significant
method to improve simulation accuracy is to add the layout
8 International Journal of Antennas and Propagation

TLBLCs into the schematic and cosimulate the whole circuit. [11] S. E. Sussman-Fort and R. M. Rudish, “Non-Foster impedance
The more consistent the added TLBLCs is with the actual lay- matching of electrically-small antennas,” IEEE Transactions
out, the higher the simulation accuracy is, especially in high on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 57, no. 8, pp. 2230–2241,
frequency. The NIC is applied to match a 320 mm electrically 2009.
small dipole. Measured and simulated results show good [12] J. Rollett, “Stability and power-gain invariants of linear Two-
agreement with each other. The measurement result shows ports,” IRE Transactions on Circuit Theory, vol. 9, no. 1,
that the matched dipole achieves less than −10 dB reflection pp. 29–32, 1962.
coefficient from 30 MHz to 580 MHz. A 14 dB gain improve- [13] S. D. Stearns, “Circuit stability theory for non-Foster circuits,”
ment is obtained in the electrically small case, verifying that in 2013 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium
the NIC is effective. Digest (MTT), pp. 1–3, Seattle, WA, USA, June 2014.
[14] A. Suárez and F. Ramírez, “Stability and bifurcation analysis of
multi-element non-Foster networks,” IEEE Transactions on
Data Availability Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 66, no. 4, pp. 1817–
1830, 2018.
The data used to support the findings of this study are
[15] B. R. Long, Analysis of Stable Negative Impedance Loaded
available from the corresponding author upon request.
Dipole and Canonical Chiral Elements with Application to
Novel Active Media, [Ph.D. thesis], The Pennsylvania State
Conflicts of Interest University, 2001.
[16] Q. Tang and H. Xin, “Stability analysis of non-Foster circuit
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest. using normalized determinant function,” IEEE Transactions
on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 65, no. 9,
pp. 3269–3277, 2017.
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