Professional Documents
Culture Documents
• property
- (Susan Stokes) giving material good in return for • access to political power
• religion
Nation
- distinct population of people bound together by Social Exclusion
common culture, history, and tradition - individuals are cut off from full involvement in
- concentrated within specific geographic region wider circles of society
- those excluded are:
State • poor housing
Social Mobility
- ability of individuals/groups to change their
positions within social stratifications system
- economic status, accumulation of wealth = major
factor influencing mobility
Underclass Functionalists
- refer to the segment of society that is not only - stress the notion that gender differences and
affected by poverty sexual division of labor contribute to social
- subjet to sociaal exclusion stability and integration
Gender Identity
- how a person identifies himself/herself as Racism
belonging to a particular gender - set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices used to
justify the superior treatment of one racial or
MALE FEMALE ethnic group.
• expected to fit a • identify with - A racist believes that some individuals are
certain female gender superior or inferior to others as a result of racial
“masculinity” • perform roles differences.
• behavior is associated with
characterized by being a woman, Prejudice
assertiveness, typically perform
- involves holding "stereotypes" or preconceived
courage, & domestic roles,
views that are often based on faulty
independence reflect gentleness
generalization about members of a race or
and sensitivity
particular way of other groups.
- manifests close-mindedness or an inflexible way
Patriarchy
of thinking regarding certain ideas and beliefs in
- socially sanctioned and systematic domination
society.
of males over females
Discriminations Modernization Theory
- actions or behavior of members of a dominant - claim that cultural and institutional barriers to
social group that negatively impacts other development explain poverty in low-income
members of society that do not belong to the countries
dominant group. - Believes that poverty can be eliminated by:
1. overcoming or adjusting cultural values
Displacement like negative attitudes regarding work
- feelings of hostility become directed against 2. limiting government intervention in
objects that are not the real origin of these economic affairs
anxieties; 3. encouraging high rates of savings and
- those at the receiving ends become scapegoats investment
Global Inequality
World System Theory
- Defined by inequality and division as seen in the
- focuses on the relationship among the core,
existence of varied social classes
- Defined by extreme differences in wealth and peripheral and semi-peripheral countries in the
global economy.
poverty
- focuses on long-term trends in the global
Global Stratification economy and global commodity chains that
- refers to the unequal distribution of wealth, erase national border.
power, and prestige on global basis, highlight - Core – industrialized capitalist countries where
patterns of social inequality peripheral and semi-peripheral depends on.
- Peripheral – are countries that are less
Per-person Gross National Product (GNP) developed countries
- measures GDP per capita. - Semi-peripheral – are the industrializing mostly
capital countries which are positioned between
the peripheral and core countries.
Per-capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
- measures the total output of a country
State-Centered Theories
- emphasize the role of government in fostering
FOUR TYPES OF COUNTRIES ACCORDING TO
economic development
THEIR GNI.
- Is a political theory which stresses the role of the
1. High Income Countries – Countries with GNI
government or civil society.
above $23,500 per year.
- This theory holding that the national
2. Upper Middle Income Countries – Countries
government represents a voluntary compact – or
with GNI between $4,000 and $12,500
agreement between the states which retain a
3. Lower Middle Income Countries – Countries
dominant position.
with GNI between $1,000 and $4,000 per year.
4. Low Income Countries – Countries with GNI less
than $1,000 per year.
Chapter 9: Sources of Social and
Diffusion
Cultural Change - spread to certain elements from one group to
another
Social change - The recognition of women’s rights
- refers to transformations that alter the roles and - Greater role in the workplace
status of people as well as the structure and - Right of suffrage
organization of society and its institutions. - Right to vote, marking the first big step in
recognizing women’s rights.
Cultural change - Maintaining vital businesses and industries
- refers to the dynamic process where the living - Invention of the birth control pill in 1950’s
cultures of the world change and adapt to
external or internal forces
Acculturation
- is the process by which individuals or groups
Technology
learn aspects of a culture that is not their own.
- (William Ogburn) primary factor that induces - occurs when there is a blending of two or more
social change
cultures = emergence of a hybrid culture that
- is an important factor that enables the diffusion combines certain elements from various
of ideas and innovations throughout society. cultures.
Narrowcasting Assimilation
- described as the dissemination of information to - is the process by which an individual or group
specific segment of the public via shared source, fully adopts another culture.
primarily online social platforms - results in the loss of the native culture
- the fully assimilated individuals bear little
Broadcasting semblance to the members of their native
- uses television and radio to disseminate culture.
information to a broad audience
Social contradiction
Globalization - occurs when two social groups or classes are so
- refers to the economic, cultural and political different that a compromise between them is
processes that connect state and non-state impossible
elements in a manner that transcends territorial - cause social tension
boundaries. - part of the overall process of social and cultural
- brought increased interconnectedness in change. Nevertheless, these contradictions and
economic and financial relations, as well as in tensions can bring about profound changes in
political events, worldwide. the society.
Active Citizenship
- Human beings seek stability and the ability to
predict what lies ahead.
- One must understand that change is constant
and that people’s mindsets, norms, beliefs, and
attitudes must adapt to those various processes
of change