ENGLISH MODULE

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................. 2

CHAPTER 4 : Personal Letter ........................................................................................ 3
DEFINITION .................................................................................................................. 3
SOCIAL FUNCTION ..................................................................................................... 3
LINGUISTIC FEATURES ............................................................................................. 3
EXPRESIONS USED IN PERSONAL LETTERS ........................................................ 4
EXAMPLE...................................................................................................................... 6
EXERCISES ................................................................................................................... 7
CHAPTER 5 : Procedural Text ....................................................................................... 9
DEFINITION .................................................................................................................. 9
SOCIAL FUNCTION ..................................................................................................... 9
GENERIC STRUCTURE ............................................................................................... 9
LINGUISTIC FEATURES ............................................................................................. 9
EXAMPLE.................................................................................................................... 10
EXERCISES ................................................................................................................. 10
CHAPTER 6 : Passive Voice .......................................................................................... 12
DEFINITION ................................................................................................................ 12
THE PASSIVE AGENT ............................................................................................... 12
RULES FOR CHANGING ACTIVE VOICE TO PASSIVE VOICE ......................... 13
CHANGE OF PRONOUNS ......................................................................................... 13
FORMING THE PASSIVE VOICE ............................................................................. 13
EXERCISES ................................................................................................................. 16
REFERENCES : ............................................................................................................. 17

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 CHAPTER 4 : Personal Letter

DEFINITION
A personal letter is a type of letter (or informal composition) that usually
concerns personal matters (rather than professional concerns) and is sent from one
individual to another.
SOCIAL FUNCTION
Personal letters are letters that are written to people we know such as friends,
parents, sibling, and cousins. Letters are not only writen to inform but to strenghthen
the bond between two people writing to each other.
STRUCTURE
1. Date : Date when the letter is writen (top left).
2. Address : Place where you are writing fron (top right).
3. Salutation & : Greeting and the person’s name you are writing to.
Name
4. Introduction : The opening of the letter usually starts with “how are
you?” or refers to previous letter.
5. Body : The main part of the letter. It includes what you want to
write to the other person.
6. Closure : The part indicates the letter is going to end.
7. Complimentary : Short expressions like “love you”, “sincerely yours”,
close “love”.
8. Signature : Signature or initials of the writer.
9. Postscript P.S : After thougt in a letter. You begin with P.S. and end it
with your initials.

LINGUISTIC FEATURES
Sentence Structure :
- Accuracy of grammar is important.
- Complete sentence are expected.
- Slang can be used.
- Use the contactions such as “I’ll”, “I’m”,”we’ll”.
- Use personal pronouns such as “I”, “we”, “you”.
- Use active voice

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Style :
- Languange use may be personal like first and second person pronouns.
- Be warm.
- Use the person’s name you’re writing.
- Vary sentence lenght.
- Write in natural, conversational style.
- Let your personality shine through in your writing.

EXPRESIONS USED IN PERSONAL LETTERS

Apologizing
- I'm sorry about...
- I am sorry that...
- Please forgive me for...
- I'd like to apologize for...
Asking for Help
- I'd be grateful if you could...
- I would be grateful if you could...
- I would appreciate it if you could...
- Could you please...
Asking for Information
- I am writing to enquire about...
- I am writing to find out about...
- What I am looking for is...
- I would like to know about/if...
Closing
- I look forward to seeing you.
- I look forward to hearing from you.
- I look forward to meeting you.
Complaining / expressing dissatisfaction
- I'm writing to express my dissatisfaction with...
- I'm writing to express my annoyance with...
- I am not happy about...
- ...was very disappointing.
Conveying regards
- Please give my best regards to your family.
- Please pass on my best wishes to your wife and children.
- Please give my regards to your parents.

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Expressing satisfaction
- I was delighted to hear that...
- I was very happy to learn that...
- I was thrilled to find out that...
- I was glad to hear that...
- ...was very enjoyable.
Expressing concern / sympathy
- I was sorry to hear about... (your accident/ illness)
- I am writing to express my concern about...
Giving bad news
- I regret to inform you that...(semi-formal)
- I am sorry to tell you that...(informal)
- I am afraid I have some bad news.(informal)
Giving good news
- I am pleased to inform you that...(semi-formal)
- I am delighted to tell you that...(informal)
- I am happy to advise you that...(formal)
- I thought you might like to know that...
Giving reasons
- This is because...
- This is because of...
- This is due to... (formal)
- This is as a result of...(formal)
- This is owing to...(formal)
Making suggestions
- Would it be a good idea to...
- Perhaps it would be a good idea to...
- Thanking
- Thanks.
- Thank you.
- Thank you very much.
- Thank you kindly.
- I can't thank you enough.
- No words can express my gratitude.
- I am extremely grateful for...
- I very much appreciate your ______ing.

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EXAMPLE

Calgary
Alberta
Canada
26th August 2018
My lovely Sisca,

Dear Sisca,
Thank you for being my pen pal! I guess I'll start off by introducing myself
better. My name is Angel, I'm born and raised in Calgary. It's a city located in
Alberta, Canada. I'm 18 years old. I'm a capricorn. I'm studying travel and tourism
at a college. I like Anime, some that I'm curently watching are Nisekoi, Magi: The
Kingdom of Magic, and Super Sonico The Animation. I enjoy manga as well. I like
listening to K-Pop. Current fav: Idol - BTS and Spring Day. Tell me about yourself.
I heard you like cute things, okay not heard, you told me yourself... Anyways,
I love them too! All that "kawaii" Japanese stuff. You also love pink huh. That's
cute, I like pink too. But my favorite color is green. Well, I will stop here for now.
I'm interested in hearing about Indonesia, tell me about it! I look forward to hear
back from you Sisca!!

Sincerely,
Angel

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EXERCISES

Read the following text to answer questions number 1 to 3.

Dear Aunt Tia,
Aunty, I have some good news for you. Last month I passed my final examination.
A week ago I succeeded to join in a senior high school English competition. Last
night my parents promised to send me to a famous English course in my town. They
also promised me if my scores in English are good, they'll send me to a foreign
university. Great, isn't it? I'll work hard. I want to be a great pediatrician like you,
Aunty.
Well, that's all for now. Looking forward to having your news.
Love
Debby
1. What is the purpose of the text?
A. To inform some good news
B. To describe the writer's school
C. To retell the writer's experience
D. To entertain the reader with a joke
2. What did Debby's parents promise her?
A. To make her a pediatrician
B. To send her to an English course
C. To send her to a senior high school
D. To make her pass the final examination
3. How does Debby feel?
A. Glad
B. Scared
C. Anxious
D. Thoughtful
Answers :
1. A
2. B
3. A

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 CHAPTER 5 : Procedural Text

DEFINITION

Procedure text is a piece of text that give us instructions for doing

something.
There are other definition about procedure text :
- Texts that explain how something works or how to use instruction /
operation manuals e.g. how to use the video, the computer, the tape recorder,
the photocopier, the fax.
- Texts that instruct how to do a particular activity e.g. recipes, rules for
games, science experiments, road safety rules.
- Texts that deal with human behavior, e.g how to live happily, how to
succeed.

SOCIAL FUNCTION

Its social function is to describe how something is completely done through

a sequence of series.

GENERIC STRUCTURE

a) Goal : It is containt the purpose of the text.

b) Material or Ingredient : It is containt of the materials that used in the
process.
c) Step : it is containt of the steps to make something in the goal.

LINGUISTIC FEATURES

- Use adverbial of sequence / Using temporal conjunction (e.g: first, second,

third, the last)
- Use command / imperative sentence (e.g : put the noodles on the . . ., cut the
onion. . ., wash the tomatoes. . . )
- Using action verb
- Using Simple Present Tense

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EXAMPLE
How to Make a Glass of Coffee

Picture source : http://weknowyourdreams.com/images/coffee/coffee-06.jpg

Materials :
- water
- Sugar
- Coffee
- Glass,
- Spoon
- kettle
Steps :
- Boil the water First
- Second, take two spoons of coffee and two spoons of sugar. put into a
glass
- Next, pour the hot water into a glass
- Then, stir it gently
- Finally, your coffee is ready to drink

EXERCISES

Read the following text to answer questions number 1 to 3.

How to Clean an LCD Screen
1. Shake up the detergent and put it 15 — 20 cm away from the LCD screen.
2. Spray on the LCD screen surface directly.
3. Cleanse gently using the fabric cleanser or brush.
You can also do the following steps:
1. Spray the detergent on the fabric cleanser.
2. Clean the LCD screen surface to make it as bright as a new one.

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1. What should you do to detergent first?
A. Spray it
B. Clean it
C. Put it away
D. Shake it up
2. Before cleaning the screen surface, we spray the detergent on the screen surface
directly or spray it on ….
A. Our fingers
B. The paper
C. The fabric cleanser
D. The brush
3. "Cleanse gently with the fabric cleanser or brush" (step 3). What does the
underlined word mean?
A. Carefully
B. Directly
C. Harshly
D. Cleanly
Answers :
1. D
2. C
3. A

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 CHAPTER 6 : Passive Voice

DEFINITION

In general we tend to use the active voice. That is when a subject does an action to
an object.
Active : Somebody stole my laptop. (subject = Somebody / action(verb) =
stole / object = my laptop)
The passive voice is used when we want to emphasize the action (the verb) and the
object of a sentence rather than subject. This means that the subject is either less
important than the action itself or that we don’t know who or what the subject is.
My laptop was stolen. (The object – now the subject = My laptop / action= was
stolen)
Passive: Napa Valley is known for its excellent wines.
Active: [Many people] know Napa Valley for its excellent wines.
Passive: Twenty civilians were killed in the bomb explosion.
Active: Someone killed twenty civilians in the bomb explosion.

THE PASSIVE AGENT

When we know who the subject is, we put it at the end with by. We call this an
agent.
Passive: The Mona Lisa was painted by Leonardo Da Vinci. (agent
=Leonardo Da Vinci )
Active: Leonaro Da Vinci painted the Mona Lisa.
Most writing instructors and editors recommend against using the passive voice,
when possible. The reason for this is that when you use the active voice, your
writing is clearer and less complicated.
Active: While Mr. Taylor was driving down Highway 101, a police officer
pulled him over and gave him a speeding ticket.
Passive: While Mr. Taylor was driving down Highway 101, he was pulled
over and given a ticket by a police officer.
If it’s a long sentence and you know who the subject is, it’s best to use the active
voice.
The passive is often used to report something or to state a fact.

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RULES FOR CHANGING ACTIVE VOICE TO PASSIVE VOICE
 Identify the subject, the verb and the object : SVO.
 Change the object into subject.
 Put the Suitable helping verb or auxiliary verb. In case the helping verb
given agrees with the object.
 Change the verb into the past participle form.
 Add the preposition “by”.
 Change the subject into object.

CHANGE OF PRONOUNS
Pronouns In Active Voice Pronouns in Passive Voice
I Me
We Us
You You
He Him
She Her
It It
They Them

FORMING THE PASSIVE VOICE

1. Simple Present Tense
Active : S + Verb 1 + Object
Passive : Subject + Am/Is/Are + Verb 3 + by + Object
Example :
Active : She buys a new bike
Passive : A new bike is bought by her
2. Present Perfect Tense
Active : S + have + V3 + by + O
Passive : S + have/has + been + V3 + by + O
Example :
Active : She has eaten a cake
Passive : A cake has been eaten by her.

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3. Simple Past Tense
Active : S + V2 + O
Passive : S + to be (was, were) + V3 + by + O
Example :
Active : She ate a cake
Passive : A cake was eaten by her
4. Simple Future
Active : S + will not + V1 + O
Passive : S + will be + V3 + by + O
Example :
Active : She will eat a cake
Passive : A cake will be eaten by her

The passive voice is not a tense in English. Each tense has its own passive
voice which is created by using a form of the auxiliary verb to be + V3 (past
participle)
The passive voice in each tense:

Tense Auxiliary verb + sample V3 Examples

(past participle)

Present simple am, is, are + made Wine is made from grapes.
Many cars are made in Japan.

Present am, is, are + being + sent The document is being sent right
progressive now.
I am being sent to work in the
London office.

Past simple was, were + invited John was invited to speak at the
conference.
We were invited to Daniel and
Mary’s wedding.

Past was, were + being + washed The dog was being washed when I
progressive got home.
Their cars were being washed
while they were in the mall
shopping.

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 Future (will) will be + signed The contract will be signed
tomorrow.
The documents will all be signed
by next week.

Future (going am, is, are + going to be + A bridge is going to be built within
to) built the next two years.
New houses are going to be built in
our neighborhood.

Present has, have + been + sold That start-up has been sold for $5
perfect million.
The rights to his book have been
sold for $250,000.

Past perfect had + been + hired The new manager had been hired
before John left the company.
All the employees had hired before
the store opened.

Future perfect will + have been + finished The car will have been loaded by
the time he gets home.
The crates will have been loaded
by then.

Modals: can, could + be + issued A passport can only be issued at

can/could the embassy.
He said the documents could be
issued within the week.

Modal: have have to, has to, had to + be+ A babysitter has to be arranged for
to arranged this evening.
Joan’s travel plans have to be
arranged by December.

Modal: must must + be + stopped Criminals must be stopped before

they commit crimes.
All of the rules for passive negatives and questions are the same as for the active voice.
Note: Verbs that have no object (no one to “receive” the action) cannot be put into the
passive, such as, arrive, come, die, exist, go, happen, have, live, occur sleep, etc.

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EXERCISES

Fill in the correct passive form of the verb in parentheses.

Example :
1. After the earthquake, aid was sent to the people of Haiti. (sent)
2. The electricity was cut off because the bill hadn’t been paid. (not pay)

1. Penicillin ______ by Alexander Fleming in 1928. (discover)

2. Statements ______ from all the witnesses at this moment. (take)
3. Whales ______ by an international ban on whaling. (must protect)
4. Both weddings _______ by Good Taste. (cater)
5. A Picasso ____ from the Metropolitan Museum of Art.(steal)
6. ____ this washing machine ______in Germany? (make)
7. Tea _____ in China. (grow)
8. When we reached the airport, we found that all the flights____ due to the
storm. (cancel)
9. The fax _____ until tomorrow morning. (not send)
10. The soundtrack of a movie _____ always _____ after the filming is
finished. (is/add)

Answers:
1. was discovered
2. are being taken
3. must be protected
4. were catered
5. was stolen
6. Was/made
7. is grown
8. had been cancelled
9. won’t be sent
10. is/added

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 REFERENCES :

Bashir, Mahrukh. 2017. Bahasa Inggris – Studi dan Pengajaran. Jakarta:

Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.

Internet Reference :
https://www.thoughtco.com/personal-letter-composition-1691499
https://www.jagoanbahasainggris.com/2017/05/contoh-personal-letter-dalam-
bahasa-inggris-dan-artinya.html
http://www.goodluckielts.com/ielts-writing-letters-keywords.html
https://www.itapuih.com/2017/05/10-contoh-soal-letter-text-dan-kunci.html
http://britishcourse.com/procedure-text-definition-purposes-generic-structures-
language-features.php
http://contohcontohteks.blogspot.com/2016/10/procedure-text-example-25-
contoh.html
https://www.gingersoftware.com/content/grammar-rules/verbs/passive-voice/
http://www.berpendidikan.com/2017/04/pengertian-passive-voice-beserta-
rumus.html

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