Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Derek A. Hodgin, RRC, RwC, REwC, RBEC, RRo, PE, CDT, CCCA;
and John C. wylie, EI
Construction Science and Engineering, Inc.
218 east Main street, Westminster, south Carolina, 29692
29th RCI InteRnatIonal ConventIon and tRade Show • MaRCh 20-25, 2014 hodgIn and wylIe • 27
Abstract
The use of cementitious lap siding products has grown substantially over the past two
decades. In coastal environments, attachment of the siding on buildings is important to
minimize damages during code-defined wind events. When these buildings are the subject
of construction litigation, criticisms of attachment are common. Some experts opine that
complete removal and replacement of the siding is necessary due to attachment issues.
however, the authors believe that complete removal and replacement is rarely justified. This
presentation will provide the audience with a general knowledge base to correctly evaluate,
analyze, and formulate reasonable repairs regarding as-built siding attachment conditions.
Speaker
Derek Hodgin, RRC, RWC, REWC, RBEC, RRO, PE, CDT, CCCA – Construction Science and Engineering, Inc.
JOhN C. WyLIE provides engineering services to the professional staff of his firm, pri
marily in the areas of determination of deficient construction, structural analysis, and col
lapse and damage investigations. he performs investigations and engineering analyses of
various types of building components used in high-wind environments, including roof cover
ings and exterior wall claddings. Wylie’s academic career includes dual bachelor of science
degrees in physics and applied mathematics from Mansfield University of Pennsylvania and
an MS in civil engineering with a concentration in structures and mechanics from North
Carolina State University.
28 • hodgIn and wylIe 29th RCI InteRnatIonal ConventIon and tRade Show • MaRCh 20-25, 2014
Siding Attachment:
Facts and Fantasies
InTRoDuCTIon
Exterior cladding is a key element to
all buildings. The exterior cladding of a
structure can include different types of sid
ings such as wood, hardboard, vinyl, and
cementitious lap siding. Over the past two
decades, the installation of cementitious lap
siding (also known as fiber cement board
siding) as an exterior cladding has grown
substantially. Specifically, fiber cement
board siding is now commonly installed on
single- and multifamily residential build
ings, as well as light commercial buildings Figure 1 – Blind nailing and face nailing. Source: James Hardie Technical Bulletin
located in coastal environments. #171
Due to the increased use of fiber cement
board siding on buildings located in coast involves fasteners through the bottom a 6d common nail that penetrates each wall
al environments, attachment of the fiber course of siding and covered by the course stud a minimum of one inch), while perfor
cement board lap siding has become closely of siding above. The heads of the fasten mance requirements outline a minimum
scrutinized. When these buildings are sub ers are concealed by the overlapping sid level of building performance (i.e., the sid
ject to construction litigation, criticisms ing. Face nailing involves fasteners driven ing shall resist a code-defined wind load of
of siding attachment are common. In fact, through the top course and bottom course 130 mph).
some expert witnesses assert that when the of siding where the planks overlap. The Fiber cement board attachment was not
siding attachment is not installed in accor heads of the fasteners are exposed. introduced into any of the building codes
dance with the manufacturer’s installation until the 2003 International Residential
instructions, complete removal and replace BuILDInG CoDE REQuIREMEnTS Code (IRC). Prior to the 2003 IRC, building
ment of the siding is necessary. In general, the intent of building codes codes only provided attachment require
Typically, expert witnesses rely on appli is to provide the design professional and/or ments for other types of exterior cladding.
cable building codes, industry standards, general contractor with minimum require Building codes typically include alternate
and manufacturer information to formu ments to which a building is to be con attachment conditions, such as attaching to
late their opinions. Additionally, expert structed. The minimum requirements in the light-gauge metal and wood stud wall fram
witnesses use engineering judgment and building code include a combination of pre ing. Table 1 provides a summary of the fiber
experience to correctly evaluate, analyze, scriptive and performance-based require cement board attachment requirements set
and formulate reasonable repairs regarding ments. By definition, prescriptive require forth by the building codes for fasteners
the as-built siding attachment conditions ments specifically state how a building is to installed into structural panel wall sheath
when necessary. This paper will provide be constructed (i.e., attach the siding using ing and wood wall framing.
the distinction between real issues (facts)
and nonissues (fantasy) regarding siding
attachment that have become common in
construction litigation.
ATTACHMEnT TERMInoLoGy
Like many other siding products, fiber
cement board siding can be blind-nailed
(concealed) or face-nailed (exposed). These
two attachment terms are consistently used
in building codes, industry standards, and
manufacturers’ installation instructions.
As shown in Figure 1, blind nailing Table 1 – Summary of building code fiber cement board siding.
29th RCI InteRnatIonal ConventIon and tRade Show • MaRCh 20-25, 2014 hodgIn and wylIe • 29
As shown in Table 1, the attachment Guide To Residential Construction: A Manual scribe acceptable substrates to which sid
requirements of the fiber cement board of Best Practice (JLC Guide).7 This provides ing can be attached, types of fasteners,
siding were the same for the 2003 IRC2 general guidelines regarding the installa and dimensional tolerances regarding the
and 2006 IRC.3 Similarly, the attachment tion of fiber cement board siding. Some of fastener location and condition of installed
requirements of the fiber cement board sid the general guidelines provided in the JLC fasteners relative to the fiber cement board
ing were the same for the 2009 IRC4 and Guide include: siding.9,10,11 These prescriptive requirements
2012 IRC.5 A significant difference between • Fasteners should not be set below are important to know when evaluating the
the 2003/2006 IRC requirements and the the surface or overdriven into the adequacy of the fiber cement board siding
2009/2012 IRC requirements is the reduc siding because it will reduce the attachment.
tion of two fasteners to one fastener for holding power. In addition to installation instructions,
face nailing applications. Additionally, the • Specific fasteners should be used for some manufacturers will produce supple
footnotes provided in the building codes face-nailing or blind-nailing applica mental documents that include best prac
changed. Specifically, the 2003/2006 IRC tions. tices and technical bulletins that discuss
recommended a minimum fastener size • Minimum dimensions for face nail alternate attachment details. Some of the
and head, whereas the 2009/2012 IRC ing and blind nailing are provided. supplemental documents include additional
simply stated that the fastener dimensions • Fasteners must penetrate wood information regarding the use of blind- and
had to be in compliance with ASTM F1667, framing. face-nailing combinations (i.e., double nail
Standard Specification for Driven Fasteners: • Corrosion-resistant fasteners should ing) and the use of alternative fasteners in
Nails, Spikes and Staples.6 be used. high-wind areas.1,12
As previously stated, the intent of the
building code is to provide the minimum FEMA P-499, Home Builder’s Guide to CoDE EvALuATIon REPoRTS
requirements for construction. With regard Coastal Construction, is another example In order to verify product compliance
to fiber cement board attachment, the build of a best-practices industry standard that with the applicable building codes, manu
ing codes provide the minimum type, size, references the installation of fiber cement facturers will have their products evaluated
and location of fasteners; however, when board siding. For instance, FEMA P-4998 by a certified testing agency. The testing
a structure is located in a high-wind area, recommends that stainless steel fasteners agencies rely on the minimum requirements
the design professional should evaluate be used when the building is located within in the building code and standardized test
the attachment because the minimum pre 3,000 feet of the ocean shoreline. ing methods to produce a code evaluation
scriptive requirements stated in the build As described above, some of the gen report. Compliance with the code evaluation
ing code may not be adequate to meet the eral guidelines recommended by the JLC report becomes a building code require
performance requirement to resist a code- Guide and FEMA P-499 provide the design ment.
prescribed wind load. Additionally, alter professional and/or contractor with addi Prior to the International Building Code
nate fasteners not specifically addressed tional information that may or may not be and International Residential Code (the “I”
in the building code may be considered an provided in the building code or manufac codes), there were several different code
improvement over the fasteners specified in turers’ literature. In regard to construction evaluation agencies. Some of these code
the code. litigation, these guides could be used by the evaluation agencies were specific to a par
expert witness to supplement information ticular building code. It should be noted
InDuSTRy STAnDARDS in the building code or the manufacturers’ that these code evaluation reports are not
In general, industry standards are literature. however, noncompliance with code-referenced. The ideology behind the
accepted requirements followed by the best practices does not necessarily mean code evaluation report is that manufactur
members of a particular industry and/ that there was negligence by the design ers would have their product tested to verify
or discipline. Industry standards tend to professional and/or contractor. compliance with a particular building code
incorporate the state-of-the-art construc or several building codes. Therefore, the
tion practices and manufacturer literature MAnuFACTuRERS’ LITERATuRE installation of the evaluated product would
at that time. Some standards are specifi When fiber cement board siding attach comply with the applicable building code.
cally referenced by the applicable building ment is the topic of construction litigation, however, the code evaluation report for a
codes (making them a code requirement), being able to locate and review a specific fiber cement board siding product that has
while other standards are considered to manufacturer’s product literature is impor been tested and evaluated in accordance
represent a nonmandatory “best-practices” tant. The information contained within with the 2003 IRC would not be in compli
guide. the manufacturer’s product literature can ance with the 2012 IRC. The evaluation
With regard to fiber cement board provide the expert witness with impor must be specific to the code with which the
attachment, the building codes do not pro tant information regarding the attachment manufacturer seeks compliance.
vide specific industry standard references. requirements and if its product has been
however, there are additional sources of subject to any evaluation testing. It is ConSTRuCTIon DEFECT
information that do provide a best-practices important for the expert witness to review LITIGATIon
guide regarding the attachment of the fiber the manufacturers’ literature that was cur As stated previously, due to the increase
cement board siding. One example is the rent at the time of application. of fiber cement board siding (especially in
Journal of Light Construction’s JLC Field Typical installation instructions de- coastal environments), attachment of the
3 0 • ho d g I n and wylIe 29th RCI InteRnatIonal ConventIon and tRade Show • MaRCh 20-25, 2014
Figure 2 – Improper fastener type (not
listed in code evaluation).
Typical Allegations
During the course of construction liti
gation, the primary focus of the plaintiff
expert is to identify construction deficien
cies that require repair. Provided is typical
photographic documentation of allegations
regarding fiber cement board siding attach
ment (see Figures 2 through 7).
According to some expert witnesses, Figure 3 – Inadequate fastener spacing (greater than 16 inches on center).
all the above-mentioned typical allegations
represent a construction deficiency because
they may deviate from applicable building
code, industry standards, and/or manu
facturers’ installation instructions. It is the
opinion of the authors that, while condi
tions may deviate from written instructions,
they do not always represent a construction
defect that requires a repair.
Data Collection
For an expert witness, data collection
relative to the fiber cement board siding
attachment is important. Specifically, data
collection provides the information that will
be used to determine the adequacy of the
as-built siding conditions. Provided below
are some of the important data needed to
evaluate the adequacy of the fiber cement
board siding attachment:
• Fastener type (length, shank diam
eter, head diameter, shank type)
• horizontal fastener spacing Figure 4 – Inadequate edge distance (less than 1 inch).
29th RCI InteRnatIonal ConventIon and tRade Show • M a R C h 2 0 - 2 5 , 2 0 1 4 hodgIn and wylIe • 31
• Vertical fastener spacing
• Siding width and overlap (exposure)
• Fastener end/edge distance
• Measurement of overdriven/under
driven fasteners
• Statistical count of fasteners into
framing
• Substrate type and thickness (typi
cally OSB or plywood)
• Species of wood framing (to estimate
specific gravity)
Figure 6 – Overdriven/underdriven
fasteners.
32 • hodgIn and w y l I e 29th RCI InteRnatIonal ConventIon and tRade Show • MaRCh 20-25, 2014
is used during the engineering analysis. It as-built conditions to the code-prescribed the fastener are used to determine the trib
is the effective area that the fastener will be wind loads. The engineering analysis should utary area of a fastener. The effective area
responsible for in resisting a code-defined include design wind pressure calculations, is needed to convert the design wind pres
wind load. fastener withdrawal calculations, and com sures to fastener withdrawal requirements.
In their installation instructions, most paring the as-built condition of the siding
manufacturers will recommend end dis attachment to the code-defined wind load. REPAIR RECoMMEnDATIonS
tances and edge distances for fasteners. Depending on the applicable building A reasonable repair regarding the
These help to prevent the siding from crack code to which the subject structure was attachment of fiber cement board siding
ing when subjected to fastener installation, originally subjected, the expert witness is based on a complete review of the appli
siding shrinkage, or wind loads. It should can calculate the design wind pressures cable building code, industry standards,
be noted that a fastener can be installed by using information provided in the build and manufacturer literature, in addition to
within the manufacturer-recommended ing code or by using the code-referenced correctly evaluating and analyzing the as-
end/edge distances; however, the likelihood industry standard (i.e., ASCE 7). Expert built conditions of the siding attachment.
that the siding will crack will increase if witnesses should calculate the design wind Based on the above-mentioned research
the fastener is installed closer to the end pressures based on the information pro and engineering analysis, an expert witness
and/or edge of the siding. The evaluation vided in the building code that had been may choose between the following potential
of a siding failure, where the siding breaks adopted at the time of application. The repair options:
around the fastener due to outward rota design wind pressure is dependent on the • No repairs
tion and prying action, is not addressed by wind speed, exposure category, height of • Installation of supplemental fasten
this paper. Siding may be vulnerable to this the building, and location on the building ers
type of failure when blind nailing is used. (field or corner). If the expert witness has • Complete removal and replacement
The risk of this type of failure increases to use a code-referenced industry standard,
proportionally as the fastener gets closer to more information about the structure may A variety of conditions (i.e., environmen
the top edge. need to be known in order to determine the tal, construction) can influence the type of
As stated by most manufacturers in the design wind pressures. repair needed and can vary from case to
literature, and in some industry standards, Determination of fastener withdrawal case. Depending on the results of the engi
a fastener should be installed flush to the is based on code-referenced industry stan neering analysis, an expert witness may
top surface of the siding. Most manufac dards. For example, the “National Design recommend that a repair not be considered
turers and industry standards recommend Specification for Wood Construction” necessary, even when deviations from the
that a fastener should not be installed in an (NDS)13 is the standard that is commonly manufacturer instructions exist.
underdriven or overdriven condition. In the used by expert witnesses to determine that If the engineering analysis reveals that
event that a fastener is underdriven or over- fastener withdrawal resistance. Fastener the as-built attachment details are insuffi
driven, a supplemental fastener is typically withdrawal resistance is based on a math cient to resist code-defined wind loads, sup
installed adjacent to the original fastener. ematical equation that takes into account plemental fastening is the most common
Regarding the engineering analysis, it several factors that may affect the attach repair. A supplemental fastener repair can
is important to determine the percentage of ment when subjected to different types of vary from adding supplemental fasteners at
fasteners that penetrated the wood framing loads, environmental conditions, fastener top floor corner zones (where design wind
versus those that did not. This statistical types, and construction conditions. The pressures will be the highest) to supple
percentage, based on the number of fas fastener withdrawal resistance determined mental fasteners at every floor at a certain
teners that penetrate the wood framing, from the NDS is expressed in pounds per horizontal spacing. Some expert witnesses
provides the expert witness with data that inch of penetration into the wood substrate. believe that if the siding has been attached
can be used in determining an appropriate Therefore, one key factor in determining in a blind nail condition, one should not
repair, if considered to be necessary. fastener withdrawal resistance is determin add supplemental fasteners because manu
ing the depth of penetration of the fastener facturers do not allow “double” nailing;
Engineering Analysis into the wood sheathing and wood framing. however, this is not true. Manufacturers
It is uncommon for a structural engi The type of wall sheathing, the species of will allow a blind nail/face nail condition for
neer to perform an engineering analysis on the wood framing, and the shank diameter repairs in high-wind coastal areas.
the exterior siding attachment as part of of the fastener are also considered. Complete removal and replacement of
the original design process for a residen When the design wind pressure cal the fiber cement board siding based on
tial structure. however, expert witnesses culations and fastener withdrawal resis inadequate as-built attachment are rare
may be required to perform an engineering tance calculations have been performed, ly justified. Typically, if complete removal
analysis on the adequacy of the as-built sid the expert witness can compare the as-built and replacement are recommended, it is
ing attachment details during construction attachment conditions to the code-defined because of other construction issues (i.e.,
litigation. loads. At this point of the engineering analy moisture intrusion, structural conditions)
In order to adequately evaluate the as- sis, the expert witness takes into account that need to be addressed.
built condition of the fiber cement board the data that were collected to accurately
siding attachment, the expert witness needs analyze the siding attachment. For exam
to compare the withdrawal resistance of the ple, the vertical and horizontal spacing of
29th RCI InteRnatIonal ConventIon and tRade Show • M a R C h 2 0 - 2 5 , 2 0 1 4 hodgIn and wylIe • 33
ConCLuSIonS 2. International Residential Code for Manual, June 2012
As described above, the installation of One- and Two-Family Dwellings 10. James hardie Building Products,
fiber cement board siding includes many (IRC), 2003 Hardieplank HZ10 Lap Siding
variables that affect the adequacy of the 3. International Residential Code for Installation Requirements, November
attachment to resist code-defined loads. One- and Two-Family Dwellings 2012
Each of these variables must be considered (IRC), 2006 11. NichiBoard™, NichiProducts - Instal
to determine if the installation is defective 4. International Residential Code for lation Guidelines, May 2012
and if a repair is needed. It is not reason One- and Two-Family Dwellings 12. James hardie Building Products,
able to assert that the siding installation is (IRC), 2009 Technical Bulletin #5 – James Hardie
defective simply because the as-built condi 5. International Residential Code for Fastening Requirements: Alternate
tions deviate from the published manufac One- and Two-Family Dwellings Fasteners, June 2012
turer literature. To serve as an engineering (IRC), 2012 13. American Forest & Paper Association
expert often requires performance of an 6. ASTM International, F1667-11a: and American Wood Council, Na
engineering analysis to support opinions to Standard Specification for Driven tional Design Standard for Wood
a reasonable degree of certainty. Offering Fasteners: Nails, Spikes and Staples, Construction, 2005 Edition
opinions without valid support diminishes March 2012 14. APA, Technical Topics: TT-039C –
our roles as experts and compromises the 7. Journal of Light Construction, Recommended Design Values for Nail
integrity of our profession. JLC Field Guide for Residential Withdrawal From APA Plywood and
Construction OSB, July 2010
REFEREnCES 8. FEMA P-499, Home Builder’s Guide
1. James hardie Building Products, to Coastal Construction – Technical
Technical Bulletin #17 – Fastening Fact Sheet Series, December 2010
Tips for HardiePlank® Lap Siding, 9. CertainTeed WeatherBoards™, Fiber
March 2012 Cement Board Siding – Installation
34 • hodgIn and w y l I e 29th RCI InteRnatIonal ConventIon and tRade Show • MaRCh 20-25, 2014
APPEnDIX: SIDInG ATTACHMEnT EXAMPLE
Building Information
The subject building is a three-story residential building in
Charleston, South Carolina. At the time of original construction,
the applicable building code was the 2006 IRC. The subject build
ing is located in an Exposure C. The engineering analysis will be
performed at a height of 30 feet (at the third floor). The following
data were collected during a visual survey:
• Siding was face-nailed with one fastener per location.
• Average horizontal spacing was measured at 18 in. on-
center.
• Vertical spacing was measured to be 7 in. on-center.
• The wood framing was No. 2 southern yellow pine.
• The wall sheathing was OSB and was measured to have a
thickness of 7/16 in.
• Two of the observed eight fasteners were installed into the
wood framing.
• The fastener was observed to have the following properties:
— Smooth-shank nail (common nail)
— Shank diameter of 0.131 in.
— Length of 2 in.
• The siding was measured to have a thickness of 5/16 in.
29th RCI InteRnatIonal ConventIon and tRade Show • M a R C h 2 0 - 2 5 , 2 0 1 4 hodgIn and wylIe • 35
Table 3 – Withdrawal analysis (wood framing and sheathing).
Recommended Repair wind loads in both Zone 4 and Zone 5. Based on the engineering
The engineering analysis revealed that the as-built attachment analysis, the authors would recommend installing supplemental
conditions are insufficient to resist code-prescribed wind loads at fasteners at a specific on-center spacing (to be calculated) to
some locations. Specifically, a fastener that penetrated both the resist the code-defined wind loads. Additionally, the supplemental
wood stud framing and OSB wall sheathing is adequate to resist fasteners would have to be installed in accordance with the
code-defined wind loads. however, a fastener that penetrated just manufacturer’s literature.
the OSB wall sheathing is not adequate to resist code-defined
36 • hodgIn and wylIe 29th RCI InteRnatIonal ConventIon and tRade Show • MaRCh 20-25, 2014