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EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL
Devi et al. European Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Research
ISSN 2394-3211
AND MEDICAL RESEARCH
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ABSTRACT
Standardization of Siddha preparations is an important task in establishing the safety and efficacy of the drug. The
World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines on evaluating the physico-chemical properties and other parameters
for the identification of AYUSH formulations which will offer a great value in global market. Characterization of
Siddha formulation renders wide range of information in predicting the nature and structure of phytoconstituents
which renders the actual therapeutic efficacy of the formulation. The main aim of the present study is to
standardize Aya Chenduram, a nano sized formulation, and also to characterize the same by using sophisticated
techniques like Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman Spectroscopy, X – ray diffraction (XRD)
and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) with EDAX. The X-ray diffraction studies identified that the major
crystalline material present in the formulation was alpha-iron oxide. FTIR and Raman spectral data are also
supported the presence of alpha iron oxide in Aya chenduram. Further, the results obtained from the SEM analysis
shows that most of the particles present in Aya chenduram are in nano and near nano size ranging from 79 nm to 83
nm. In conclusion, data retrieved from the current characterization study of Aya chenduram confirms the size,
shape and nature of nano-components and hence this could be used as standards for evaluating the quality of Aya
chenduram in future.
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Devi et al. European Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Research
Elemental composition was determined by Energy Table 1: Elemental composition of Aya chendooram
dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX). EDAX is an using EDAX.
analytical technique used for the elemental Sl. No. Element Weight% Atomic%
analysis or chemical characterization of a sample. It 1. C (Carbon) 6.25 13.83
relies on an interaction between some source of X- 2. O (Oxygen) 34.41 57.19
ray excitation and the sample. Its characterization 3. Na (Sodium) 0.59 0.68
capabilities are due in large part to the fundamental 4. Si (Silicon) 0.25 0.24
principle that each element has a unique atomic 5. S (Sulphur) 0.25 0.21
structure allowing a unique set of peaks on its 6. Cl (Chloride) 0.41 0.31
electromagnetic emission spectrum.[18] 7. Fe (Iron) 57.84 27.54
Figure 5a: Electron image of Aya chendooram using SEM; Figure 5b: Elemental composition of Aya
chendooram using EDAX.
The results of EDAX analysis are given in Table 1. it will not create any major change in overall activity
EDAX provides a good estimate of the concentration of (Figures 5a and 5b).
the main elements in the sample. EDAX data shows the
exact amount of respective element present in the sample CONCLUSION
in terms of w/w % (Figure 4). Iron is the major The present study reveals that the heavy/ toxic metals
component of the herbal formulation compared to all As, Pb, Cd and Hg were found to be absent. This ensured
other minor elements such as carbon and siliceous the safety of this formulation. XRD studies confirmed
materials, which existed in minor quantity and therefore, the alpha iron oxide phase existed in the formulation.
SEM analysis shows the aggregated particle morphology
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Devi et al. European Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Research
for the formulation. The above investigation on Aya 8. Anonymous, Quality Control Methods for Medicinal
chenduram using modern techniques establishes the Plant Materials World Health Organization (WHO).
fingerprint for standardization of the herbal formulation. Geneva, 1998.
9. Price WJ. Sample Handling Techniques. In Miller
In this study Aya chenduram, a mineral based Siddha RGJ, Stace BC (eds.). Laboratory Methods in
classical medicine is characterized scientifically for Infrared Spectroscopy. Heyden and Son, London,
elemental composition, structural and textural properties, 1972; 97-128.
morphology and crystalline structure by different 10. Wei Q, Zhang Z, Li Z, Zhou Q, Zhu Y. Enhanced
characterization techniques. The EDAX analysis shows photocatalytic activity of porous a-Fe2O3 films
the presence of Carbon, Oxygen, Sodium, Silicon, prepared by rapid thermal oxidation. J. Phys. D:
Sulphur, Chloride and Iron. FT-IR spectroscopy shows Appl. Phys., 2008; 41(20): 202002.
that the major stretching vibrations of different 11. Gardiner, D.J. (1989). Practical Raman
functional groups in organic compounds in the spectra spectroscopy. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-0-387-
have very low intensity. During the heating process 50254-0.
involved in the preparation of the formulation, the 12. Cho Y, Huh Y. Preparation of Hyperbranched
organic groups might have changed into gaseous Structures of α-Fe 2 O 3. Bull. Korean Chem. Soc.,
oxidized compounds and might have escaped. The XRD 2009; 30: 1413–1415.
shows that the major crystalline material present in the 13. Abdulah HI, Farhan AM, Ali AJ. Photo-synthesis of
chenduram is α-Fe2O3. nanosized α – Fe2O3. J. Chem. Pharm. Res., 2015;
7(6): 588-591.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 14. Ganachari SV, Joshi VK, Bhat R, Deshpande R.
The authors are thankful to the Director General, Prof. Large scale synthesis and characterization of γ -
Dr. R. S. Ramaswamy, Central Council for Research in Fe2O3 nanoparticles by self-propagating low
Siddha, Chennai for providing necessary facilities to temperature combustion method. Int J Sci Res.,
carry out this work. 2012; 1: 77–79.
15. Karthikeyeni S, Sivavijayakumar T, Vasanth S, Arul
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