LINEAR ALGEBRA

&
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

SPRING – 2013
Lecture -5
(Third Week)

For any clarification please contact:

Zain Ul abadin Zafar

 Inverse Of Matrix By Elementary Row Operation:
Theorem:
If a square matrix ‘A’ is reduced to identity matrix by a
sequence of elementary row operations, the same sequence of
operations performed on the identity matrix produces inverse of
A.
Example:1
By using elementary row operations find the inverse of matrix
A.
1 0 3
𝐴= 2 4 1
1 3 0
Solution:
A 𝐼3
1 0 3 1 0 0
2 4 1 0 1 0
1 3 0 0 0 1

By 𝑅2 − 2𝑅1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅3 − 𝑅1
1 0 3 1 0 0
0 4 −5 −1 1 −1
0 3 −3 −1 0 1
By 𝑅2 − 𝑅3
1 0 3 1 0 0
0 1 −2 −1 1 −1
0 3 −3 −1 0 1

By 𝑅3 − 3𝑅2

1 0 3 1 0 0
0 1 −2 −1 1 −1
0 0 3 2 −3 4
1
By 𝑅3
3
1 0 3 1 0 0
0 1 −2 −1 1 −1
2 4
0 0 3 −1
3 3

By 𝑅1 − 3𝑅3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅2 + 2𝑅3

−1 3 −4
1 0 0 1 5
0 1 0 −1
3 3
2 4
0 0 1 −1
3 3

−1 3 −4
1 5
→ 𝐴−1 = −1
3 3
2 4
−1
3 3
Example:2
1 0 𝑘
Find the inverse of the matrix A= 0 1 0 .
0 0 1

Solution:
A 𝐼3
1 0 𝑘 1 0 0
0 1 0 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 0 1
By 𝑅1 − 𝑘𝑅3
1 0 0 1 0 −𝑘
0 1 0 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 0 1

1 0 −𝑘
→ 𝐴−1 = 0 1 0
0 0 1

1 0 −𝑘
→ 𝐴−1 = 0 1 0 𝐴𝑛𝑠.
0 0 1
Example:3
Find the inverse of the matrix.

0 −1 0
𝐴= 0 0 −1
1 0 0

Solution:
A I
0 −1 0 1 0 0
0 0 −1 0 1 0
1 0 0 0 0 1
By 𝑅13
1 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 −1 0 1 0
0 −1 0 1 0 0
𝐵𝑦 𝑅23
1 0 0 0 0 1
0 −1 0 1 0 0
0 0 −1 0 1 0
1 0 0 0 0 1
0 1 0 −1 0 0 −1 𝑅2 , −1 𝑅3
0 0 1 0 −1 0
0 0 1
The inverse of the matrix is −1 0 0
0 −1 0
Example:4
Find the inverse of matrix.
2 1 −1
𝐴= 0 2 1
5 2 −3
Solution:
A 𝐼
2 1 −1 1 0 0
0 2 1 0 1 0
5 2 −3 0 0 1
By 𝑅3 − 2𝑅2
2 1 −1 1 0 0
0 2 1 0 1 0
1 0 −1 −2 0 1
By 𝑅23
1 0 −1 −2 0 1
0 2 1 0 1 0
2 1 −1 1 0 0
By 𝑅23
1 0 −1 −2 0 1
2 1 −1 1 0 0
0 2 1 0 1 0
By 𝑅2 − 2𝑅1
1 0 −1 −2 0 1
0 1 1 5 0 −2
0 2 1 0 1 0
𝐵𝑦 𝑅3 − 2𝑅1
1 0 −1 −2 0 1
0 1 1 5 0 −2
0 0 −1 −10 1 4
By 𝑅2 + 𝑅3
1 0 −1 −2 0 1
0 1 0 −5 1 2
0 0 −1 −10 1 4
By 𝑅1 − 𝑅3
1 0 0 8 −1 3
0 1 0 −5 1 2
0 0 −1 −10 1 −4
By (-1)𝑅3
 1 0 0 8 −1 3
0 1 0 −5 1 2
0 0 1 10 −1 4

8 −1 3
→ 𝐴−1 = −5 1 2 𝐴𝑛𝑠.
10 −1 4
Example:5
Find the inverse of matrix
𝑖 −1 2𝑖
𝐴= 2 0 2
−1 0 1
Solution:
A 𝐼3
𝑖 −1 2𝑖 1 0 0
2 0 2 0 1 0
−1 0 1 0 0 1
1
By 𝑅2
2

𝑖 −1 2𝑖 1 0 0
1
1 0 1 0 0
2
−1 0 1 0 0 1
By 𝑅1 − 𝑅2 𝑖
 1
0 −1 𝑖 1 𝑖 0
2
1 0 1 0
1
0
−1 0 1 2
0 0 1
By 𝑅3 + 𝑅2
1
1 𝑖 0
0 −1 𝑖 2
1
1 0 1 0 0
2
0 0 2 1
0 1
2
1
By 𝑅3
2
 1
1 𝑖 0
0 −1 𝑖 2
1
1 0 1 0 0
2
0 0 1 1 1
0
4 2
By 𝑅1 − 𝑖𝑅3
1 −1
1 𝑖 𝑖
0 −1 0 4 2
1
1 0 1 0 0
2
0 0 1 1 1
0
4 2
By −1 𝑅1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅2 − 𝑅3
 −1 1
−1 𝑖 𝑖
0 1 0 4 2
−1 −1
1 0 0 0
4 2
0 0 1 1 1
0
4 2
By 𝑅12
1 −1
0
1 0 0 4 2
−1 1
0 1 0 −1 𝑖 𝑖
4 2
0 0 1 1 1
0
4 2
 1 −1
0
4 2
−1 1
→ 𝐴−1 = −1 4
𝑖
2
𝑖 𝐴𝑛𝑠.
1 1
0
4 2

Example:6
Find the inverse of a matrix.
0 0 1 0
𝐴= 0 1 0 0
−1 0 0 0
0 0 0 1
Solution:
A I
0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
−1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
By 𝑅13 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (−1)𝑅1

1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0 −1 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
 0 0 1 0
→ 𝐴−1 = 0 1 0 0 𝐴𝑛𝑠.
−1 0 0 0
0 0 0 1