EC-3413-

Introduction to Microprocessors
GOPIKRISHNAN G
ASST. PROF. ELX & TCOM.
Course Plan

Mid sem + Assignments

Quizzes
Coding challenge
Attendance
Classroom performance..
To be discussed later…………………
Course outcomes

Prerequisites: Nothing except fresh mindset

To understand the basics of microprocessors
To analyse and design simple real time embedded systems
To appreciate the real things running behind while you are
programming or using a laptop/mobile/pc
Microprocessor ?????

Wiki:

A microprocessor is a computer processor that incorporates

the functions of a central processing unit on a single integrated
circuit 
History……

Intel introduced the first commercial microprocessor, the 4-

bit Intel 4004
Then comes…8085, 8086, 80386, 80486, Atom, Pentium, dual
core, Core 2 duo, I3, I5, I7……..continues
From the first microprocessor to the latest one , basic
operations remains almost same.
Human Brain Vs Computer……
Basic Blocks of a Microprocessor..
Little detailed……
I/O Ports….

To show/feel you the things processor has done….. O/P

ports
To take your raw data …….I/P ports
Not a part of microprocessor integration
Note: You cannot feed a tiger with grass…….Also you cannot
expect mangoes from a coconut tree…….
Memory Unit

Store data temporarily and permanently

Not a part of microprocessor
So external memory needs to be provided
Two types: RAM & ROM- (According to accessibility)
Three types : Cache, Primary & Secondary memory
(According to speed)
Relatives & Strangers……….
ALU

Perform Arithmetical and logical operations

1+1=2
b=3;
b =b++ +1;
a=b++ + ++b;
a&b?
Logical
A man said to a lady, "The son of your only brother is the brother of my wife" How
is the lady related with the man.??
……………..

Father-daughter?
Uncle-niece?
Cousin?
Grandfather-grand daughter??
Control Unit…..

BOSS………….
Control and coordinates all operations according to clock
cycles.
Three Manthras of Control unit….
FETCH  DECODE  EXECUTE
Register Array….

Servant of ALU
Used for Quick access of temporary variables
Nearest to the heart of processor
Just like Black cats of processor…
Names are A B C D E F ………………….
A sample operation….
8085 Architecture
8085 Architecture…another
8085 IC Pin out
Interrupt Control: this unit is used to accept the external interrupts such as TRAP,
RST-7.5, RST-6.5, RST-5.5 and INTR and generates an acknowledgement signal INTA’
to acknowledge the receipt of the interrupt signal. It also generates the necessary
vector address for the vectored type interrupts.
Serial I/O control : this unit is responsible for receiving and sending the data serially
to or from the processor.
Address incrementer/Decrementer: This unit is responsible for incrementing or
decrementing the content of PC so that it points to the next instruction. The address
is then ready for demultiplexing and putting on the address bus.
Blocks Explained……

Arithmetic & Logic Unit

Register File
Instruction Register
Instruction Decoder
Timing and control unit
Internal Bus
Interrupt Control
Serial I/O Control
Address Incremented / Decremented
Contd……

Register File: 8085 register file consist of Accumulator, register B, C, D, E, H, L. these

registers can be used as single 8-bit registers or could be used in pair as register BC,
DE, HL for 16-bit applications.
Stack pointer (SP) : To point into the stack area.
program counter(PC): To point to the next instruction in memory.
The registers W, Z are not visible to the programmer.
Flag or program status register : 8-bit register whose only 5-bits are used and these
bits are Sign, Zero, Auxiliary Carry, Parity and Carry. These are set or reset depending
on the status of the current operation in the ALU.
Instruction Register: It is a 16-bit register. When the MPU fetches an instruction it is
stored in the instruction register.
Flag Register

A SIMPLE SHORTCUT TO MEMORIZE…….

Contd…..

Instruction Decoder: 1. Instruction is read from the memory-> Decoded to know

the OPCODE it contains-> so that the control unit can be requested to generate the
necessary control signals for various units which are required during the execution
of this instruction.
eg to select the ALU for that operation, fetch the data from memory if required etc
Timing and Control Unit: The purpose of the timing and control unit is to generate
the necessary timing synchronization and control signals so that the required units
operate when required.
Internal Bus: It is used to carry the byte (data or instructions) read from the
memory to internal registers or to carry the internal data to external devices. So
the acts as a connection between various units
Contd….

Instruction register and decoder

It is an 8-bit register. When an instruction is fetched from memory then it is stored
in the Instruction register. Instruction decoder decodes the information present in
the Instruction register.
Control Signals: READY, RD’, WR’, ALE
Status Signals: S0, S1, IO/M’
DMA Signals: HOLD, HLDA
RESET Signals: RESET IN, RESET OUT
Contd….

Interrupt control
As the name suggests it controls the interrupts during a process. When a
microprocessor is executing a main program and whenever an interrupt occurs,
the microprocessor shifts the control from the main program to process the
incoming request. After the request is completed, the control goes back to the
main program.
There are 5 interrupt signals in 8085 microprocessor: INTR, RST 7.5, RST 6.5, RST
5.5, TRAP.
Status Signals……
Address Latch
What is it???

At the starting of each machine cycle, the microprocessor sends logic 1 to the ALE
pin. At this time, the multiplexed pins have the address sent by the microprocessor.
These pins are already connected by the user to a d latch and also to the data pins
of the memory.
The clock input to the D Latch is given by the ALE pin.
Now when ALE pin is 1(ie. at the first T state of every machine cycle) the d latch
starts working and the multiplexed data and address lines which have address
now store the address in the octal latch. After the ALE signal goes low, the
addresses are latched in the octal latch and are used to reference the memory.
Now data is sent by the microprocessor to the multiplexed pins and reading or
writing of data takes place as per the operation performed by the user.