Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Computer Systems
Design and Architecture
Vincent P. Heuring
and
Harry F. Jordan
Computer Systems Design and Architecture by V. Heuring and H. Jordan © 1997 V. Heuring and H. Jordan/ Updated January, 2001 David M. Zar
1-2 Chapter 1 - The General Purpose Machine
Computer Systems Design and Architecture by V. Heuring and H. Jordan © 1997 V. Heuring and H. Jordan/ Updated January, 2001 David M. Zar
1-3 Chapter 1 - The General Purpose Machine
Prerequisites
Computer Systems Design and Architecture by V. Heuring and H. Jordan © 1997 V. Heuring and H. Jordan/ Updated January, 2001 David M. Zar
1-4 Chapter 1 - The General Purpose Machine
Text Overview
Computer Systems Design and Architecture by V. Heuring and H. Jordan © 1997 V. Heuring and H. Jordan/ Updated January, 2001 David M. Zar
1-5 Chapter 1 - The General Purpose Machine
Chapter 1 Summary
Three Views of the General Purpose Machine:
1.2 The User’s View
1.3 The Assembly/Machine Language Programmer’s View
Instruction set architecture - ISA
Registers, memory, and instructions
The stored program
The fetch execute cycle
1.4 The Computer Architect’s View
System design & balance
1.5 The Digital Logic Designer’s View
Realization of specified function—from concept to logic hardware
Computer Systems Design and Architecture by V. Heuring and H. Jordan © 1997 V. Heuring and H. Jordan/ Updated January, 2001 David M. Zar
1-6 Chapter 1 - The General Purpose Machine
Computer Systems Design and Architecture by V. Heuring and H. Jordan © 1997 V. Heuring and H. Jordan/ Updated January, 2001 David M. Zar
1-7 Chapter 1 - The General Purpose Machine
Computer Systems Design and Architecture by V. Heuring and H. Jordan © 1997 V. Heuring and H. Jordan/ Updated January, 2001 David M. Zar
1-8 Chapter 1 - The General Purpose Machine
Computer Systems Design and Architecture by V. Heuring and H. Jordan © 1997 V. Heuring and H. Jordan/ Updated January, 2001 David M. Zar
1-9 Chapter 1 - The General Purpose Machine
Computer Systems Design and Architecture by V. Heuring and H. Jordan © 1997 V. Heuring and H. Jordan/ Updated January, 2001 David M. Zar
1-10 Chapter 1 - The General Purpose Machine
Computer Systems Design and Architecture by V. Heuring and H. Jordan © 1997 V. Heuring and H. Jordan/ Updated January, 2001 David M. Zar
1-11 Chapter 1 - The General Purpose Machine
Computer Systems Design and Architecture by V. Heuring and H. Jordan © 1997 V. Heuring and H. Jordan/ Updated January, 2001 David M. Zar
1-12 Chapter 1 - The General Purpose Machine
Chapter 1 - A Perspective
Computer Systems Design and Architecture by V. Heuring and H. Jordan © 1997 V. Heuring and H. Jordan/ Updated January, 2001 David M. Zar
1-13 Chapter 1 - The General Purpose Machine
Term Usage
Note the
m (milli-) 10 -3 differences
µ (micro-) 10 -6 between usages.
n (nano-) You should commit
10 -9
the powers of 2 and
p (pico-) 10 -12 10 to memory.
Units: Bit (b), Byte (B), Nibble, Word (w), Double Word, Long Word
Second (s), Hertz (Hz)
Computer Systems Design and Architecture by V. Heuring and H. Jordan © 1997 V. Heuring and H. Jordan/ Updated January, 2001 David M. Zar
1-14 Chapter 1 - The General Purpose Machine
Machine/assembly Language
Programmer’s View
• Machine language:
• Set of fundamental instructions the machine can execute
• Expressed as a pattern of 1’s and 0’s
• Assembly language:
• Alphanumeric equivalent of machine language
• Mnemonics more human oriented than 1’s and 0’s
• Assembler:
• Computer program that transliterates (one-to-one mapping)
assembly to machine language
• Computer’s native language is assembly/machine language
• “Programmer”, as used in this course, means
assembly/machine language programmer
Computer Systems Design and Architecture by V. Heuring and H. Jordan © 1997 V. Heuring and H. Jordan/ Updated January, 2001 David M. Zar
1-16 Chapter 1 - The General Purpose Machine
Computer Systems Design and Architecture by V. Heuring and H. Jordan © 1997 V. Heuring and H. Jordan/ Updated January, 2001 David M. Zar
1-18 Chapter 1 - The General Purpose Machine
Various
CPU
registers
15 0
PC 4000
15 0
IR 0011 101 000 000 100 231 – 1
15 0
Control signals
Computer Systems Design and Architecture by V. Heuring and H. Jordan © 1997 V. Heuring and H. Jordan/ Updated January, 2001 David M. Zar
1-19 Chapter 1 - The General Purpose Machine
Programmer’s Model:
Instruction Set Architecture (ISA)
• Instruction set: the collection of all machine operations.
• Programmer sees set of instructions, along with the
machine resources manipulated by them.
• ISA includes
• instruction set,
• memory, and
• programmer accessible registers of the system.
• There may be temporary or scratch-pad memory used to
implement some function is not part of ISA.
• “Non Programmer Accessible.”
Computer Systems Design and Architecture by V. Heuring and H. Jordan © 1997 V. Heuring and H. Jordan/ Updated January, 2001 David M. Zar
1-20 Chapter 1 - The General Purpose Machine
Computer Systems Design and Architecture by V. Heuring and H. Jordan © 1997 V. Heuring and H. Jordan/ Updated January, 2001 David M. Zar
1-21 Chapter 1 - The General Purpose Machine
Computer Systems Design and Architecture by V. Heuring and H. Jordan © 1997 V. Heuring and H. Jordan/ Updated January, 2001 David M. Zar
1-22 Chapter 1 - The General Purpose Machine
Computer Systems Design and Architecture by V. Heuring and H. Jordan © 1997 V. Heuring and H. Jordan/ Updated January, 2001 David M. Zar
1-23 Chapter 1 - The General Purpose Machine
Computer Systems Design and Architecture by V. Heuring and H. Jordan © 1997 V. Heuring and H. Jordan/ Updated January, 2001 David M. Zar
1-24 Chapter 1 - The General Purpose Machine
• The assembler
• The linker
• The debugger or monitor
• The development system
Computer Systems Design and Architecture by V. Heuring and H. Jordan © 1997 V. Heuring and H. Jordan/ Updated January, 2001 David M. Zar
1-25 Chapter 1 - The General Purpose Machine
Computer Systems Design and Architecture by V. Heuring and H. Jordan © 1997 V. Heuring and H. Jordan/ Updated January, 2001 David M. Zar
1-26 Chapter 1 - The General Purpose Machine
Computer Systems Design and Architecture by V. Heuring and H. Jordan © 1997 V. Heuring and H. Jordan/ Updated January, 2001 David M. Zar
1-27 Chapter 1 - The General Purpose Machine
Buses as Multiplexers
Computer Systems Design and Architecture by V. Heuring and H. Jordan © 1997 V. Heuring and H. Jordan/ Updated January, 2001 David M. Zar
1-28 Chapter 1 - The General Purpose Machine
Memory bus
CPU CPU
I/O bus
Input/ Input/
output output
subsystem subsystem
n
n-bit
system
bus
Input/output Input/output
devices devices
Computer Systems Design and Architecture by V. Heuring and H. Jordan © 1997 V. Heuring and H. Jordan/ Updated January, 2001 David M. Zar
1-29 Chapter 1 - The General Purpose Machine
Memory
Computer Systems Design and Architecture by V. Heuring and H. Jordan © 1997 V. Heuring and H. Jordan/ Updated January, 2001 David M. Zar
1-30 Chapter 1 - The General Purpose Machine
Getting Specific:
Intel BX Chipset
Computer Systems Design and Architecture by V. Heuring and H. Jordan © 1997 V. Heuring and H. Jordan/ Updated January, 2001 David M. Zar
1-31 Chapter 1 - The General Purpose Machine
Getting Specific:
Intel 810 Chipset
Computer Systems Design and Architecture by V. Heuring and H. Jordan © 1997 V. Heuring and H. Jordan/ Updated January, 2001 David M. Zar
1-32 Chapter 1 - The General Purpose Machine
Getting Specific:
Intel 850 Chipset
Computer Systems Design and Architecture by V. Heuring and H. Jordan © 1997 V. Heuring and H. Jordan/ Updated January, 2001 David M. Zar
1-33 Chapter 1 - The General Purpose Machine
Computer Systems Design and Architecture by V. Heuring and H. Jordan © 1997 V. Heuring and H. Jordan/ Updated January, 2001 David M. Zar
1-34 Chapter 1 - The General Purpose Machine
Computer Systems Design and Architecture by V. Heuring and H. Jordan © 1997 V. Heuring and H. Jordan/ Updated January, 2001 David M. Zar
1-35 Chapter 1 - The General Purpose Machine
Computer Systems Design and Architecture by V. Heuring and H. Jordan © 1997 V. Heuring and H. Jordan/ Updated January, 2001 David M. Zar
1-36 Chapter 1 - The General Purpose Machine
Implementation Domains
Computer Systems Design and Architecture by V. Heuring and H. Jordan © 1997 V. Heuring and H. Jordan/ Updated January, 2001 David M. Zar
1-37 Chapter 1 - The General Purpose Machine
Computer Systems Design and Architecture by V. Heuring and H. Jordan © 1997 V. Heuring and H. Jordan/ Updated January, 2001 David M. Zar
1-38 Chapter 1 - The General Purpose Machine
Computer Systems Design and Architecture by V. Heuring and H. Jordan © 1997 V. Heuring and H. Jordan/ Updated January, 2001 David M. Zar
1-39 Chapter 1 - The General Purpose Machine
Computer Systems Design and Architecture by V. Heuring and H. Jordan © 1997 V. Heuring and H. Jordan/ Updated January, 2001 David M. Zar
1-40 Chapter 1 - The General Purpose Machine
Historical Generations
Computer Systems Design and Architecture by V. Heuring and H. Jordan © 1997 V. Heuring and H. Jordan/ Updated January, 2001 David M. Zar
1-41 Chapter 1 - The General Purpose Machine
Chapter 1 Summary
• Three different views of machine structure and function
• Machine/assy. language view: registers, memory cells,
instructions.
• PC, IR,
• Fetch-execute cycle
• Programs can be manipulated as data
• No, or almost no data typing at machine level
• Architect views the entire system
• Concerned with price/performance, system balance
• Logic designer sees system as collection of functional logic
blocks.
• Must consider implementation domain
• Tradoffs: speed, power, gate fan-in, fan-out
Computer Systems Design and Architecture by V. Heuring and H. Jordan © 1997 V. Heuring and H. Jordan/ Updated January, 2001 David M. Zar