APEC SCHOOLS
1st Quarter S.Y. 2019 – 2020
SCIENCE 9
LESSON HANDOUT #3: COORDINATED FUNCTION – THE HUMAN
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Learning Objectives
 Describe the mechanism of respiratory
system
 Determine the parts and functions of the
respiratory system
 Enumerate common respiratory diseases
that are caused by tobacco and cigarette
smoking
Respiration – important life process that allows
the gas exchange in organisms
Respire – means to breathe in and out to allow
gas exchange.
Gas exchange – the exchange of gases
between an organism and the environment.
Organisms have different ways to perform gas
exchange with the environment.
PARTS OF THE HUMAN RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM
1. Air Passages – it is composed of the following:
a.1 External Nostrils
a.2 Nasal Passages
a.3 Pharynx
a.4 Larynx
a.5 Trachea
a.6 Bronchi
a.7 Bronchioles
a.8 Alveoli
2. Lungs
3. Thoracic cavity (Chest Cavity), Ribs and
Diaphragm
PATH OF AIR INTO THE LUNGS
1. External Nostrils is where the air usually
enters your body. It leads to the nasal
passages lined with mucus that makes the
inhaled air warm and moist.
2. Pharynx or also known as the throat.
3. Trachea or also known as windpipe. It is a
made up of rings of C-shaped cartilages that
is lined with mucus-secreting cells and cilia
(small hairs) that dust-trapped.
4. Bronchi it is the two tubes that carries the
air into the lungs. Each bronchus branches
repeatedly, giving rise to the bronchioles.
5. Bronchioles are very fine tubes. Each
bronchiole ends in a cluster of air sacs or
alveoli.
6. Air sacs or Alveoli – It is where gas
exchange happened. It is made-up of tiny
blood vessels that allows air to be diffused
into the blood.
MECHANISM OF BREATHING
Breathing – it is a part of the gas exchange
process. It refers to the contraction of the
muscles and the movement of the ribs which
helps in the moving in and out of air in the lungs.
Two phases:
Inhalation – Taking in of air (oxygen)
Exhalation – Giving out of air (carbon dioxide)
Parts Involved in the Breathing Mechanism:
Chest Cavity - This is composed of 12 pairs of
ribs, wherein 10 of which is attached to the
backbone (at the back) to the sternum (in front).
Between each rib are muscles we call as
intercostal muscles (external and internal) that
contract and relaxes when we breathe. The ribs
and the muscles caged the lungs and the heart
and provides protection to both the lungs and the
heart.
Diaphragm – It is an elastic tissue that
separates the chest cavity to the abdomen. It
controls the volume of air inside the lungs.
Components Inhalation Exhalation
Diaphragm Contracts Relaxes and
and Flattens Arches
upwards
Intercostal External – External –
Muscles contracts relaxes
Internal - Intercostal -
relaxes contracts
 Ribs Moves Moves RESPIRATORY DISEASES
upwards and downwards Prolonged exposure to chemicals present in
outwards and inwards tobacco smoke may cause the following
Lungs Expands Compressed common diseases:
Volume of Air Increases Decreases 1. Chronic Bronchitis
Atmospheric Higher Lower (Allows It is characterized by having inflamed
Pressure (Allows air to air to move bronchi, excessive mucus, cilia are
paralyzed and cannot remove dust particles,
compared to enter the out of the
air passages are blocked and has difficulty in
the Lungs lungs) lungs)
breathing with too persistent coughing.
2. Emphysema
MECHANISM OF GAS EXCHANGE It is characterized by lungs losing its
1. Blood that enters the lungs has a low elasticity, decreased in the surface area for
concentration of oxygen and high gas exchange which results to violent
concentration of carbon dioxide coughing difficulty in breathing with
(deoxygenated blood). wheezing sound.
2. While in the alveoli, there is a high 3. Lung cancer
concentration of oxygen and low It is characterized by the uncontrollable
concentration of carbon dioxide. division of the cells producing lumps of
3. Through the process of diffusion, oxygen tissues. Cancer cells can spread in different
from the alveoli diffuses into the blood organs such as mouth, throat, pancreas,
capillaries. Carbon dioxide will be diffused in kidneys and urinary bladder.
the opposite direction.
4. This continuous oxygen-carbon dioxide
concentration gradient between the blood ADDITIONAL RESOURCES:
and the alveoli are maintained by:
 http://wikieducator.org/Respiratory_Syst
 a continuous flow of blood through the blood em
capillaries; and
 https://www.edhelper.com/teachers/heal
 movement of the air in and out of the alveoli, th_Respiratory_System.htm
caused of breathing.
5. Blood that leaves the lungs has a high
concentration of oxygen and low
concentration of carbon dioxide (oxygenated
blood).

TOBACCO AND SMOKING

Tobacco smoke or cigarette contains more than
4000 chemicals, most of which are harmful to the
body. Below are the list of common chemicals
and their effects on the body.

Chemicals in Effects on the body.

tobacco or
cigarette
Nicotine Increase heartbeat rate and
blood pressure.
Increase blood clotting
Tar and Increase the risk of lung
Irritants (e.g. cancer.
formaldehyde,
hydrogen Trapped dust particles in the
cyanide) lungs that cannot be
removed.
Carbon Reduces the ability of the
monoxide blood to carry oxygen.
Increase heartbeat rate and
blood pressure.