Chemical Bonding

Ionic, Covalent and Metallic

 Ions
Ions form when atoms lose or gain electrons.
Atoms with few valence electrons tend to lose them to form
cations.
Atoms with many valence electrons tend to gain electrons
to form anions.

Na Mg N O F Ne

Na + 2+
Mg N3- O2- F-
Cations Anions
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 Ionic Bonds
● An electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged
ions i.e. an anion and a cation.

● Ionic compounds do not form molecules but form giant

lattice structures.
 Ionic Bonding Example: Na and Cl
In ionic bonding one atom has a stronger attraction for
electrons than the other, and gains electrons from a second
atom

1) e– 2)

Na Cl
3)

Na + Cl–

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 Stable Octet Rule
Na atom 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 One electron extra

Cl atom 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5 One electron short of a stable octet

Na+ Ion 1s2 2s2 2p6 Stable octet

Cl- Ion 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 Stable octet

Positive ions attract negative ions forming ionic bonds.

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 Ionic Bonding
The array is repeated over and over to form the crystal
lattice.

Model of a
Sodium
chloride
crystal
Each Na+ ion is surrounded by 6 other Cl- ions. Each Cl- ion is
surroundedby 6 other Na+ ions

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 Ionic Bonding
● The shape and form of the crystal lattice depend on
several factors:

• The size of the ions

• The charges of the ions
• The relative numbers of
positive and negative ions

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 Characteristics of ionic bonds
1. Crystalline solids at
room temperatures.
2. High melting points
and boiling points.
3. Conducts electrical
current in molten or
solution state but not
in the solid state.
4. More soluble in polar
solvents such as water.

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● b
● n
Covalent Bonds

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 Octet Rule and Covalent Bonds
● A covalent bond is the electrostatic attraction between a
shared pair of electrons and positive nuclei. It is a result
of nonmetals sharing electrons.

● Some atoms form stable molecules that have central

atom with fewer than 8 electrons. This is called and
incomplete octet.

● Some molecules structure can be drawn using the octet

rule or the expanded octet.
 Covalent Bonding
∙A covalent bond exists where groups of atoms (or molecules)
share 1 or more pairs of electrons.

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 Coordinate Covalent Bonds
● Coordinate covalent bonds occur when one atom donates
both of the electrons that are shared between two atoms

● Coordinate covalent
bonds are also called

dative Bonds

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● g
 Electronegativity
● If the 2 atoms are the same then the bond is non-polar.

● If the difference is less than 0.4/0.5 then the bond is considered to be non-polar.

● Between 0.5 and 1.6 then it is considered polar covalent.

● Between 1.7 and 2.0 – for non-metal and metal then it is ionic, 2 non-metals then
polar covalent.

● Difference in electronegativity that are greater than 2.0 are considered to be ionic
bonds. Metals and non-metals forming a bond is considered to be ionic. 2
nonmetals then bond is covalent.
 Try these
● Determine if the following combinations of atoms will result
in a non-polar covalent, polar covalent or ionic bond.
● Na – Cl
● C – Cl
● C–H
● N–H
● N–O
● B–H
 Drawing a Covalent Diagram
a. Calculate the number of electrons there would be if each atom had full
outer shell.

b. Then calculate the number of valence electrons that are present.

c. Subtract answer for a from b. Now divide by 2. This gives you the number
of bonds present in the molecule.

d. Find the central atom and draw the molecule.

(The number of bonds formed is equal to the number of electrons needed for
a full octet unless there is a dative covalent bond.)
Cl2
CO2
HCN
C2H4
 Bond length and Bond strength
● The more pairs of e shared, stronger the bond and shorter
the bond length.

0.124 nm

0.143 nm
Polar bonds - Unequal Sharing
Water
Dipoles in symmetric molecules

Dipoles cancel to give nonpolar molecules

Dipoles in non-symmetric molecules

Dipoles don’t cancel to give polar molecules

 Polar Covalent Molecules
A polar covalent bond has an uneven distribution of charge
due to an unequal sharing of bonding electrons.

In this case the molecule

is also polar since the
bonds in the molecule are
arranged so that the
charge is not
symmetrically distributed

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 Polarity
● If there are equal polar bonds that balance each other
around the central atom, then the overall molecule will
be NONPOLAR with no dipole moment, even though the
bonds within the molecule may be polar.  

- Polar bonds cancel - Polar bonds do not cancel

- There is no dipole moment - There is a net dipole moment -
- Molecule is non-polar The molecule is polar
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 Molecules with polar bonds are
not always polar
● This depends on two factors:
Difference in electronegativity b/w the atoms in the
molecule.
AND The shape of the molecule
● For each of these molecules, identify any polar bonds and
label the poles on the atoms. Is the molecule polar?

● HBr
● CO2
● ClF
● O2
● NF3
 Covalent Solids
● Crystal with regularly repeating covalent bonds
● Giant covalent bonds
● Macromolecule

● Simple or molecular
covalent substances
 Allotropes
● Different forms of an element in the same physical state
● Graphite
● Diamond
● Fullerene
● Graphene
Silicon and Silicon dioxide
 Intermolecular Forces
● Van der Waals:
● London dispersion forces
2 Induced dipole (London dispersion forces)

● Dipole-dipole forces
2 Permanent dipoles or

1 Permanent dipole and 1 induced dipole

● Hydrogen bonding (H-bonding refers to attraction between lone pair on F, O

or N and hydrogen that is covalently bonded to F, O or N. Is there any H that is
bonded to F, O or N in CH3F?)
 How do intermolecular forces
affect boiling points?
● HF and HCl
● H2O and H2S
● NH3 and PH3
● CH3OCH3 and CH3CH2OH
● CH3CH2CH3, CH3CHO and CH3CH2OH
 o
IMFs and boiling points/ C
● CH4 -161.7
● CH3 CH3 -88.6
● CH3 CH2 CH3 -42.1
● CH3CH2CH2CH3 -0.5
● CH3CH2CH2CH2 CH3 36.1
● CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 68.7
● CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 98.4
● CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 125.7
● CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 150.8
● CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 174.0
Chemical Bonding and
VSEPR

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 Valence Shell Electron Pair
Repulsion
● Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory
can be used to predict the shapes of molecules.

● VSEPR revolves around the principle that electrons

repel each other.

● One can predict the shape of a molecule by finding a

pattern where electron pairs are as far from each
other as possible.

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 Bonding Electrons and Lone Pairs
● In a molecule some of the
valence electrons are shared
between atoms to form
covalent bonds. These are
called bonding electrons.

● Other valence electrons may

not be shared with other
atoms. These are called
non-bonding electrons or
they are often referred to as
lone pairs.
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 VSEPR: Predicting the shape
● For VSEPR, multiple bonds count as just one

● Non-bonding pairs exert greater repulsion than bonding pairs

Electron domain = region of shared pairs of electrons around central

atom

Electron domain = lone pairs + bonded pairs

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Molecular geometry with 2,3 and 4 electron domains
Metallic Bonding

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 Metallic bond
● Electrostatic attraction between a lattice of positive ions
and sea of delocalized electrons.
Metallic bond
Metallic Bonding
Malleable
Malleable
Metal Ductility
 Metallic conductivity
● Conductivity
 Key properties of metallic bonds

● Electrical conductivity
● Malleability
● These properties have
impacted economics and
history

● Conducts electricity