THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION

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INTRODUCTION
 The present electrical power system is a complex interconnection
of Generating stations-Transmission systems- Receiving stations-
Distribution systems and Load points.

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 In all the above phases of power flow, the transfer of electrical
energy takes place in the electric substations.

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 Basically an electrical sub station consists of a number of
incoming circuits and out going circuits connected to common bus
bar systems.
 Bus bars are conducting bars to which a number of incoming or
out going circuits are connected.
 Each circuit connected to the bus bar will have certain electrical
component such as circuit breakers, isolators, earth switches,
current transformers and voltage transformers.
 These components are connected in a definite sequence such that a
circuit can be switched off during normal operation by manual
command and also automatically during up normal conditions 2
such as short circuits.
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 INTRODUCTION
 A sub station receives electrical power from generating station through
incoming transmission lines / or cables and delivers electrical power

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through the out going transmission lines / or cables .
 Sub station is an integral part of a power system and is an important link
between the generating stations, transmission systems, distribution systems

Mohamed Makhlouf
and load points.

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THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION
 Design considerations
 The sub station is designed with an objective to provide maximum

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reliability, flexibility, continuity of service and to meet these objectives
with the lowest investment costs that satisfy system requirement.
 System requirements include the selection of optimum voltage levels

Mohamed Makhlouf
depending on the load requirements and the transmission distances
involved. Generally, the generating source will be far away from the load
centers. The advantage of capitalizing on low site costs, availability of
ample cooling water supply, economical fuel supply and less stringent
environmental considerations compel construction of generating source far
away from load centers, there by, increasing transmission distances.
 Hence, to transmit power over long distances the transmission voltage is to
be increased and in our country 500 kV is becoming common and higher
voltages for transmission is being explored. Many factors such as voltage
level, load capacity, site space limitations, transmission line right of way
requirement and environmental considerations influence the design of sub
stations. 4

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 Design considerations
 The system requirement must be met with minimum costs as the cost of
equipment, labor, land and site treatment is increasing every day.

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Mohamed Makhlouf
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Bus layout and switching arrangement
 Since the major sub station costs are reflected in the power
transformers, circuit breakers and disconnecting switches, the bus
layout and switching arrangement selected will determine the number

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of switches and power circuit breakers required.
 A number of factors must be considered in the selection of bus layouts

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and switching arrangements for a sub station to meet system and
station requirements.
 A sub station must be reliable, economical, safe, and as simple in
design as possible.

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Sub station layout and bus bar schemes
 The term layout denotes the physical arrangement of various
components in the sub station relative to one another. The layout is

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significant as it influences the operation, maintenance, cost and
protection of the sub station. These aspects are considered while
designing the sub station layout.

Mohamed Makhlouf
With the given number of incoming lines, out going lines, transformers,
etc., the sub station can be designed in several alternative ways.
 The physical arrangement of the equipment is called the layout of the
sub station. The layout is illustrated by means of single line diagrams.
 The design of sub station layout need careful consideration of several
aspects such as:

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Sub station layout and bus bar schemes
 Switching requirement for normal operation.
 Switching requirement during up normal conditions like short circuits

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and overloads.
 Degree of flexibility in operations, simplicity.

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 Freedom from total shutdowns.
 Maintenance requirements, space for approaching various equipment
for maintenance.
 Road/ rail for transporting main and auxiliary equipment.
 Safety of personnel.
 Protective zones for main and back up protection.
 Provision for bye pass facilities and for extensions, space
requirements.
 Technical requirements such as ratings, clearances, earth system, 8
lightning protection.
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Sub station layout and bus bar schemes
 Requirement for SCADA and communication.

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 Compatibility for local and ambient condition.
 The choice of bus bar schemes for ac yards depend upon several
factors mentioned above. The important bus bar schemes are:

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 Single bus bar
 Double bus bar with one breaker per circuit
 Double bus bar with two breaker per circuit
 Main and transfer bus
 Ring bus or Mesh scheme
 Breaker and a half(1 1/2 breaker) arrangement

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Sub station layout and bus bar schemes
The various schemes are generally compared to emphasize their
advantage and limitations.

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 The basis of comparison is generally the degree of reliability &
economic justification.

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 The degree of reliability is evaluated by determining continuity of
service under anticipated operating conditions and possible faults.

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 VARIOUS BUS BAR SCHEMES

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 SINGLE BUS BAR SCHEME

Mohamed Makhlouf
BUS
ISOLATOR

BREAKER

CURRENT TRANSFORMER

POWER TRANSFORMER
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Single bus bar scheme
 Advantage –Lowest cost

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 Disadvantage:
1. Maintenance without interruption of supply is not possible.

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2. Sub station can not be extended without completely de-energizing
the sub station

Can be used only where loads can be interrupted or have other supply
arrangements. Least flexibility.

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 VARIOUS BUS BAR SCHEMES

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 SINGLE BUS BAR SCHEME WITH BUS SECTIONALISER

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BUS SECTION‐1 BUS SECTION‐2

SECTIONALISER ISOLATOR

BREAKER
CURRENT TRANSFORMER

POWER TRANSFORMER

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SINGLE BUS BAR SCHEME WITH BUS SECTIONALISER

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Sectionalizing the single bus improves slightly the reliability if the
incoming and out going circuits are distributed evenly on both the
sections.

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 Where double feed is provided for any single load it is preferable to
have one circuit from each section.
 In this arrangement each section behaves as a separate bus bar and
any outage can be confined to one section of the bus bar.

 Only the faulty section will be tripped by bus differential

protection.

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 DOUBLE BUS BAR WITH ONE BREAKER PER CIRCUIT

BUS‐1

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BUS‐2

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BUS COUPLER
BREAKER

BREAKER

POWER TRANSFORMER

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THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION
Double bus bar with one breaker per circuit
 This arrangement has the following advantages:

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 Each load may be fed from either bus.
 Operational flexibility may be increased by grouping the incoming and
out going feeders in separate groups.

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 Either bus bar can be taken out for maintenance.
 Bus coupler helps in ‘on load change over ‘from one bus to the other.
 Adopted where load and continuity justify additional cost.
 A major disadvantage is that the breaker can not be taken out for
maintenance without interrupting supply to the concerned circuit.
 Bus protection scheme may cause loss of sub station when it operates if
all circuits are connected to that bus.
 High exposure to bus faults.
 Line breaker failure takes all circuits connected to that bus out of
service.
 Bus tie breaker failure takes the entire sub station out of service. 16

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DOUBLE MAIN BUS & CB BYPASS ISOLATOR SYSTEM

T/F-1 T/F-2

BAY1 BAY2 BAY4 BAY6 BAY7

BUS-1

BUS-2 BUS COUPLER

BAY3 BAY5

FOR ANY CB PROBLEM OR FOR

PREVENTIVE MAINTANENCE, SUCH
FEEDER CAN BE SHIFTED TO ANOTHER
BUS AND THE BYPASS ISOLATOR IS
CLOSED, THEN PROTECTION IS
TRANSFERRED TO BUS COUPLER AND
THE FAULTY CB CAN BE ISOLATED.
FEEDER1 FEEDER2 FEEDER3 FEEDER4

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 MAIN AND TRANSFER BUS

MAIN BUS

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TIE BREAKER BREAKER

TRANSFER BUS

LINE LINE
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 Main and transfer bus
 This is an alternative to double bus single breaker arrangement
which provided for change over to either bus for carrying out
maintenance on other bus. But it provided no facility for breaker

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maintenance without interrupting power supply to the concerned
circuit.
 The main and transfer bus works the other way round.

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 This arrangement provides facility for carrying out breaker
maintenance but does not permit bus maintenance.
 Any breaker can be taken out of service for maintenance.
 Wherever maintenance is required on any breaker, the circuit is
changed over to the transfer bus and controlled through the bus
coupler breaker.
 Potential devices may be used on the main bus for relaying.
 The cost is increased due to use of an extra isolator for each circuit
and providing interlock for bus coupler and circuit isolators.
 Relaying sensitivity decreases as the same bus coupler is used to 19
energize the concerned circuit for all the circuit breakers whenever
they are taken out for maintenance. 19
DOUBLE MAIN BUS & TRANSFER BUS SYSTEM
T/F-1 T/F-2

BUS-1

BUS COUPLER
BUS-2

TRANSFER BUS
COUPLER
BAY3 BAY4 BAY5
BAY1 BAY2 TRANSFER BUS BAY6 BAY7 BAY8

FEEDER1 FEEDER2 FEEDER3 FEEDER4

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BUS BAR ARRANGEMENTS

Double Bus Bar Arrangement with Transfer Bus.

This arrangement provides more additional flexibility, continuity of

Power Supply, permits periodic maintenance without total shut down
as the two main buses can be operated independently with the same
redundancy.

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 Double bus bar with two breaker per circuit

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Mohamed Makhlouf
BUS‐1

BREAKER

BUS‐2

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LINE LINE
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 DOUBLE BUS BAR WITH TWO BREAKER PER CIRCUIT

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 Each circuit has two dedicated breakers.

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 Has flexibility in permitting feeder circuits to be connected to either
bus.
 Any breaker can be taken out of service for maintenance.
 High reliability.
 Most expensive. Used only in large generating stations where security
of connection is paramount.

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THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION
Ring bus or mesh scheme

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ISOLATOR

Mohamed Makhlouf
BREAKER

LINE

POWER TRANSFORMER

LINE
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 Ring bus or mesh scheme
 In this scheme the breakers are arranged in a ring with circuits
connected between breakers.

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 There are the same number of circuits as there are breakers.
 During normal operation, all breakers are closed. For a circuit fault,
two breakers are tripped, and in the event one of the breaker fails to

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operate to clear the fault, an additional circuit will be tripped by
operation of breaker- failure back up relays.
 During breaker maintenance, the ring is broken, but all lines remain
in service.
 The circuits connected to the ring are arranged so that sources are
alternated with loads.
 For an extended circuit outage, the line isolator may be opened and
the ring can be closed.
 No changes to protective relays are required for any of the various
operating conditions or during maintenance.
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THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION

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 Ring bus or mesh scheme
 The ring bus scheme is economical in cost, has good reliability, is safe
for operation, is flexible, and is normally considered suitable for

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important sub stations up to a limit of five circuits.

 It is common practice to build major sub stations initially as a ring

bus; for more than five outgoing circuits, the ring bus is usually
developed to the breaker-and-a-half scheme.

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THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION
One and a half breaker arrangement.

This arrangement provides three circuit breakers for every two circuits. It gives
high security against loss of supply but higher cost is involved. Hence this is
provided for important 400/220 KV Sub Stations.

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THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION
BREAKER -AND -A -HALF SCHEME

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BUS‐1
ISOLATOR

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BREAKER

LINE

TIE BREAKER

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BUS‐2 28
 I-CONFIGUARATION
FEEDER1 FEEDER3 FEEDER5 FEEDER7 FEEDER9 FEEDER11

BUS-1 DIA1 DIA2 DIA3 DIA4 DIA5 DIA6

BAY10

BAY13

BAY16
BAY4

BAY7
BAY1

BAY14

BAY17
BAY11
BAY8
BAY2

BAY5

BAY12

BAY18
BAY15
BAY9
BAY3

BAY6

BUS-2

FEEDER2 FEEDER4 FEEDER6 FEEDER8 FEEDER10 29

FEEDER12
D-CONFIGUARATION
FEEDER1 FEEDER2 FEEDER5 FEEDER6 FEEDER9 FEEDER10

BAY2 BAY8 BAY14

BAY13

BAY15
BAY3

BAY9
BAY1

BAY7
DIA1 DIA3 DIA5

BUS-1

BUS-2

BAY18
BAY10

BAY12
BAY6

BAY16
BAY4

DIA2 DIA4 DIA6

BAY5 BAY11 BAY17

FEEDER3 FEEDER4 FEEDER7 FEEDER8 FEEDER11 FEEDER12

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 Breaker -and -a -half scheme
 The breaker and a half scheme, some times called the three switch
scheme, has three breakers in series between the main buses.

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 Two circuits are connected between the three breakers, hence the term
breaker and a half.

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 This pattern is repeated along the main buses so that one and a half
breakers are used for each circuit.
 Under normal operating conditions all breakers are closed and both
buses are energized.
 A circuit is tripped by opening the two associated circuit breakers.
 Tie breaker failure will trip one additional circuit, but no additional
circuit is lost if a line trip involves failure of a bus breaker.
 Either bus may be taken out of service at any time with no loss of
service.
 With sources connected opposite loads, it is possible to operate with
both buses out of service. 31

 Breaker maintenance can be done with no loss of service, no relay

changes, and simple operation of the breaker isolators. 31
 Breaker -and -a -half scheme
 The breaker-and-a-half arrangement is more expensive than other schemes,

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except the double-breaker-double-bus scheme.
However, the breaker-and-a-half scheme is superior in flexibility, reliability,
and safety.

Mohamed Makhlouf
Protective relaying and automatic re-closing schemes are more complex
than for other schemes and hence costly.

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