CHAPTER 4

Flexural Members

Engr. Mark Anthony D. Ramos, RMP

First Semester, 2017-2018

 TOPIC OUTLINE
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Yield Moment and Plastic Moment
4.3 Classification of Shapes
4.4 Bending Strength
4.5 Shear Strength
4.6 Deflection Limit
4.7 Design

First Semester, 2017-2018

 4.1 INTRODUCTION
❏ Beams are structural member designed to carry
transverse loads along its longitudinal axis.
❏ Loads are transferred to points supporting the beam.
❏ Classified based on their supports, location, and
function.

First Semester, 2017-2018

 4.1 INTRODUCTION
● Classification of beam according to support:

First Semester, 2017-2018

 4.1 INTRODUCTION
Classification of beam based on function:
❏ Floor beam
❏ Roof beam
❏ Floor joist
❏ Girder
❏ Stringer
❏ Purlins
❏ Rafter and Girt
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 4.2 YIELD MOMENT AND PLASTIC MOMENT
Assumptions:
1. Moments are applied in plane of symmetry of
cross- section.
2. No axial load present.
3. No deformation on the transverse section of
element after load application

First Semester, 2017-2018

 4.2 YIELD MOMENT AND PLASTIC MOMENT
Assumptions:
4. Linear stress-strain diagram
5. Material of beam has same stress-strain
characteristics in compression as in tension.

First Semester, 2017-2018

 4.2 YIELD MOMENT AND PLASTIC MOMENT
➢ Yield Moment,
❏ Also known as bending moment
❏ Corresponding bending moment for which the
extreme fibers of the section just plastify

❏ Generally, bending stress, is

 4.2 YIELD MOMENT AND PLASTIC MOMENT
➢ Plastic Moment
❏ Corresponding bending moment where the entire
cross-sectional area has plastified

First Semester, 2017-2018

 4.2 YIELD MOMENT AND PLASTIC MOMENT
➢ Shape Factor,
❏ Geometric characteristic of cross-section
❏ Indication of extra moment capacity that a
material can develop
❏ Ratio of the plastic moment, , to the yield
moment,

First Semester, 2017-2018

 SAMPLE PROBLEM 1
Determine the values S, Z, and about the x-axis for the
built-up, mono-symmetric I-shape shown. The shape is
obtained by welding flange plates (PL 2x10 and PL 2x6)
to a web plate (PL 1x18).

First Semester, 2017-2018

 4.3 CLASSIFICATION OF SHAPES
❏ Based on plate local buckling
❏ AISC classifies shapes according to the following:
1. Compact Section
2. Noncompact Section
3. Slender-Element Section
❏ Depends on width-to-thickness ratio, λ
First Semester, 2017-2018
 4.3 CLASSIFICATION OF SHAPES
1. Compact Section

❏ sections which can develop a fully plastic stress

distribution

❏ flange is continuously connected to web

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 4.3 CLASSIFICATION OF SHAPES
2. Non-compact Section

❏ sections which can develop yield stress in

compression before local buckling occurs
❏ will not resist inelastic local buckling

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 4.3 CLASSIFICATION OF SHAPES
3. Slender Element Section

❏ sections which develop local buckling elastically

before yield stress is achieved

★ Values of can be found in AISC Table B4.1

First Semester, 2017-2018
 4.4 BENDING STRENGTH
★ Procedure:
1. Determine the classification of shape:
➔ Compact
➔ Noncompact
➔ Slender
2. If compact, check for the following:
➔ Yielding
➔ Lateral Torsional Buckling (LTB)
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 4.4 BENDING STRENGTH
★ Procedure:
3. If noncompact, check for the ff:
➔ LTB
➔ Flange Local Buckling (FLB)
➔ Web Local Buckling (WLB)

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 4.4 BENDING STRENGTH
★ Factors:

★ Yielding Strength:

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 4.4 BENDING STRENGTH
➔ Lateral Torsional Buckling, LTB

First Semester, 2017-2018

 4.4 BENDING STRENGTH
➔ Lateral Torsional Buckling, LTB

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 4.4 BENDING STRENGTH
➔ Lateral Torsional Buckling, LTB

Where:

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 4.4 BENDING STRENGTH
➔ Lateral Torsional Buckling, LTB

Where:
 4.4 BENDING STRENGTH
➔ Flange Local Buckling

First Semester, 2017-2018

 SAMPLE PROBLEM 2
Determine the flexural strength of a W14x68 of A242
steel subject to:

a. Continuous lateral support

b. An unbraced length of 20 feet with Cb = 1.0
c. An unbraced length of 30 feet with Cb = 1.0

First Semester, 2017-2018

 SAMPLE PROBLEM 3
A simply supported beam with a span length of 45 feet
is laterally supported at its end and is subjected to the
following service loads:

Dead Load = 400 lb/ft (including self-weight)

Live Load = 1000 lb/ft

If Fy = 50 ksi, is a W14x90 adequate?

First Semester, 2017-2018

 SAMPLE PROBLEM 4
Determine the required flexural strength of W18x50,
ASTM A992 beam shown below. The beam is simply
supported and is braced at both ends and at center
point. Consider LRFD.

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 4.4 BENDING STRENGTH (weak axis)
★ Yielding
★ Flange Local Buckling

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 SAMPLE PROBLEM 5
Determine the required flexural strength of W12x58,
ASTM A992 beam shown below. Uniform loads are
applied at the beam’s weak axis. The beam is simply
supported and is braced at both ends only. Consider
LRFD.

First Semester, 2017-2018

 4.5 SHEAR STRENGTH
➢ Shear Limit State for Beams
❏ Shear yielding of web
➔ excessive deformation
❏ Shear buckling of web
➔ buckling of slender webs prior to yielding

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 4.5 SHEAR STRENGTH
★ Factors:

However, for webs of rolled I-shaped members with

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 4.5 SHEAR STRENGTH
★ Nominal Shear Strength
❏ applies for members with unstiffened and
stiffened webs
❏ for singly or doubly symmetric members and
channels subject to shear in plane of web

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 4.5 SHEAR STRENGTH
★ Nominal Shear Strength

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 4.5 SHEAR STRENGTH
★ Shear Buckling Reduction Factor,
❏ Rolled I-shaped members with :

❏ For (shear yielding):

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 4.5 SHEAR STRENGTH
★ Shear Buckling Reduction Factor,
❏ For (inelastic):

❏ For (elastic):

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 4.5 SHEAR STRENGTH
★ Web Plate Buckling Coefficient,
❏ For unstiffened webs with :

except tees where

❏ For stiffened webs:

Or

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 SAMPLE PROBLEM 5
Determine the shear strength adequacy of W24x62
ASTM A992 (Fy = 50) steel beam with end shears of 48
kips dead load and 145 kips live load. Consider LRFD.

First Semester, 2017-2018

 4.5 SHEAR STRENGTH
★ Other Nominal Shear Strength
❏ For single angles
❏ AISC Section G.4
❏ Rectangular HSS
❏ AISC Section G.5
❏ Weak axis shear in singly and doubly
symmetric shapes
❏ AISC Section G.7
*difference: Aw & kv
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4.6 DEFLECTION LIMIT

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4.6 DEFLECTION LIMIT
★ Methods
● Double Integration
● Moment-Area
● Conjugate-Beam
● Energy Methods
● Unit Load Method
● Slope-Deflection Method
● Three-moment Equation
● Matrix Analysis
 4.6 DEFLECTION LIMIT
★ Fixed-End Moments
 4.7 DESIGN OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS
★ Procedure:
1. Compute for required moment strength.
2. Assume compact section that is braced continuously
(Mn=Mp) and compute for Zx.
3. Select shape that satisfies the strength requirement.
4. Compute for the beam moment capacity.
5. Compare with the applied moment including
self-weight of the beam.
6. Check for deflection and shear strength.
First Semester, 2017-2018
 SAMPLE PROBLEM 6
Select a standard hot-rolled shape of A992 steel for a
simply supported beam. The beam has continuous
lateral support and must support a uniform service live
load of 4.5 kips/ft applied to its strong axis. The
maximum permissible live load deflection is L/240.

First Semester, 2017-2018

THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING!
Engr. Mark Anthony D. Ramos, RMP

First Semester, 2017-2018