Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Plastic Surgery
- surgical specialty involving the restoration,
reconstruction, or alteration of the human
body
- Advantages: attainment of desired features,
correction/reconstruction of parts damaged
by health issues
- Disadvantages: cost, risks and possible
complications such as infections and
implant leakage
Vaccines
- preventive drugs; administration of antigenic
material to stimulate an individual's immune
system to develop adaptive immunity to a
pathogen
- Advantages: prevents the spread of
diseases
- Disadvantages: not 100% guaranteed, mild
reactions to the vaccine, natural immunity
(ex: contracting chicken pox to develop
antibodies) > artificial immunity (vaccines)
Transmission Electron Microscope Estimate Specimen Size = 1/N x HPO FOV; where
- Beam of electrons is absorbed through the N is the no. of cells that can fit in the FOV
specimen
- Creates a clear, detailed image on a TV-like 1 mm = 1000 micrometer
screen
- 2D, black and white Parts of a Microscope
- 200,000x - 500,000x
Mechanical - used to support and adjust the parts
Measurements in Microscopy
Magnifying - used to enlarge specimen
Resolution
- Shortest distance between 2 points on a Illuminating - used to provide light
specimen that can still be observed as Laboratory Equipment
separate entities
Compound Microscope- magnifies microscopic
Magnification organisms or specimen
- Process of enlarging something in
appearance, NOT in physical size Stereomicroscope - used to magnify large
specimen
Field of Vision
- Diameter of the circle of light seen through Coverslip/Glass Slide- container for the specimen
the eyepiece to be viewed under the microscope
Higher Magnification, Lower FOV, Lower Light, Test Tube - a container for small samples under
Lower Working Distance observation
Test Tube Rack - a stand where test tubes are
placed for observation Petrol,
Flammable Catches Kerosene,
fire easily Alcohol,
Alcohol Lamp - used for heating samples and Hydrogen
substances
9) Life forms contain DNA/pass on traits to their Nucleic Acids Nucleotides Phosphodiester
offsprings
- DNA = genetic material
- Molecular blueprint of life
Formation of Polymers
- Gives us our identity
- Polymerization: Dehydration Synthesis
- DNA → mRNA → Proteins (Releases H2O)
Biomolecules
Nutrient Test
Biomolecules can be broken apart (catabolism) or
be built (anabolism)
Carbohydrates
- Main source of energy for cell activities
(starch & sugar)
- Made up of the elements carbon, hydrogen,
and oxygen
Polymerization: Dehydration Synthesis (Releases
- Long chains of monosaccharides (sugar
H2O)
molecules) bonded together form
polysaccharides
-down of Polymers
- Important polysaccharides found in living
- Hydrolysis Reaction (Adds H2O to break the
things are starch & glucose
bond)
- Monomers
- The simple sugars
- Glucose (blood sugar) is used as the
main energy source in the body
- Fructose is a sugar found in honey
or fruits
- Galactose is a sugar found in milk
and yogurt
- Disaccharide - two sugar monomers formed
through dehydration synthesis
*hydrolysis vs. hydration - Sucrose (common table sugar) =
- hydrolysis occurs at the molecular level glucose + fructose
while hydration occurs at the macro-level - Lactose (major sugar found in milk)
= glucose + galactose
Nature and Structure (Sir Cheo) - Maltose (product of starch digestion)
Organic vs. Inorganic Compounds = glucose + glucose
- Organic: composed of carbons structured in - Polymers
chains or rings covalently bonded to - The complex carbohydrates
hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen - Starch & cellulose are long chains of
- Carbon atoms covalently bonded to one simple sugars
another - Starch - found in corn
- Inorganic: small and simple structure, - Cellulose - found in plant leaves &
usually does not contain carbons and long tree trunks (indigestible)
carbon chains - Glycogen - found in animal liver
- Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic
acids (Biomolecules) - Simple sugars are bonded together through
Glycosidic Bonds
Polymers - Ex. starch is composed of glucose
- Long molecules made of similar repeating molecules bonded together through
monomers glycosidic bonds
- Ex. nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates - Foods rich in carbohydrates
- Lipids are not polymers because they DO - Starchy Food: Bread, Cereals,
NOT have a monomer Pasta, Rice, Potatoes, Beans,
Chestnuts
- The phosphate group in a nucleotide
Lipids bonds with the 5th carbon of the first
- Include fats and oils sugar molecule
- Fats are solid in room temperature - The phosphate group then bonds
- Oils are liquid in room temperature with the 3rd carbon of the second
- In living organisms, lipids form part of the sugar molecule
structure of cell membranes (phospholipid - Flow of biological information
bilayer) DNA -> mRNA -> protein
- Extra food that is not immediately needed
as a source of energy is changed to fat and Proteins
stored - Form important cell products such as
- Lipids are a source of stored energy in living enzymes, hormones, antibodies, and
organisms hemoglobin
- Also contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen - Play an important role in cell repair and
- The monomers of lipids are fatty acids and growth
glycerol - Made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and
- Formed through the dehydration synthesis nitrogen
of fatty acids and glycerol
- Saturated fatty acids (single bonds) 4 Biomolecules (Sir Cheo)
- Solid due to the single bond
- Unsaturated fatty acids (double bonds) Carbohydrates
- Liquid due to the double covalent
bond
- Ester Linkage - connects the glycerol chain
to the fatty acid chains
- Cholesterol - constituent of membranes and
the source of steroid hormones
- Lipids in Biological Membranes
(Phospholipids)
- hydrophilic heads (polar) and
hydrophobic tails (nonpolar) create a
phospholipid bilayer
- Triglyceride - Organic compound composed of C, H & O
- Long term energy storage in a 1:2:1 ratio (except for the majority of
- The energy stored will be used when polysaccharides)
the immediate source is depleted - Function: main source of energy for all living
things
Nucleic Acids - Building block: monosaccharide
- Very large molecules made up of carbon, - Terms:
oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus Monosaccharide: glucose, galactose
- The simplest unit or building block of nucleic fructose
acids is the nucleotide Disaccharide: sucrose (gl + f), lactose (gl +
- Nucleotides are composed of a sugar ga), maltose (gl + gl)
molecule, a nitrogen base, and a phosphate Polysaccharide: starch (energy for plants),
group glycogen (energy for animals), cellulose
- Phosphodiester Bond (makes up cell walls)
- 5’ to 3’ - Linked by glycosidic bonds
- Two sugar molecules connected by
the phosphate group
- Sugars: produced by plants during
photosynthesis and are the primary sources
of energy for most organisms
- Used in cell walls of plants and other
organisms (when sugars are placed
- Made up of amino acids (peptides)
together into complex carbs like cellulose,
- Also known as polypeptides
they become strong and rigid)
- Most diverse group of biomolecules,
perform the largest variety of functions
Lipids
- Building block: amino acid
- Linked by peptide bond
- Composition of Monomer: amino group,
carboxyl group, side chain (R-group)
Proteins
Nucleic Acids;
- Main functions: heredity, protein synthesis,
energy (ex. Adenosine triphosphate or ATP)
- Building block: Nucleotide
- Linked by phosphodiester bond (phosphate
to sugar)
- Structure: phosphate group, 5 carbon sugar
(pentose), nitrogenous base
- Nitrogenous bases (linked by hydrogen
bonds):
● Purines (double ring): Adenine and
Guanine
● Pyrimidines (single ring): Cytosine,
Thymine, Uracil
- Types of pentose in nucleotide
● deoxyribose (deoxyribonucleic acid
or DNA)
● Ribose (ribonucleic acid or RNA)