21ST CENTURY REVIEWER  Prose Fiction

PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION is the classification for any story or setting that is derived
from imagination —in other words, not based strictly on
INTRODUCTION TO LITERATURE history or fact.
The Novel and the Short Story
Literature  Poetry
 Came from the Latin word, Litteratura, which It is an expression written in verse, often with some form
means writing formed with letters. of regular rhythm
 Stories, poems, and plays, especially those that are Characteristics of Poetry
considered to have value as art and not just Rhyme
entertainment. Rhyme Scheme
 Presents human experiences in various forms, like Meter and Rhythm
moods, thoughts, feelings, attitudes, and Diction
sensations in an interrelated series. Symbol
Imagery
2 Forms of Literature Literary Genre

 Prose  The Drama

-Most everyday writing is in prose The artistic work is performed as an objective occurrence
form. witnessed by the audience.
-Ideas are contained in sentences that Tragedy
are arranged into paragraphs.  In his Poetics, Aristotle
 Poetry defined tragedy as an
-Language tends to be more organized presentation
expressive, with rhyme and rhythm of human suffering.
that contribute to a different sound Comedy
and feel.  It is intended to reform.
-Ideas are contained in lines. Lines are  Not merely laughable,
arranged in stanzas. but one of the richest
ways a man has to
2 Types of Literature discover his own nature.
 Types:  Story of achievement
Fiction- a product of creative imagination, not real
Nonfiction- based on facts, real people and events  Nonfiction Prose
Based on facts, well-written prose that deals with real
Principal Ingredients of Literature people, things, events, and places.
 Subject  Creative nonfiction
 Form Writing that uses literary style and techniques to create
 Point of View factually accurate narratives.

Principal Ingredients of Literature

 Subject
Any work of literature is about something, and for this
reason, it has a subject
Theme
 Form
The vehicle used by literature to communicate its subject.
A verbal and artistic structuring of ideas.
E.g.: Sonnet
 Point of View
The angle of vision of the narrator. (first person,
omniscient, limited omniscient, etc.)

 Literary Genres
Prose fiction APPROACHES IN APPRECIATING LITERATURE
Poetry
Drama Literary Theory
Nonfiction Prose is the process of understanding what the
Creative Nonfiction nature of literature is, what functions it has,
Literary Genre what the relation of text is to author, to
reader, to language, to society, to history.
 It is not judgment but understanding of the
frames of judgment.
Literary Criticism
-Is the study, evaluation, and interpretation of
a literary text, and finding out what makes it
outstanding.
LITERARY THEORY
A. Author-dependent Approach
B. Text-dependent Approach
C. Reader-dependent Approach
AUTHOR-DEPENDENT APPROACH
1. Historical-Biographical Approach
-Assumes that a text is a reflection of the
author’s life and times.
“What does the work reveal about the author
or the history?”
2. Moral-Philosophical approach
-An approach as old as classical Greek and
Roman critics
The larger function of literature is to teach
morality
-Analyzes how sexual identity influences the
reader of the text.
-Examines how the images of men and women
in imaginative literature reflect or reject the
social forces that have historically kept the
sexes from achieving equality.
Marxism
-Focuses on the economic and political
elements of art, often emphasizing the
ideological content of literature.
-Illuminate political and economical
dimensions of literature other approaches
overlook.
Mythological Criticism
-Emphasizes “the recurrent universal patterns
underlying most literary works.”
-“Explores the artist’s common humanity by
tracing how individual imagination use myths
and symbols common to different cultures
and epochs.”
-Archetype (Carl Jung)
Symbol, character, situation, image
that evokes a deep universal
response.

TEXT-DEPENDENT APPROACH
1. Formalism
-A style of inquiry that focuses on the features
of the literary text itself.
-Emphasis on the FORM.
-Evaluates inherent features of a text.
a. Explication– the examination of the
relations of parts
b. Exegesis– the unfolding of meaning, line by
line or even word by word
2. Structuralism
-proposed by Ferdinand de Saussure
-Identifies textual feature (grammatical rather
than rhetorical) of a literary text
-Semiotics– study of signs

Reader-dependent approach
-The “meaning” is an interpretation created or
constructed or produced by the reader
(informed readers or competent readers).
Reader response theorists like to ask
questions like:
 How do we feel when we read a certain
poem or a passage from a novel?
Why do we feel that way?

Other Schools of Criticism

LITERATURE DURING PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD
Gender Criticism
-Examines how sexual identity influences the
FOLKLORES
creation and reception of literary works.
-Traditions, customs, and stories that are passed along by
-Originally an offshoot of Feminism.
word of mouth in a culture.
Feminism
-Oral Tradition
-Collected and written down only after they have been told
for many years.
Folk– ordinary people
Lore– knowledge
Folklore are grouped into four major categories:
1. Folktales
2. Fables
3. Legends
4. Myths
Folktales
A short simple story told for entertainment and to
teach values and morals to the culture it comes from.
Folktales
-Characters are ordinary humans or animals that act like
humans.
-Some have magical features (fairytale as a subcategory)
-Characters embody abstract values: greed, patience, etc.
-Themes and issues are relevant for all ages.
Fables
-A tale that illustrates a clear, often direct moral.
-Characters are often animals with human characteristics.
-Moral follows the story, usually in one sentence or simple
summary.
Legends
-A story about a person, event, or place that may have
some basis in historical facts.
-Characters are usually larger in life.
-Character’s qualities are reflective of values, attitudes, and
beliefs of the culture.
Myths
-Stories that answer and explain basic questions about the
world, gods, and natural occurrences.
-Characterization is very important; traits are revealed
through appearance, actions, words, etc.
-Deal with gods and goddesses who have human emotions.
PRE-SPANISH LITERATURE
-Pre-colonial inhabitants of our islands showcase a rich
past through their folk speeches, folk songs, folk
narratives, and indigenous rituals and mimetic dances that
affirm our ties with our Southeast Asian neighbors.
Read pages 26-28 of your textbook.
LITERATURE DURING SPANISH PERIOD
Life of the Filipinos during the Spanish Colonization
 Government of the Friars
 Racial Discrimination
 Socio-economic Classes
THE PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT
• Aimed to seek reforms and inform the Spain of the
abuses of its colonial government.
• Members of the Propaganda Movement were
called Propagandists or Reformists.
• They worked inside and outside of the Philippines.
GOALS OF PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT
• Recognition of the Filipinos as a province of Spain.
• Equal status for both Filipinos and Spaniards.
• Philippine representation in the Spanish cortes.
• Secularization of Philippine parishes.
• Recognition of Human Rights.
LA SOLIDARIDAD
• La Solidaridad (The Solidarity) was an
organization created in Spain. The organization
aimed to increase Spanish awareness of the needs
of its colony, the Philippines, and to propagate a
closer relationship between the colony and Spain.
• The official newspaper of the Propaganda
Movement.
•
Members of La Solidaridad
• Dr. José Rizal (Laong Laan at Dimasalang)
• Marcelo H. del Pilar (Plaridel)
• Graciano Lopez Jaena (Fray Botod/Diego Laura)
• Antonio Luna (Taga-Ilog)
• Mariano Ponce (Tikbalang,Kalipulako,Naning)
• Jose Maria Panganiban (Jomapa)
Graciano Lopez Jaena
• At the age of 18, he wrote Fray Botod
• Leading literary and oratorical spokesman
• Genesis of the Propaganda Movement
• Founded La Solidaridad
Marcelo H. del Pilar
• Propagandist & Satirist
• 1882: founded the newspaper Diariong Tagalog
• 1889: succeeded GLJ as Editor of La Solidaridad
2 Classifications of literary works
a. religious works (pasyon, komedya, sinakulo,
sarswela)
b. secular( awit and korido, politocal essays and
novels)
Read pages 28-30 of your textbook.
LITERATURE DURING AMERICAN PERIOD
Two Significant Developments in
Education and Culture
 1. Introduction of free public instruction for all
children of school age
2. The use of English as medium of instruction in all
levels of education in public school
Changes in Philippine Literature
1. Literary forms
free verse
modern short story
critical essay
2. English as the medium of Instruction
3. Literary Modernism
THE PERIOD OF RE-ORIENTATION (1898-1910)
-English as a literary vehicle came with the American
occupation on August 13, 1898 and by 1900, English
became the medium of instruction in public schools.
-Writers of this period were still adjusting to the newfound
freedom different from the Spanish regime where thoughts
and speech were suppressed.
THE PERIOD OF IMITATION (1910-1925)
-Writers in this period made their way into imitating the
American and British’s way of writing that resulted in rigid
and unnatural styles that lack vitality and spontaneity.
THE PERIOD OF SELF-DISCOVERY (1925-1941)
- By this time, Filipino writers had acquired the
mastery of English writing. They now confidently
and competently wrote on a lot of subjects although
the old- time favorites of love and youth persisted.
- /07/28/tungkung-langit-at-alunsina-reaction-
FEATURES OF PHILIPPINE LITERATURE UNDER
AMERICAN REGIME
 Spanish and Tagalog and the Vernaculars were the
languages used in writing during the first year in
American period, but Spanish and Tagalog were the
predominated language.
 In 1910, a new group started to write in English.
Hence, Spanish, Tagalog, the Vernaculars and finally
English, were the mediums used in literature during
these times.
 TAGALOG writers wrote about their lamentations on
the conditions of the country and their attempts to
arouse love for one’s native tongue.
 ENGLISH writers imitated the themes and methods
of the Americans
Jose Garcia Villa (Doveglion)
 He was awarded the National Artist of the Philippines
title for literature
 He is known to have introduced the "reversed
consonance rhyme scheme" in writing poetry, as well
as the extensive use of punctuation marks—
especially commas, which made him known as the
Comma Poet.
 “art for art’s sake”
Angela Manalang- Gloria
 Known as the matriarch of Filipino Women poets
writing in English
 One of the writers who turned up “seditious works”
 She authored “Soledad”
Alejandro G. Abadilla
 His poetry began the era of modernism in Tagalog
poetry
 Influence other modern poets such as Almario,
Pedro Ricarte, and Roland S. Tinio

Paz Marquez Benitez
 Authored the first Filipino modern English language
short story, Dead Stars
 She was among the first generation of Filipino
people trained in the American education system
which used English as the medium of instruction
 Became a teacher at UP teaching short story writing
(1916-1951)
 Founded Philippine Woman’s College
Modernism, a departure from the traditional rhymed,
measured, and orally recited poems. Modern poetry which
utilized free or blank verses was intended more for silent
reading than oral delivery.
Read pages 30-31 of your textbook.
NOTE:
A. Read the following literary works and their
analysis
1. Tungkung Langit and Alunsina
https://group6literatureblog.wordpress.com/2016
papers/
2. To the Flowers of Heidelberg (answ pp41-43)
3. https://www.slideshare.net/ChetVerdeflor/the-
flowers-of-heidelberg-by-dr-jose-p-rizal
4. Soledad (answer pp 66-69)
https://www.coursehero.com/file/12365960/EX
AM-LIT/
https://www.scribd.com/document/193779307/S
oledad-Analysis-Essay
B. Review Figures of Speech (pages 14- 18)
personification
metaphor
apostrophe
paradox
antithesis
symbolic
irony