Chapter 4: The Life of Jose Rizal
offspring;
Jose Rizal (1861-1896)
● was born on June 19, 1861 in
Calamba, Laguna. It is known for
being an agricultural prosperity such
as sugar, rice with abundant variety
of fruits
Wonders of Creations that made Rizal
learned to love the nature and influenced
his appreciation of the arts and sciences
● Mount Makiling
● Laguna de Bay
Francisco Engracio Mercado (1818-1898)
● Father of Jose and was a wealthy
farmer who leased lands from
Dominican friars
● Mercado means “market”
● He added the surname “Rizal”, from
the word “ricial” meaning “green
field”
● settled in Calamba as a farmer
growing sugar cane rice and indigo
● Had good education; Latin school in
Biñan, College of San Jose in Manila
● He married Teodora in 1848, had
eleven children
Teodora de Quintos Alonso (1826-1911)
● Mother of Jose, who belonged to
one of the wealthiest families in
Manila
● Her father was a member of the
Spanish Cortes (Spain’s law making
or legislative body)
● Their family became a prominent
member of the principalia (the ruling
and usually educated upper class in
Spanish colonial Philippines) class in
the town of Calamba
Francisco Mercado and Teodora Alonso’s
● Saturnina (1850-1913)
● Paciano (1851-1930)
● Narcisa (1852-1939)
● Olympia (1855-1939)
● Lucia (1857-1919)
● Maria (1859-1945)
● Jose (1861-1896)
● Conception (1862-1865)
● Josefa (1865-1945)
● Trinidad (1868-1951)
● Soledad (1870-1929)
Paciano became Rizal’s second father and
influenced his life;
● It was him who accompanied Rizal
when he first went to school in Biñan
● It was him who convinced Rizal to
pursue his studies in Europe
● Had his college education in Manila
but later decided to join the
Katipunan
CHILDHOOD AND EDUCATION
● Rizal had good memories of
childhood in Calamba
● Due to his poor health, Rizal had a
personal servant who, after the daily
Angelus, would tell him legends and
fairy tales
● His first teacher was Doña Teodora
who taught him how to pray
● Rizal experienced education under
private tutors just like the other
children from the principalia class.
● Maestro Celestino- Rizal’s first
private tutor
● Maestro Lucas Padua- Rizal’s
second tutor
● Leon Monroy- Rizal’s third private
tutor
-He is the one who honed Rizal’s
skills in Basic Latin, reading and writing.

● Rizal excelled in Latin and Spanish
in Biñan. He also had painting
lessons under Maestro Cruz’ father-
in-law, Juancho, an old painter.
● After one and a-half year, Rizal
returned to Calamba on December
17, 1870 after he received a letter
from his sister, Saturnina. He went
home on board the steamship Talim
and was accompanied by Arturo
Camps, a Frenchman and friend of
his father.
STUDENT OF MANILA
● Rizal was sent by his father to
Ateneo Municipal, formerly known as
Escuela Pia, for a six-year program,
Bachiller en Artes.
● Students in Ateneo were divided into
two groups, the Romans and the
Carthaginians.
● He became the “emperor”, a title
given to the most outstanding
student in class because of his
perseverance and seriousness in
studies.
● Rizal studied at Ateneo from 1872-
1877 and graduated with a degree
Bachelor in Artes, with the highest
honors.
● Rizal was sent by Don Francisco to
the University of Santo Tomas.
● He attended the course Philosophy
and Letters. In the same year, he
took up a vocational course in
Ateneo that gave him the title perito
agrimensor (expert surveyor).
● Rizal shifted his course to Medicine
in his second year at UST.
● In 1882, Rizal and Paciano made a
secret pact- Rizal would go to
Europe to complete his medical
studies and prepare himself for the
great task of liberating the country
from Spanish tyranny.
RIZAL IN EUROPE
● May 03, 1882 - Rizal left the
Philippines for Spain, he was twenty
years old
● June 16, 1882 - He reached
Barcelona, during summer vacation
● “El Amor Patrio” (Love of Country) -
one of the essay of Rizal and was
published on August 20, 1882 in
Diariong Tagalog where he used the
pen name Laong Laan
● November 03, 1882 - He enrolled in
Medicine and Philosophy and
Letters at Universidad Central de
Madrid (presently Universidad
Complutense de Madrid)
At the same time, he took lessons in;
● Painting and Sculpture (Academy de
San Fernando)
● Classes in French, English, German
(Madrid Ateneo)
● Fencing Class ( Schools of Sanz
and Carbonel)
● Licentiate in Medicine - degree and
title awarded by passing the medical
examination in June 1884
Reasons why Doctorate in Medicine degree
was not given to Rizal;
● He failed to pay the fee required to
defend his thesis
● Effect of difficult economic situation
in Calamba
● His family faced financial problems;
low crop production because of
drought and locusts aggravated by
the hike in rentals
He took examinations in Greek, Latin, world
History
 ● First prize in Greek
● Grade “excellent” in History
● Obtained the degree Licenciado en
Filosofia y Letra (Licentiate in
Philosophy and Letters) at
Universidad Central de Madrid on
June 19, 1885
In between his studies,
● Circulo Hispano-Filipino - an
informal programs with activities like
poetry-reading and debates, formed
by ilustrados (“enlightened ones”,
Filipinos educated in Europe)
● January 02, 1884 - reunion in Pedro
Paterno in Madrid, Rizal proposed
the writing of a novel about
Philippine society, it was approved
but did not materialize, he work it
alone.
● Noli Me Tangere - wrote the first half
in Madrid
● November 15, 1890 - He joined the
Masonry (fraternal organization
which strives for moral betterment),
became the Master Mason at the
Lodge Solidaridad
He joined the organization because of two
reasons;
● Mason’s view about knowledge and
reasoning
● How they value brotherhood
Consuelo Ortiga
● Daughter of Don Pablo Ortiga y Rey,
former city Mayor in Manila under
the term of Governor-General Carlos
Maria de la Torre
Rizal became attracted to Consuelo but did
not pursue because of the following
reasons;
● His commitment to Leonor Rivera
● Do not want to his friendship with
Eduardo de Lete, was also in love
with Consuelo
● In 1883 - Rizal wrote a poem for
Consuelo entitled A Señorita C.O. y
R.
Rizal specialized in ophthalmology trained
under;
● Dr. Louis de Weckert (Paris, 1885
to March 1886), whom he worked as
an assistant
● Dr. Javier Galezowsky (Germany)
● Dr. Otto Becker (Heidelberg, 1886)
● Dr. R. Schilzer and Dr. Schwiegger
(1887)
In Berlin, March 21, 1887 - published the
Noli Me Tangere with the financial help from
his friend Maximo Viola
August 8, 1887 - After five years in Europe,
he went home to Calamba
● He spent time with his family and got
busy opening a medical clinic
● Known as Doctor Uliman
February 16, 1888 - Left the country for the
second time, he was cut short he targeted
by the friars
● Friars portrayed negatively in his
novel Noli Me Tangere
RIZAL’S SECOND TRIP TO EUROPE
He became more active in Propaganda
Movement with fellow ilustrados:
● Marcelo H. del Pilar, Graciano Lopez
Jaena, Antonio Luna, Mariano
Ponce, Trinidad Pardo de Tavera
The Propaganda Movement campaigned for
reforms such as:
(1) for the Philippines to be made a province
of Spain so that native Filipinos would have
equal rights accorded to Spaniards;
(2) representation of the Philippines in the
Spanish Cortes;
(3) secularization of parishes
● La Solidaridad - Propaganda
Movements’s newspaper
● Annotation of Antonio de Morga’s
Sucesos de las Islas (1890) - even
before the colonization of Spaniards,
Filipinos already had a developed
culture
● Sobre la Indolencia de los Filipinos
(1890) - an essay in which attributed
the Filipinos “indolence” (climate and
social disorders)
● Filipinas Dentro de Cien Años (in
parts from 1889 to 1890) - called for
reforms
In Brussels, July 1891 - Rizal completed the
novel, El Filibusterismo (was published on
September 18, 1891) through the help of his
friend, Valentin Ventura
● The novel was more radical with its
narrative portrayed of a society on
the verge of a revolution
In 1892 - Rizal decided to return to the
Philippines (arrived on June 26,1892)
● Because of the reason that the real
struggle was in his homeland
Negative
● Despite of warnings and his family’s
disapproval
La Liga Filipina (July 03, 1892) - a socio-
civic organization
● After the Liga’s information, Rizal
was arrested and brought to Fort
Santiago on July 06, 1892
Pobres Frailes (Poor Friars) - a satire
against the rich Dominican friars and their
accumulation of wealth which was against
their vow of poverty
● In spite of his protest and denial, he
was exiled to Dapitan in Mindanao
ARREST AND EXILE TO DAPITAN, 1892
● Upon his return to the Philippines in
1892, Rizal was arrested and
deported to Mindanao. He was
detained in Fort Santiago for nine
days before being shipped off to
Dapitan on July 15, 1892.
● Rizal was placed under the
supervision of Captain Ricardo
Carcinero, the politico-military
commander of the district.
● Even as a deportee, Rizal kept
himself busy, beautifying the plaza
of Dapitan.
● Rizal fell in love with Josephine
Bracken, the stepdaughter of one of
his patients, George Taufer.
● Rizal was visited by Dr. Pio
Valenzuela to ask Rizal about the
plan to start a revolution against
Spaniards and offered assistance in
escaping from Dapitan.
● He was given the permission to
volunteer to serve in the Spanish
medical corps and leave for Cuba,
however, upon arriving at the port
there was an order to ship Rizal
back to Manila.
ARREST, TRIAL, AND EXECUTION, 1896
● He was accused of being the main
head of Philippine Revolution. Rizal
was charged with three crimes;
Rebellion, Sedition, and Illegal
Association.
● Rizal pleaded not guilty and even
wrote Manifesto denouncing the
 Revolution however the Spanish
authorities suppressed it and
ignored the arguments in Rizal’s
favor.
● Rizal’s death warrant was signed, it
was ordered that Rizal to be shot by
firing squad at 7:00am in the
morning at Bagumbayan.
Chapter 5: THE NINETEENTH CENTURY
PHILIPPINE ECONOMY, SOCIETY, AND
THE CHINESE MESTIZOS
THE CHANGING LANDSCAPE OF
PHILIPPINE ECONOMY AND SOCIETY
Many scholars consider the 19th
century as an era of profound change in the
Philippines.
During this period, vast economic,
political, social and cultural currents were
felt.
In the late 18th century, monarchy in
Spain experienced a dynamic shift from the
Habsburgs to the Bourbons.
With the goal of invigorating the
profitability of the colonies like the
Philippines, Bourbons policies and reforms
were out.
By the time Basco arrive, Galleon
Trade, the main economic institution
existing in the Philippines, was already
losing empire.
The global wave become silver
lining.
• Many imperial powers in Europe and
the west were undergoing industrialization,
there was as increase of demand for raw
materials presented an opportunity in the
agricultural potential in the Philippines.
• Basco established the Royal
Philippine Company in 1785 to finance
agricultural projects and manage the new
trade being established between Philippines
and Spain also other Asian markets.
• Global events continued to affect the
Philippines at the beginning of the 19th
century.
• In 1810, the Mexicans War of
Independence rattled the Spanish Empire
that may lead to the loss of the precious
Latin American colonies.
• Manila opened to world trade by
1834, as a result foreign merchants and
trades came and resided in Manila.
• In the half of the 19th century,
majority exports of the Philippines came
from cash crops like tobacco, sugar, cotton,
indigo, abaca and coffee.
• The importance of land became
more evident as cash crops became major
source of revenue.
• The farmers felt the pressure of the
economy while the hacenderos grabbed the
opportunity.
THE CHINESE AND CHINESE MESTIZOS
The Chinese Mestizos were an
important element of the Philippine society
in the 19th century.
The Chinese and Chinese Mestizos
greatly benefited from the changing
economy since pre-colonial times.
The Chinese proved to be necessary
outsiders in Philippine colonial economy
and society.
They influenced the economy in the
19th century by purchasing land,
accumulating wealth and influence.
Mestizo- a person with a mix ancestry- one
parent is Chinese or Spanish and the other
is a native.
IMPACT ON LIFE IN THE COLONY
19TH century gave birth to many
schools that addressed the growing demand
for more professionals
Colonial Government order 1836;
required all towns to set up primary schools
to teach the population how to read and
write
Education decree 1863 –mandated
free education
The complex nature of the
developing economy also allowed the
government to intensify bureaucratization
and to streamline colonial governance
 bureaucratization means Chinese Mestizo, one parent is Chinese the
“rationalization of the society” –the way that other is native
you do something becomes a) Principalia –wealthy pure-blooded
more important than how successful you native supposedly descended from the
are at doing it. –”the method becomes more kadatoan class
important than the objective”. b) Indio –pure-blooded native of the
MANILA became the TRADING Philippines
CENTER c) Chino infiel –Non-catholic pure
There is increase rate of internal blooded Chinese
migration that raised several concerns
OVERCROWDING implied issues in b) During 19th century the Spaniards
a) Living quarters lost their Economic power
b) Sanitation c) It brought complications with the
c) Public health rising principalia and mestizo populations
d) Increase in criminality d) Renegotiation continued throughout
e) Made tax collection extra difficult the century as mestizo and principalia elite
b) 1849 decree of Governor-General eventually demanded social recognition
Narciso Claveria e) These wealthy mestizos and
c) CATALOGO DE APELLIDOS – principalia continued to amass economic
Adopt surnames, assigned surnames to and cultural capital
people and forbade changing names f) These activities augmented their
d) Because the Colonial Government relevance in society
seeks to have a better surveillance
mechanism
e) It was supported by the GUARDIA
CIVILIA and it was established

RENEGOTIATING SOCIAL
STRATIFICATION
Development in the economy has an
impact on the social and political
landscapes
Changes in policies about education
and heightened the surveillance and
regulatory mechanism of the state
Growing relevance in society of the
mestizo and principalia classes;
a) Peninsular –pure-blooded Spaniards
born in Iberian Peninsula
b) Insular –pure-blooded Spaniards
born in Philippines
c) Mestizo –born of mixed parentag
Spanish Mestizo, one parent is
Spanish the other is native
Chapter 6: Agrarian Dispute
■Conquistador- a spanish conqueror
■Caballeria- a small tract of land included in
the grant
■Canon- annual rent paid by inquilino
■Cavan- a measure equal to 75 liters
■Hacienda- large estates that were used for
raising livestock and agricultural production
■Inquilino- a tenant who rented land from
the friars and subleased the land to
sharecroppers.
■Principales- ruling elite class
■Sharecopper (Kasamá)-an individual who
rented the land from an inquilino and
worked the land
Sitio de ganado mayor- a large tract of land
included in a land grant
Brief History of Friar Estates in the
Philippines
■During the late 16th and early 17th
centuries, land grants were awarded to
Spanish conquistadores who arrived in the
philippines.
–120 Spaniards were granted large tract of
land known as sitio de ganado mayor that
measures 1,742 hectares, and smaller
tracts of land known as caballeria that
measures 42.5 hectares.
■Spaniards failed to develop their lands for
three reasons.
–Spanish population in the philippines was
impermanent.
–The livestock products offered in the
market by hacienderos remained small
–The Galleon trade offered bigger rewards
that attracted more Spaniards.
■Land was acquired by religious orders
through various means and religious estates
in Tagalog continue to grow by the 19th
century.
■In the 16th and 17th centuries, the estates
served as cattle ranches as well as farms of
subsistence crops. Rice and sugar became
the main commodities produced by
haciendas as well as the most significant
source of income for religious orders.
■The social structure found in haciendas
was primarily composed of lay brother
administrators at the top and cultivating
tenants below.
–The lay brother administrator were under
the direct authority of their religious orders
while the tenants were the one works on the
land and pay an annual fixed rent.
■By the mid-18th century, the inquilinato
system was implemented.
–This system states that an individual who
rented a land for a fixed annual amount is
known as canon. Aside from the payment,
the inquilino was also expected to render
personal services to his landlords. If the
inquilino failed to satisfy the requirements
he could face expulsion from the land.
■The inquilino in turn would sub-lease the
land to sharecoppers who were task on
cultivating the soil.
■The religious hacienderos freed
themselves from the social responsibilities
by the used of inquilino who dealt directly
with the sharecoppers.
■The sharecoppers also benefited from the
arrangement because their labor
obligations to the religious estates allowed
them to be exempted from the forced labor
demanded by the Spanish government.
■The change in the social structure and
land tenure practices became the point of
arguing between the hacenderos, the
inquilinos, and the sharecoppers which is
later on identified as the main causes that
instigated the revolt.
Hacienda de Calamba Conflict
■1759 - Owned by several Spanish laymen
–Don Manuel Jauregui- donated the lands
to the Jesuits for him to live the rest of his
life in the monastery.
–Jesuits used the land for 8 years and stop
when King Charles III issued a decree on
February 27,1767.
–Transferred under the management of
Office of Jesuits Temporalities.
■1803 -Sold to Don Clemente De Azansa
for ₱ 44, 507, died on 1833
–Purchased by Dominicans for ₱ 52,000
(16,424 hectares).
–Many families migrated to the hacienda
including Rizal’s family and became one
of the principal inquilinous.
–Rizal’s family rented one of the largest
areas approximately 380 hectares
– Sugar- main commodity planted.
■1883 – Paciano Rizal – wrote that friars
are collecting rents without receipt.
–Rents are increasing while crops price
remain low cause the tenants for not paying.
–Mariano Herboso -Brother-in-law of Rizal –
complains of yearly increase of rentals.
■1887 – Government discovered that
Dominicans were evading payment of the
taxes.
–Tenant submitted a report and a petition
authored by Jose Rizal.
■1891 – Friars evict tenants who refused to
pay including Rizal’s family.
–This experience affected Rizal and it is
reflected in his second novel, El
Filibusterismo.