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VERB BE. (AM, IS, ARE, WAS, WERE)

❖ Introduce yourself.
❖ Nationality
❖ Feelings/ States.
❖ Location.
❖ Description.
❖ Age.
❖ Occupation
❖ Auxiliary of continuous tenses.
❖ Auxiliary with past participle verbs.

GRAMMAR TENSES (12)

Continuous
Continuous

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SIMPLE PRESENT
+AFFIRMATIVE
(I, we, you, they) + verb in base form + complement.
(he, she, it) + verb in S,ES,IES (verb in present) + complement.
-NEGATIVE
(I, we, you, they) + do not + verb in base form + complement.
(he, she, it) + does not + verb in base form + complement.
? QUESTION
Do + (I, we, you, they) + verb in base form + complement+?
Does + (he, she, it) + verb in base form + complement.
Short answers.
Yes, (I, we, you, they) do. / No, (I, we, you, they) do not.
Yes, (he,she, it) does. / No, (he,she, it) does not.
WH-QUESTION
Wh- word + do + (I, we, you, they) + verb in base form + complement+?
Wh- word + does + (he, she, it) + verb in base form + complement + ?
Affirmative answers.
*do not=don’t does not= doesn’t
Have to/ need to / use to / want to (wanna).

SIMPLE PAST
+AFFIRMATIVE
(Subject) + verb in past (regular verb/irregular verb) + complement.
-NEGATIVE
(Subject) + did not + verb in base form + complement.
? QUESTION
Did + (subject) + verb in base form + complement+?
Short answers.
Yes, (Subject) did. No, (Subject) did not.
WH-QUESTION
Wh-word + did + (Subject) + verb in base form + complement+?
Affirmative answers.
*did not= didn’t
Used to

SIMPLE FUTURE
+AFFIRMATIVE
(Subject) + will + verb in base form + complement.
-NEGATIVE
(Subject) + will not + verb in base form + complement.
? QUESTION
Will + (subject) + verb in base form + complement+?
Short answers.
Yes, (Subject) will. No, (Subject) will not.
WH-QUESTION
Wh-word + did + (subject) + verb in base form + complement+?
Affirmative answers.
*will not= won’t

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PRESENT CONTUNUOUS OR PRESENT PROGRESSIVE.
+AFFIRMATIVE
(I) + am + verb in gerund + complement.
(He, she, it )+ is + verb in gerund + complement.
(We, you, they) + are + verb in gerund + complement.
-NEGATIVE
(I) + am + not + verb in gerund + complement.
(He, she, it )+ is + not + verb in gerund + complement.
(We, you, they) + are + not + verb in gerund + complement.
? QUESTION
Am + (I) + verb in gerund + complement + ?
Is + (he, she, it )+ verb in gerund + complement ?
Are + (we, you, they) + verb in gerund + complement ?
Shorts answers
Yes, I am. / No, I am not.
Yes, (he, she, it) is. / No, (he, she, it) is not
Yes, (we, you, they) are/ No, (we, you, they) are not
WH-QUESTION
Wh-word + am + (I) + verb in gerund + complement +?
Wh-word + is + (he, she, it) + verb in gerund + complement?
Wh-word + are + (we, you, they) + verb in gerund + complement?
Affirmative answers.
*is not = isn’t / are not= aren’t.

IDIOMATIC FUTURE
+AFFIRMATIVE (gonna)
(I) + am + going to + verb in base form + complement.
(He, she, it )+ is + going to + verb in base form + complement.
(We, you, they) + are + going to + verb in base form + complement.
-NEGATIVE
(I) + am + not + going to + verb in base form + complement.
(He, she, it )+ is + not + going to + verb in base form + complement.
(We, you, they) + are + not + going to + verb in base form + complement.
? QUESTION
Am + (I) + going to + verb in base form + complement + ?
Is + (he, she, it )+ going to + verb in base form + complement ?
Are + (we, you, they) + going to + verb in base form + complement ?
Shorts answers
Yes, I am. / No, I am not.
Yes, (he, she, it) is. / No, (he, she, it) is not
Yes,(we, you, they) are/ No,(we, you, they) are not
WH-QUESTION
Wh-word + am + (I) + going to + verb in base form + complement + ?
Wh-word + is + (he, she, it )+ going to + verb in base form + complement ?
Wh-word + are + (we, you, they) + going to + verb in base form + complement ?
Affirmative answers.
*is not = isn’t / are not= aren’t.

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PAST CONTUNUOUS OR PAST PROGRESSIVE.
+AFFIRMATIVE
(I, he, she, it )+ was + verb in gerund + complement.
(We, you, they) + were + verb in gerund + complement.
-NEGATIVE
(I, he, she, it )+ was + not + verb in gerund + complement.
(We, you, they) + were + not + verb in gerund + complement.
? QUESTION
Was + (I, he, she, it )+ verb in gerund + complement ?
Were + (we, you, they) + verb in gerund + complement ?
Shorts answers
Yes, (I, he, she, it) was. / No, (he, she, it) was not
Yes,(we, you, they) were/ No,(we, you, they) were not
WH-QUESTION
Wh-word + was + (I, he, she, it )+ verb in gerund + complement ?
Wh-word + were + (we, you, they) + verb in gerund + complement ?
Affirmative answers.
*was not = wasn’t / were not= weren’t.

FUTURE CONTUNUOUS OR FUTURE PROGRESSIVE.

+AFFIRMATIVE
(Subject)+ will be + verb in gerund + complement.
-NEGATIVE
(Subject)+ will+ not + be + verb in gerund + complement.
? QUESTION
Will + (subject)+ be + verb in gerund + complement?
Shorts answers
Yes, (Subject) will be./ No, (Subject) will not be.
WH-QUESTION
Wh-word + will + (subject)+ be + verb in gerund + complement?
Affirmative answers.

PRESENT PERFECT
+AFFIRMATIVE
(I, we, you, they) + have+ verb in past participle (regular/irregular verb) + complement.
(he, she, it) + has+ verb in past participle (regular/irregular verb) + complement.
-NEGATIVE
(I, we, you, they) + have+ not + verb in past participle (regular/irregular verb) + complement.
(he, she, it) + has not + verb in past participle + complement.
? QUESTION
Have + (I, we, you, they) + verb in past participle (regular/irregular verb) + complement+?
Has + (he, she, it) + verb in past participle (regular/irregular verb) + complement.
Short answers.
Yes, (I, we, you, they) have. / No, (I, we, you, they) have not.
Yes, (he,she, it) has. / No, (he,she, it) has not.
WH-QUESTION
Wh- word + have + (I, we, you, they) + verb in past participle (regular/irregular verb) + complement+?
Wh- word + has + (he, she, it) + verb in past participle (regular/irregular verb) + complement +?
Affirmative answers.
*have= ‘ve / has=’s / have not= haven’t / has not= hasn’t.

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PAST PERFECT
+AFFIRMATIVE
(Subject) + had+ verb in past participle (regular/irregular verb) + complement.
-NEGATIVE
(Subject) + had + not + verb in past participle (regular/irregular verb) + complement.
? QUESTION
Had + (subject) + verb in past participle (regular/irregular verb) + complement+?
Short answers.
Yes, (Subject) had. / No, (I, Subject) had not.
WH-QUESTION
Wh- word + had + (subject) + verb in past participle (regular/irregular verb) + complement+?
Affirmative answers.

FUTURE PERFECT
+AFFIRMATIVE
(Subject) + will have + verb in past participle (regular/irregular verb) + complement.
-NEGATIVE
(I, we, you, they) + will + not + have + verb in past participle (regular/irregular verb) + complement.
? QUESTION
Will + (subject) + have + verb in past participle (regular/irregular verb) + complement+?
Short answers.
Yes, (Subject) will have. / No, (I, Subject) will not have.
WH-QUESTION
Wh- word + will+ (subject) + have + verb in past participle (regular/irregular verb) + complement+?
Affirmative answers.

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

+AFFIRMATIVE
(I, we, you, they) + have+ been + verb in gerund + complement.
(he, she, it) + has+ been + verb in gerund + complement.
-NEGATIVE
(I, we, you, they) + have+ not + been + verb in gerund + complement.
(he, she, it) + has not + been + verb in gerund + complement.
? QUESTION
Have + (I, we, you, they) + been + verb in gerund + complement+?
Has + (he, she, it) + been + verb in gerund + complement.
Short answers.
Yes, (I, we, you, they) have. / No, (I, we, you, they) have not.
Yes, (he,she, it) has. / No, (he,she, it) has not.
WH-QUESTION
Wh- word + have + (I, we, you, they) + been + verb in gerund + complement+?
Wh- word + has + (he, she, it) + been + verb in gerund + complement +?
Affirmative answers.

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

+AFFIRMATIVE
(Subject) + had+ been + verb in gerund + complement.
-NEGATIVE
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(Subject) + had+ not + been + verb in gerund + complement.
? QUESTION
Had + (subject) + been + verb in gerund + complement+?
Short answers.
Yes, (Subject) had. / No, (subject) had not.
WH-QUESTION
Wh- word + had + (subject) + been + verb in gerund + complement+?
Affirmative answers.

FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS

+AFFIRMATIVE
(Subject) + will + have + been + verb in gerund + complement.
-NEGATIVE
(Subject) + will + not + have + been + verb in gerund + complement.
? QUESTION
Will + (subject) + have+ been + verb in gerund + complement+?
Short answers.
Yes, (Subject) had. / No, (subject) had not.
WH-QUESTION
Wh- word + will + (subject) + have + been + verb in gerund + complement+?
Affirmative answers.

MODAL VERBS. A modal verb is a type of verb that is used to indicate modality – that is: likelihood, ability,
permission and obligation. Examples include the English verbs: can, could, may, must, might, should, ought to,
would, have to, will, shall.

Modal Uses Examples

Can Ability He can find any Street in London
Could Past ability I could play tennis when I was younger.
Request Could you open the door?
May Permission May I come in?
Might Possibility It might be quicker to travel.
Must Prohibition You must back at 10 o’clock.
Obligation
Should Advice You should drive more carefully
Ought to You ought to drive more carefully
Would Polite request Would you hold this for me?
Will Prediction He will study harder this time.
Shall Prediction Shall we go now?
Suggestion

MODAL VERBS
+AFFIRMATIVE
(Subject) + modal verb + verb in base form + complement.
-NEGATIVE
Subject) + modal verb + not + verb in base form + complement.
? QUESTION
Modal verb + (subject) + verb in base form + complement+?
Short answers.
Yes, (Subject) modal verb. / No, (subject) modal verb not.
WH-QUESTION
Wh- word + modal verb + (subject) + verb in base form + complement?
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Affirmative answers. 7

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