SAINT PAUL SCHOOL OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIESS

Course Syllabus in Constitutional Law Review

1st Semester, School Year 2019-2020

COURSE DESCRIPTION

An integrated study of the Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines, with topics on
administrative law, law on public officers, the Local Government Code, election laws and public
international law.

UNITS: 4

HOURS: 4 hours a week

I. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

A. Political Law

Macariola vs. Asuncion, 114 SCRA 77 (1982)

B. Definition of Constitutional Law; Distinguished from Political Law

C. Constitution

1. Definition

Manila Prince Hotel vs. GSIS, G.R. 122156, Feb. 3, 1997, En Banc

2. Theoretical Basis: The Constitution as a Social Contract

Marcos vs. Manglapus, G.R. No. 88211 October 27, 1989, En Banc

3. Function
4. Classification
5. Essential qualities of a written constitution
6. Parts of a constitution
7. Interpretation of the Constitution

Francisco v. House of Rep., G.R. No. 160261, Nov.10, 2003

Civil Liberties Union vs Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 83896, February 22, 1991, En Banc

7. Supremacy of the constitution

Manila Prince Hotel vs. GSIS, G.R. 122156, Feb. 3, 1997, En Banc
Mutuc vs. Comelec, 36 SCRA 228 (1970)
Alih et., al., vs. Castro, 151 SCRA 279 (1987)

II. AMENDMENT TO THE CONSTITUTION

Article XVII, Sections 1,2 & 3

A. Amendment vs. Revision

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 B. Proposal

1. By Congress
2. By Constitutional Convention

Gonzales vs. Comelec, 21 SCRA 774 (1968)

3. By the people’s initiative

(See R.A. 6735 August 4, 1989)

Santiago vs. Comelec, G.R. 127325, March 19, 1997

Lambino v. Comelec, G.R. No. 174153, October 25, 2006
Lambino v. Comelec Resolution (November 21, 2006)

C. Submission

Tolentino vs. Comelec, 41 SCRA 702 (1971)

D. Ratification - Article XVII, Section 4, Paragraphs 1 & 2

E. The position of the Convention in our system of government

III. HISTORY AND BACKGROUND

A. The Philippine Revolution and the Malolos Constitution

B. The Organic Laws Under the American Period

1. Mckinley’s Instructions (Apr. 7, 1900)

2. The Spooner Amendment (1901)
3. The Philippine Bill of 1902
4. The Philippine Autonomy Act or Jones Law (1916)

U.S. vs. Bull, 15 Phil. 259 (1910)

C. The Japanese Occupation

Co Kim Cham vs. Dizon, G.R. No. L-5, September 17, 1945, En Banc

D. The 1935 Constitution

Mabanag vs. Lopez Vito, 78 Phil 1 (1947)

E. The 1973 Constitution

Occena vs. Comelec, 104 SCRA 1 (1981)

Planas vs. Comelec, 49 SCRA 105 (1973)
Javellana vs. Executive Secretary, 50 SCRA 30 (1973)
Sanidad vs. Comelec 73 SCRA 333 (1976)

F. The 1986 Provisional Constitution

1.The Snap Elections

PBA v. Comelec, 140 SCRA 455 (1985)

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 2. The February 1986 Revolution
3. Proclamation No. 1, February 25, 1986

4. Proclamation No. 3, March 25, 1986

Lawyers League vs Aquino, G.R. 73748, May 22, 1986

In Re Saturnino Bermudez, 145 SCRA 160 (1986)

G. The 1987 Constitution

Preamble - Nature, purpose and aims

1. The Constitutional Commission of 1986

2. Proclamation No. 58 (February 11, 1987)
3. When considered ratified - Article XVIII, Section 27

De Leon vs. Esguerra, 153 SCRA 602 (1987)

IV. THE STATE

A. Concept and Definition

Distinguished from nation

CIR v. Campos Rueda, 42 SCRA 23 (1971), En Banc

B. Territory

1. Definition
2. Components
3. The Philippine Archipelago - Article I

a. Article III, Treaty of Paris

b. The US-Spain November 7, 1900 Treaty
c. The US-Great Britain January 2, 1930 Treaty
d. R.A. 3046 (June 17, 1961)
e. R.A. 5446 (September 8, 1968)
f. P.D. No. 1596, June 11, 1978 (other territories)
g. P.D. No. 1599, June 11, 1978 (200 Mile EEZ)
h. U.N. Convention on Law of the Sea
i. RA 9522

Republic of the Philippines vs China, PCA Case No. 2013-19

Magallona vs Ermita, G.R No. 187167, August 16, 2011, En Banc
Reagan vs CIR, 30 SCRA 968 (1969)
People vs. Gozo, 53 SCRA 476 (1973)

C. People

Definition

a. As Inhabitants
Article III, Section 1 & 2 Article II Sections 15 & 16
b. As Electors

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 Article VII, Section 4 Article XVI, Section 2
Article XVIII, Section 25

c. As Citizens

Article II, Section 1 & 4 Article III, Section 7

CITIZENSHIP

Definition
Importance of Citizenship

Lee. V. Dir. of Lands, G.R. No. 128195, October 3, 2001

Modes of Acquiring Citizenship

Birth
Jus soli-1899 Malolos Constitution

Muñoz vs Collector of Customs, G.R. No. 7256, November 23, 1911, En Banc
Roa vs Insular Collector, G.R. No. 7011. October 30, 1912
Paz Chua v Secretary of Labor, 1939
Torres v Tan Chim (1940)
Tan Chong v Secretary of Labor (1947)
Lam Swee Sang v Secretary of Labor (1947)
Talaroc v Uy (1950)
Tio Tam v Republic (1957)

Jus sanguinis

Naturalization

Legislative Act

Caram Rule

Who are Filipino Citizens - Article IV, Section 1

1. Citizens at the time of adoption of the 1987 Constitution

a) Citizens under the 1935 Constitution

i. Philippine Bill of 1902 & Jones Law

ii. The Caram Rule: Article 4 Section 1(2) of the 1935 Constitution

Chiongbian vs De Leon, G.R. No. L-2007, January 31, 1949, En Banc

iii. Those whose fathers were citizens

Republic v. Chule Lim, G.R. No. 153883, January 13, 2004

iv. Those who elected upon reaching majority age

v. Those who were naturalized

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 b) Citizens under the 1973 Constitution

i. Those who are already citizens

ii. Those whose fathers and mothers are citizens
iii. Those who elected
iv. Those who were naturalized

2. Those whose fathers & mothers are citizens

3. Those who elect Philippine Citizenship
4. Those who are naturalized in accordance with law.

Natural Born Citizens - Article IV, Section 2

Advantages of natural born citizens

Article XII, Section 8

Article VII, Sections 2 & 3
Article VI, Sections 3 & 6
Article VIII, Section 7 (1)
Article XI Section 8
Art. IX-B Section 1(1)
Art. IX-C Section 1(1)
Art. IX-D Section 1(1)
Article XII, Section 20
Article XIII, Section 17 (2)

Tan versus Crisologo, G.R. No. 193993, November 8, 2017

Llamanzares vs Comelec, G.R. No. 221697, March 8, 2016, En Banc
Limkaichong vs COMELEC, G.R. Nos. 178831-32, July 30, 2009, En Banc
Tecson versus Comelec, G.R. No. 161434, March 3, 2004, En Banc
Bengzon v. HRET, G.R. No. 142840, May 7, 2001
Mercado vs Manzano, G.R. No. 135083, May 26, 1999, En Banc
In re Ching, Bar Matter No. 914, October 1, 1999
Co vs HRET, 199 SCRA 692 (1991)
Villahermosa vs Commissioner, 80 Phil 541 (1948)

Naturalization

1. By Judicial Proceeding

a) Com. Act No. 473 (Revised naturalization Law)

Sections 2,3,4,5,7,8,15 & 18

b) R.A. No. 530 Section 1 - effect on the wife and children

Republic vs De La Rosa, G.R. No. 104654, June 6, 1994

Republic vs. Liyao, 214 SCRA 748 (1992)
Moya Lim Yao v. Commissioner, 41 SCRA 292

2. By Administrative Proceeding (R.A. No. 9138)

3. By Direct Act of Congress
3. Denaturalization
Loss of Citizenship - Article IV, Section 3

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 Coquilla v. Comelec, G.R. No. 151914, July 31, 2002
Yu vs Santiago, 169 SCRA 364 (1989)
Republic vs. Li Yao, 214 SCRA 748

Reacquisition of Citizenship

Com. Act. No. 63, Section 1(2)

Tabasa v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 125793, August 29, 2006

Frivaldo vs. Comelec, 174 SCRA 245 (1989)
Frivaldo vs. Comelec, 257 SCRA 727 (1996)
Altarejos v. Comelec, G.R. No. 163256. Nov. 10, 2004)
Angat v. Republic, GR. No. 132244, September 14,1999
Jao vs. Republic 121 SCRA 358 (1983)

Dual Citizenship

R.A. No. 9225 (September 17, 2003)

Nicholas-Lewis v. Comelec, G.R. No. 162759, August 4, 2006, En Banc

Dual Allegiance - Article IV, Sections 4 & 5

Aznar vs Comelec, G.R. No. 83820, May 25, 1990

Mercado v. Manzano, 307 SCRA 630 (1999)
Valles v. Comelec, G.R. 137000, August 9, 2000

See Sec. 40, R.A. 7160, Local Govt. Code

RA 9225

D. Government

1. Definition

Government of the Rep. of the Philippines defined

Section 2 (1) Administrative Code of 1987

People v. SB, G.R. No. 145951, August 12, 2003

MIAA v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 155650, July 20, 2006

2. Constituent vs Ministrant Functions

Valmonte vs. Belmonte, 170 SCRA 256 (1989)

ACCFA v. CUGCO, 30 SCRA 649 (1969)
SSS vs soriano, G.R. No. L-18081, April 30, 1963, En Banc

3. Parens Patriae

Article 24, Civil Code

Cabanas vs. Pilapil, 58 SCRA 94 (1974)
Gonzales v. Marcos, 65 SCRA 624 (1975)

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 Vasco vs CA, G.R. No. L-46763. February 28, 1978
Government vs. Monte de Peidad, 35 Phil. 728 (1916)

4. De Jure Government/Criteria for Legitimacy

5. De Facto governments

Co Kim Cham vs. Valdez, 75 Phil 113, 371 (1946)

Lawyer's League v. Aquino, G.R. no. 73748, May 22, 1986

6. Government distinguished from Administration

7. Other classifications of Governments

presidential vs. parliamentary

national, local, federal

On the issue of accountability to the people

E. Sovereignty

1. Definition
2. Dual Aspect, Kinds & Characteristics
3. Dominium & Imperium

Cruz vs DENR, GR No. 135385, Dec, 6, 2000, En Banc

4. Effects of Change in Sovereignty

Macariola vs. Asuncion, 114 SCRA 77 (1982)

6. Effects of Military Occupation

7. Territorial, personal and extraterritorial jurisdiction
8. Belligerent Occupation/Status and its effects
8. Acts of State

Harvey vs. Commissioner, 162 SCRA 840 (1988)

V. DOCTRINE OF STATE IMMUNITY

1. Basis - Article XVI, Section 3

Department of Agriculture vs NLRC, G.R. No. 104269 November 11, 1993

DOH vs Phil Pharma, G.R. No. 182358, February 20, 2013
Equitable Insurance and Casualty Co., Inc. v. Smith, Bell & Co. (Phils.), Inc., 127 Phil.
547, 549 (1967)

2. When is a suit against the State?

Republic vs. Feliciano, 148 SCRA 424 (1987)

Phil. Agila Satellite v. Lichauco, G.R. No. 134887, July 27, 2006

3. Express Consent
a. Money claims arising from contract

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 Act. No. 3083
C.A. no. 327 as amended by P.D. No. 1445

Sayson vs. Singson, 54 SCRA 282 (1973)

Republic vs. Purisima, 78 SCRA 470 (1977)

b. Torts committed by special agents - NCC Article 2180

Meritt vs Government, 34 Phil. 311 (1916)

Rosete vs Auditor General, G.R. No. L-1120, August 31, 1948, En Banc
Fontanilla vs Inocencio, G.R. Nos. L-55963 & 61045, February 27, 1991, En Banc

c. Incorporated Government Agencies

(Note: Unincorporated Agencies exercising principally proprietary functions may

be sued)

Air Transportation Office v. Ramos, G.R. No. 159402, February 23, 2011
PNB vs. CIR, 81 SCRA 314 (1978)
SSS vs. CA. 120, SCRA 707 (1983)
Rayo v. CFI, 110 SCRA 450 (1981)
Farolan v. CTA, 217 SCRA 298 (1993)

4. Implied Consent

a. Government submits itself to the court’s jurisdiction

b. The State itself files a complaint

RP vs. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 85384, Feb. 28, 1990

Froilan vs. Pan Oriental Shipping Co., 95 Phil. 905 (1954)
Lim vs. Brownell, 107 Phil. 344 (1960)

c. Government entering into business contracts

Malong v. PNR, 138 SCRA 63 (1985)

Fontanilla v. Maliaman, 194 SCRA 486 (1991)

d. When Inequitable for government to claim immunity

Santiago vs Republic, 87 SCRA 294 (1978)

Amigable vs Cuenca, 43 SCRA 360 (1972)

5. Suits against Municipal Corporations

Torio vs. Fontanilla, 85 SCRA 99 (1978)

6. Suits against Foreign States

The Holy See vs. Hon. Rosario, Jr., December 17, 1994
U.S.A. vs. Ruiz, 136 SCRA 487 (1985)
U.S.A. vs. Guinto, G.R. No. 76609, Feb. 26, 1990
Minucher v. CA, G.R. No. 142396, February 11, 2003
Rep. of Indonesia v. Vinzon, G.R. 154705, June 26, 2003

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 7. Suits against International Agencies

WHO v. Aquino, G.R. No. L-35131, November 29, 1972

DFA v. NLRC, G.R. No. 113191, September 18, 1997

8. Suits against Public Officers

Lansang v. CA, G.R. No. 102667, February 23, 2000

United States of America v. Judge Guinto, 261 Phil. 777, 790
Shauf v. Court of Appeals, 191 SCRA 713 (1990)
Republic v. Sandoval, G.R. No. 48607, March 19, 1993
U.S.A. vs. Reyes, G.R. No. 79233, March 1, 1993
Animas v. PVAO, 174 SCRA 214 (1989)

9. Consent to execution

Caloocan City v. Allarde, G.R. No. 107271, Sept. 10, 2003

Municipality of Makati vs. CA. 190 SCRA 206 (1990)
Nessia vs. Fermin, 220 SCRA 615 (1993)
PNB vs. Pabalan, 83 SCRA 595 (1978)

10. Doctrine of Royal Prerogative of Dishonesty

EPG vs Vigilar, G.R. No. 131544. March 16, 2001

Vigilar vs Aquino, G.R. No. 180388, January 18, 2011, En Banc
Ministerio vs City of Cebu, G.R. No. L-31635 August 31, 1971, En Banc
Amigable vs Cuenca, G.R. No. L-26400 February 29, 1972, En Banc

VI. PRINCIPLES AND POLICIES

A. Principles

1. Sovereignty of the People and Republicanism

a. Direct and Indirect Democracy

b. Representation
c. Accountability to the people
d. Rule of the Majority
e. Rule of Law

Pablo Ocampo v. HRET, G.R. No. 158466. June 15, 2004

Article II, Section 1 (sovereignty resides in the people)

Article V, (Suffrage)

Villavicencio vs. Lukban, 39 Phil. 778 (1919)

2. Adherence to International Law

Article II, Section 2, 7 & 8

Independent foreign/nuclear-free policy

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 a. Renunciation of War - Article VI, Section 23 (1)

War of Aggression
Defensive War

b. Adoption of International Law

Doctrine of Incorporation

Mijares vs Ranada, G.R. NO. 139325, April 12, 2005

Doctrine of Transformation

Pharmaceutical Health Care vs Duque, G.R. No. 173034, October 9,

2007, En Banc

Pacta Sunt Servanda

Principle of Jus Cogens

Bayan Muna vs Alberto Romulo, G.R. No. 159618, February 1, 2011, En Banc
Secretary of Justice vs Lantion, G.R. No. 139465, January 18, 2000, En Banc
Mejoff vs. Director of Prisons, 90 Phil. 70 (1952)
Agustin vs. Edu, 88 SCRA 195 (1979)
Ichong vs. Hernandez, 101 Phil. 115 (1957)
In Re Garcia; 2 SCRA 984 (1961)

Principle of Soft Law

Government of Hongkong vs Olalia, G.R. No. 153675, April 19, 2007, En Banc

c. Adherence to policy of peace, freedom, amity

3. Supremacy of Civilian Authority

Article II, Section 3

Article VII, Section 18 (commander-in-chief clause)
Article XVI, Section 5(4) (AFP in active service)
Article XVI, Section 5(2) (respect for people's rights)

4. Government as protector & People as Defenders of the State

Article II, Sections 4 & 5 (no extension of service)

People vs. Lagman and Zosa, 66 Phil. 13 (1938)

Resident Aliens

5. Separation of Church and State

Article II, Section 6

Article III, Section 5 (freedom of religion clause)
Article IX-C, 2(5) (political party ban on sects)
Article VI, Section 5(2) (no sectoral rep. from religious sector)

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 Exceptions : Article VI, Section 28(3) (tax exempt. of churches)
Id., Section 29(2) (no appropriation for sects; exemptions)
Article XIV, Section 3(3) (optional religious instruction)
Id., Section 4(2) (Filipino ownership for schools, exceptions)

Estrada v. Escritor, A.M. No. P-02-1651, August 4, 2003, En Banc

B.Policies

1. Independent foreign policy and a nuclear-free Philippines

Article II, Sections 7-8

Article XVIII, Sections 4 & 25 (on foreign military bases)

Lim v. Exec. Sec., G.R. No. 151445, April 11, 2002

Bayan v. Exec. Sec., G.R. No. 138570, October 10, 2000

2. A just and dynamic social order

Preamble

Article II, Section 9

a. The promotion of social justice

Social Justice-Calalang vs Williams, G.R. No. 47800, December 2, 1940

Article II, Section 10

Article XIII, Section 1-2
Article II, Section 26

Pamatong v. Comelec, G.R. No. 161872, April 13, 2004

Article VII, Section 13 par. 2

APCD v. PCA, G.R. No. 110526, February 10, 1998

PLDT v. NTC, 190 SCRA 717 (1990)
Maquera v. Borja, G.R. No. L-24761, September 7, 1965

b. Respect for human dignity and human rights

Article XIII, Sections 17-19

Article II, Section 11
Article XVI, Section 5(2)

Simon v. CHR, G.R. No. 100150, January 5, 1994, En Banc

c. Fundamental equality of women and men

Article II, Section 14

Article III, Sections 14

PASEI vs. Drilon, 163 SCRA 386 (1988)

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 d. Independent people's organization

Article II, Section 23

Article XIII, Sections 15-16

e. The priority of education, science, technology, etc.

Article II, Section 17

Article XIV, Section 2

Council of Teachers vs Sec of Educ, GR No. 21693, October 9, 2018

PRC v. de Guzman, G.R. No. 144681, June 21, 2004
Camacho v. Coresis, G.R. No. 134372, August 22, 2002
Tablarin vs. Gutierrez, 152 SCRA 370 (1987)
U.P. BOR v. C.A., G.R. No. 134629, August 31, 1999

f. Urban land reform and housing

Article XIII, Section 9-10

RA 7279 [Lina Law]

Mandaluyong v. Francisco, G.R. 137152, January 29, 2001

g. Reform in agriculture and other natural resources

Article II Section 2
Article XIII, Sections 4-8

h. Protection of Labor

Article II, Section 18

Article XIII, Section 3
The right of government workers to form unions
Article III, Section 8
Article IX-B, Section 2(5)

SSS Employ. Assn. vs. CA, 175 SCRA 686 (1989)

i. Promotion of health and ecology.

Article II, Sections 15-16

Article XIII, Sections 11-13

Doctrine of Inter-generational Responsibility

Oposa vs Factoran, G.R. No. 101083 July 30, 1993, En Banc

Resident Marine Mammals vs Reyes, G.R. No. 180771, April 21, 2015, En Banc
Prov. Of Rizal v. Exec. Sec., G.R. No. 129546, Dec. 13, 2005

3. The family as a basic autonomous social institution

Article II, Section 12

Article XV (The Family)

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 Article II, Section 13
Family Code, Article 1

a. Protection of the Unborn

Roe v. Wade, 410 US 113

Imbong vs Ochoa, G.R. No. 204819, April 8, 2014, En Banc

b. Natural Right and Duty of Parents

RA 7610
RA 9262

Angeles vs Judge Sison, 112 SCRA 26 (1982)

Meyer vs. Nebraska, 262 US 390
Pierce vs Society of Sisters, 262 US 510

4. A self-reliant and independent economic order

Article II, Sections 19 - 20

Article XII (National economy and patrimony)

Tanada vs. Angara, G.R. 118295, May 2, 1997

5. Communication and information in nation-building

Article II, Section 24

Article XVI, Sections 10 - 11
Article XVIII, Section 23

PLDT v. NTC, G.R. No. 88404, October 18, 1990

6. Autonomy of local governments

Article II, Section 25

Article X (Local Government Code of 1991 (R.A. No. 7160)

7. Recognition of rights of indigenous cultural communities

Article II, Section 22

Article VI, Section 5(2)
Article XII, Section 5
Article XIII, Section 6
Article XIV, Section 17
Article XVI, Section 12
R.A. No. 8371 (1997), The Indigenous Peoples Rights Act

Ancestral Domain-see Cruz vs DENR

8. Honest Public Service and Full Public Disclosure

Article II, Section 27

Article XI, Sections 4,5,6 (Ombudsman)
Article II, Section 28 (full public disclosure)

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 Article XI, Section 17 (statement of assets/liabilities)
Article VII, Section 12 (president's health)
Article VII, Section 20 (publication of loan applications)
Article XII, Section 21 (make public foreign loans)
Article XII, Section 2(5) (contracts with foreign groups)
Article VII, Sections 12,20 (con. of interest/books of acc.)
Article IX-D, Section 4 (COA annual report)
Article III, Section 7 (right to information)

Repubic vs Sereno, G.R. No. 237428, May 11, 2018, En Banc

PAGC vs Pleyto, G.R. No. 176058, March 23, 2011
Chavez v. PEA & Amari, G.R. No. 133250, July 9, 2002
Legaspi vs CSC, 150 SCRA 530 (1987)
Valmonte vs Belmonte, 170 SCRA 256 (1989)
De Jesus vs. COA, G.R. 109023, August 12, 1998

VII. SEPARATION OF POWERS

A. Purpose
B. Interdependence

Principle of Blending of Powers

Checks and Balances

Angara v. Electoral Commission, G.R. No. L-45081 July 15, 1936, En Banc
In Re: Laureta and Maravilla, 148 SCRA 382 (1987)
Demetria vs Alba, 148 SCRA 208 (1987)
Mantruste System vs CA, 179 SCRA 136 (1989)
INS v. Chadha, 462 U.S. 919 (1983)

C. Justiciable and Political Questions

Garcia vs Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 157584, April 2, 2009, En Banc

Province of North Cotabato vs GRP, G.R. No. 183591, October 14, 2008, En Banc
La Bugal-B’Laan v. Ramos, G.R. No. 127882. Dec. 1, 2004
Javellana vs, Executive Secretary, G.R. No. L-36142 March 31, 1973, En Banc
Arnault v. Balagtas, 97 Phil 358 (1955)

Article VIII, Section 1

Article VII, Section 18

VIII. DELEGATION OF POWERS

a) Tariff Powers (Article VI, Section 28(2))

Garcia v. Executive Secretary, 211 SCRA 219 (1992)

b) Emergency Powers (Article VI, Section 23 (2))

c) Rule Making Power of the SC (Article VIII, Sec. 5(5))
d) Local Government Units (Article X, Section 15)
e) Constitutional Commissions
Articles IX-A, Section 6; IX-C, Sec. 3, IX-D, Section 2(2)
e) Administrative Bodies
f). Tests for Valid Delegation

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 g)Doctrine of Qualified Political Agency

Biraogo vs Philippine Truth Comm., G.R. No. 192935, December 7, 2010, En Banc
Jaworski v. Pagcor, G.R. No. 144463, January 14, 2004
Gerochi vs DOE, G.R. No. 159796. July 17, 2007, En Banc
Peñafrancia vs 168 Shipping, G.R. No. 188952, September 21, 2016
Villena v. The Secretary of Interior, 67 Phil. 451, 463-464 (1939), En Banc
U.S. v. Ang Tang Ho, 43 Phil 1 (1922)
Conference v. POEA, 243 SCRA 666 (1995)
Pelaez vs Auditor General, 15 SCRA 569 (1965)
People vs. Judge Dacuycuy, 173 SCRA 90 (1989)

IX. THE STRUCTURE AND POWERS OF THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT

A. Congress

1. Composition, Qualification and Term of Office

a. Senate - Article VI, sections 2-4

b. House of Representatives - Article VI, Sections 5-8

Partido ng Manggagawa v. Comelec, G.R. No. 164702, March 15, 2006, En Banc
Dumpit Michelena v. Boado, G.R. Nos. 163619, November 17, 2005
Vets. Fed. Party v. Comelec, G.R. 136781, October 6, 2000
Bag. Bayani v. Comelec, G.R. No. 147589, June 26, 2001
Aquino v. Comelec, 248 SCRA 400 (1995)
Marcos v. Comelec, 248 SCRA 300 (1995)
Macias vs. Comelec, 3 SCRA 1 (1961)
Tan vs Comelec, 142 SCRA 727 (1986)

2. Election

a. Regular election - Article VI, Section 8

b. Special election - Article VI, Section 9

R.A. No. 6645, December 28, 1987

3. Organizations and Sessions

a. Election of Officers - Article VI, Section 16(1)

Santiago v. Guingona, G.R. 134577, November 18, 1998

b. Quorum – Article VI Section 16(2)

Avelino vs. Cuenco, 83 Phil. 17 (1949)

c. Rules of Proceedings

Pacete vs. Comm. On Appointments, 40 SCRA 58 (1971)

Arroyo vs. De Venecia, G.R. 127255, August 14, 1997

d. Discipline of members -

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Alejandrino v. Quezon, 46 Phil 83 (1924)
Osmena vs. Pendatun, 109 Phil. 863 (1960)
Santiago v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. 126055, April 19, 2001
De Venecia v. SB, G.R. No. 130240, Feb. 5, 2002

e. Journal and Record - Article VI, Section 16(4)

1. The Enrolled Bill Theory

Astorga vs Villegas, G.R. No. L-23475 April 30, 1974, En Banc

Casco Chemical Co. vs. Gimenez, 7 SCRA 347 (1963)
Mabanag v Lopez Vito, 78 Phil. 1 (1947)

2. Probative Value of the Journal

United States vs. Pons, 34 Phil. 729 (1916)

3. Matters to be entered in the Journal

a. Yeas and Nays on third and final reading of a bill

Article VI, Section 26(2)
b. Veto message of the President
Article VI, Section 27(1)
c. Yeas and Nays on the re-passing of a bill vetoed by the President.
[Article VI Section 27(1)]
d. Yeas and Nays on any question at the request of 1/5 of members
present [Article VI Section 16(4)]

4. Journal Entry Rule vs. Enrolled Bill Theory

Morales v. Subido, 27 SCRA 131 (1969.)

Astorga v Villegas, 56 SCRA 714 (1974)

5. Congressional Record - Article VI, Section 16(4) par.2

f. Session

1. Regular sessions

Article VI, Section 15

2. Special sessions

Article VII, Sections 10-11

Article VII, Section 18 par. 2

3. Joint sessions

Article VII, Section 4

Article XVII, Section 1(1)
Article VII, Section 18

4. Salaries, Privileges and Disqualifications

a. Salaries

16
 Articles VI, Section 10
Article XVIII, Section 17

Phiconsa vs. Mathay, 18 SCRA 300 (1966)

Ligot vs. Mathay, 56 SCRA 823 (1974)

b. Freedom from Arrest

Article VI, Section 11

Revised Penal Code, Article 145

Speech and Debate Clause

Article VI, Section 11

Jimenez vs. Cabangbang 17 SCRA 876 (1966)

People v. Jalosjos, G.R. 132875, February 3, 2000

d. Disqualifications

1. Incompatible and Forbidden Offices-Article VI

Funa vs Acting Secretary of the DOJ, G.R. No. 191644, February 19, 2013, En Banc
Civil Liberties Union vs Exec Sec, G.R. No. 83896, February 22, 1991, En Banc
Adaza vs Pacana, Jr. 135 SCRA 431 (1985)

2. Other Prohibitions - Article VI, Section 14

Puyat vs De Guzman, 113 SCRA 31 (1982)

e. Duty to Disclose

Article XI, Section 17

Article VI, Section 12

5. Electoral Tribunals

Guerrero v. Comelec, G.R. No. 137004 (July 26, 2000)

Codilla v. De Venecia, G.R. 150605, December 10, 2002
Abbas vs. SET, 166 SCRA 651 (1988)
Sampayan vs Daza, 213 SCRA 807 (1992)
Bondoc vs Pineda, 201 SCRA 792 (1991)
Pena vs. HRET, G.R. No. 123037, March 21, 1997

6. Commission on Appointments

Coseteng vs. Mitra, Jr. 187 SCRA 377 (1990)

Guingona vs. Gonzales, 214 SCRA 789 (1992)
Cunanan v. Tan, 5 SCRA 1 (1962)
Daza v. Singson, 180 SCRA 496 (1989)

7. Powers of Congress
a. General Plenary Powers - Article VI, Section 1

17
b. Limitations on the Legislative Power

1. Substantive limitations

Article III (Bill of Rights)

Article VI, Sections 25 & 28
Article XIV, Section 4(3)
Article VI, Section 29

Implied substantive limitations

Prohibition against delegation of legislative power
Prohibition against passage of irrepealable laws

Liban vs Gordon, G.R. No. 175352, January 18, 2011, En Banc

2. Procedural limitations - Article VI. Sec. 27

8. Legislative Process

a. Requirements as to bills

1. As to titles of bills - Article VI, section 26(1)

Tio vs Videogram Regulatory Board, 151 SCRA 208

Lidasan vs. Comelec, 21 SCRA 479 (1967)

2. Requirements as to certain laws

a. Appropriation laws - Article VI, Section 25

Demetria vs. Alba, 148 SCRA 208 (1987)

Guingona vs. Caraque, 196 SCRA 221 (1991)
Tolentino vs. Sec. of Finance, G.R. 115455, Aug. 25, 1994
Philconsa vs. Enriquez, G.R. 113105, August 19, 1994

b. Tax laws – Art. VI, Section 28; Article XIV, Section 4(3)

Abakada Guro v. Ermita, G.R. No. 168207, October 18, 2005

Lung Center vs Q. C., G.R. No. 144104. June 29, 2004
Tan v. Del Rosario, 237 SCRA 324 (2000)
Garcia v. Executive Secretary, 211 SCRA 219 (1992)
John Hay PAC v. Lim, G.R. No. 119775, October 24, 2003

c) Appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court (Art. VI, Sec. 30)

First Lepanto Ceramics v. CA, 237 SCRA 519 (1994)

Fabian v. Desierto, G.R. No. 129742, September 16, 1998

b. Procedure for the passage of bills

Article VI, Section 26(b)

Tolentino v. Secretary of Finance, G.R. No. 115455 October 30, 1995, En Banc
Philconsa v. Enriquez, G.R. No. 113105 August 19, 1994, En Banc

18
Gonzales vs Macaraig. G.R. No. 87636, Nov. 19, 1990
Bengzon vs Drilon, 208 SCRA 133 (1992)
INS v. Chadha, 462 U.S. 919 (1983)
Bowsher v. Synar, 476 U.S. 714 (1986)
Miller vs. Mardo, 2 SCRA 898 (1961)

c. Effectivity of laws - Civil Code, Article 2

Tanada vs. Tuvera, 136 SCRA 27 (1985)

PVB Employees Union v. Vega, G.R. No. 105364, June 28, 2001

Same, resolution of motion for reconsideration, 146 SCRA 446

Executive Order No. 200, June 18, 1987

d. Question Hour - Article VI, Section 27

e. Legislative investigation - Article VI, Section 21

Neri vs Senate, G.R. No. 180643, September 4, 2008, En Banc

Senate v. Ermita, G.R. No. 169777, April 20, 2006
Sabio, v. Gordon, et al. - G.R. No. 174340, October 17, 2006
Bengzon vs. Sen. Blue Rib. Comm., 203 SCRA 767 (1991)
Armault vs. Nazareno, 87 Phil. 29 (1950)
Armault vs., Balagtas, 97 Phil. 358 (1955)

Other Powers:

a). Act as board of canvassers for presidential election

Article VII, Section 4 par. 4

Pimentel v. Joint Com., G.R. No. 163783. June 22, 2004

Brillantes v. Comelec, G.R. No. 163193. June 15, 2004

b) Call a special election for Presidency (Article VII, Section

c) Decide on disability of the President (Art. VI, Sec. 11)
d).Legislative veto or approval for habeas corpus or declaration of material law
Article VII, Section 18
e).Presidential amnesties - Article VII, Section 19
f). Concur in treaties - Article VII, Section 21

Pimentel v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 158988, July 6, 2005

g). Declaration of Existence of War

h) Delegation of emergency powers, Article VI, Section 23
i.) Utilization of natural resources, Article XII, Section 2
j). Amendment of Constitution, Article XVII, Sections 1-2
k) Power of Impeachment
1. Who are subject to impeachment - Article XI, Section 2
2. Grounds for impeachment - Article, Section 2
3. Procedure for impeachment - id., Section 3(1)-(6)
4. Consequences of impeachment - Id., Section 3(7)

Francisco v. House of Rep., G.R. No. 160261, Nov.10, 2003

19
B. Executive Department

1. The President

a. Qualifications, election, term and oath - Article VII, Sections 1,4 & 5
b. Privileges and salary - Article VII, Section 6

Republic v. SB, G.R. No. 152154, July 15, 2003

c. Succession

1. In case of vacancy at the beginning of term

Article VII, Section 7

2. In Case of vacancy during term

Article VII, Section 8

3. In case of temporary disability - Article VII, Sections 11-12

Estrada v. Arroyo, G.R. No. 146738, March 2, 2001

d. Removal - Article XI, Sections 2-23

e. Prohibitions - Article VII, Section 13

Article VI, Section 13 Article IX, Section 2

Article IX-B, Section 7

Exceptions to prohibition from holding another office:

a. Vice-President as member of the cabinet

Article VII, Section 3 par. 2

b. Sec. of Justice as member of Judicial and Bar Council

Article VIII, Section 8(1)

NAC v. COA. G.R. 156982, September 8, 2004

CLU vs. Exec. Secretary, 194 SCRA 317 (1991)
Cruz v. COA, G.R. No. 138489, Nov. 29, 2001

Powers and Functions of the President

1. Executive Power

Article VII, Sections 1 & 17

DENR v. DENR Empl., G.R. No. 149725, August 19, 2003

Laurel vs. Garcia, G.R. No. 92013, July 25, 1990
Marcos vs. Manglapus, 178 SCRA 760 (1989)

20
2. Control of executive departments - Article VII, Section 17

Rufino v. Endriga, G.R. No. 139554, July 21, 2006

NEA v. COA, 377 SCRA 233 (2002)
De Leon v. Carpio. 178 SCRA 457 (1989)
Blaquera v. Alcala, G.R. 109406, September 11, 1998
Hutchison Ports V. SBMA, G.R. No. 131367, Aug. 31, 2000

3. General supervision over local governments/autonomous regions

Article X, Section 4; Id., Section 16

Pimentel v. Aguirre, G.R. 132988, July 19, 2000

4. Power of Appointment

Bermudez v. Torres, G.R. No. 131429, August 4, 1999

a. With consent of Commission on Appointment

i. Heads of Departments - Article VII, Section 16

ii. Ambassadors, public Ministers and Consuls
Article VII, Section 16
iii. Officers of Armed Forces from the rank of Colonel and Naval Captain - Article
VII, Section 16
iv. Chairman and members of Constitutional Commissions
Article IX-B, Section 1(2) Id., C., Section 1(2)
Id., D, Section 1(2)
v. Regular members of the Judicial and Bar Council
Article VIII, Section 8(2)

Soriano v. Lista, G.R. No. 153881, March 24, 2003

Calderon vs. Carale, G.R. No. 91636, April 23, 1992
Manalo v. Sistoza, G.R. 107369, August 11, 1999
Sarmiento vs. Mison, 156 SCRA 549 (1987)
Concepcion-Bautista vs. Salonga, 172 SCRA 160 (1989)

b. Upon recommendation of the Judicial and Bar Council

c. Those whose appointments are not otherwise provided by law
d. Those whom he may be authorized by law to appoint

Limitations on appointing power of the President - Article VII, Sections 13 & 15

Interim or recess appointments - Article VI, Section 19;

Bautista vs Salonga, G.R. No. 86439 April 13, 1989, En Banc

Pimentel v. Ermita, G.R. 164978, October 13, 2005, En Banc

Article VII, Section 16 par. 2

Matibag vs. Benipayo,. G.R. No. 149036 , April 2, 2002

In Re Valenzuela, A.M. No. 98-5-01-SC, Nov. 9, 1998
De Rama v. CA, G.R. No. 131136, February 28, 2001

21
 The Power of Removal

Larin v. Exec. Secretary, G.R. 112745, October 16, 1997

Limitations on appointing power of Acting President - Article VII, Sections 14 & 16

5. Exec. Clemencies - Article VII, Section 19 Article IX-C, Section 5

a. Pardon distinguished from probation

b. Pardon distinguished from parole
c. Pardon distinguished from amnesty
d. Reprieves, Commutations and Remissions of Fines
e. Effects of Pardon

Echegaray v. Secretary of Justice, 301 SCRA 96) (1999)

People vs. Casido, G.R. 116512, March 7, 1997
People v. Nacional, G.R. No. 11294, September 7, 1995
Monsanto vs. Factoran, 170 SCRA 190 (1989)
Sabello vs. DECS, 180 SCRA 623 (1989)
Llamas v. Orbos, 202 SCRA 844 (1991)
Cristobal vs. Labrador, 71 Phil. 34 (1941)
Pelobello vs. Gonzales, 152 SCRA 27 (1987)
In Re Lontok, 43 Phil 293 (1923)
Garcia vs. Chairman, COA G.R. 75025, September 14, 1993
Torres v. Gonzales, 152 SCRA 273 (1987)

6. Commander-in Chief

Article VII, Section 18 Article II, Section 15

Article VIII, Section 1 par. 2

Lagman vs Pimentel, G.R. No. 235935, February 06, 2018, En Banc

David v. Arroyo, G.R. No. 171390, May 3, 2006
Sanlakas v. Exec. Sec., G.R. No. 159085. Feb. 3, 2004
IBP v. Zamora, G.R. No. 141284, August 15, 2000
Navales v. Abaya, G.R. No. 162318, October 25, 2004
In Re De Villa, G.R. No. 158802, November 17, 2004
Aquino v. Enrile, 59 SCRA 183 (1974)
Olaquer vs. MC No. 4, 150 SCRA 144 (1987)
Lansang vs. Garcia, 42 SCRA 448 (1971)

7. Emergency Powers - Article XII, Section 2

8. Contracting and guaranteeing foreign loans

Article VII, Section 20 Article XII, Section 21

Republic Act No. 4860

Constantino v. Cuisia, G.R. No. 106064, October 13, 2005

9. Power over foreign affairs

a. Treaty making - Article XII, Section 21

22
 People's Movement vs. Manglapus, September 13, 1988
Comm. of Customs vs. Easter Sea, 3 SCRA 351 (1961)

b. Deportation of undesirable aliens

Go Tek vs Deportation Board, 79 SCRA 17 (1977)

10. Power over-legislation

a. Address Congress - Artcle VII, Section 23

b. Preparation and submission of the budget - Id., Section 22
c. Veto-Power - Article VII, Section 23(2)
d. Emergency Powers- Article VI, section 23(2)

11. Executive Privilege

Neri vs Senate, G.R. No. 180643, September 4, 2008, En Banc

Senate v. Ermita, G.R. No. 169777, April 20, 2006
Gudani v. Senga, G.R. No. 170165. August 15, 2006

12. Immunity from suit

Beltran vs. Macasiar, G.R. 82585, November 14, 1998

Gloria v. CA, G.R. No. 119903, August 15, 2000
Estrada v. Desierto, G.R. No. 146710-15, March 2, 2001
Nixon v. Fitgerald, 457 U.S. 731 (1982)
Harlow v. Fitgerald, 457 U.S. 800 (1982)
Clinton v. Jones, 117 S. Ct. 1636 (1997)

Vice President

a. Qualifications, election, term and oath

Article VII, Section 3, 4 and 5

b. Privileges and salary - Article VII, Section 6

c. Prohibitions - Article VII, Section 13

d. Succession - Article VII, Sections 2-3

B. The Judicial Department

Judicial Power

Miranda v. Aguirre, G.R. No. 133064, September 16, 1999

1. The Supreme Court

a. Composition - Article VII, Section 4

A b. Mode of Sitting

MMDA v. Jancom, G.R. 147465, April 10, 2002

23
People v. Gacott, G.R. No. 116049, July 13, 1995

c. Appointments and qualifications

Article VII,

SB v. J. Estrella, A.M. No. 01-1608-RJT, January 16, 2001

d. No non-judicial work for judges - Article VIII, Section 12

Meralco vs. Pasay Trans Co., 57 Phil. 600 (1933)

Garcia vs. Macaraig, 30 SCRA 106 (1969)

e.Salary

Article VIII, Section 10; Article XVIII, Section 17

Nitafan vs. CIR, 152 SCRA 284 (1987)

f. Tenure

Article VII, Section 11

g. Removal - Article XI, Section 3

In Re Gonzales, 160 SCRA 771 (1988)

h Fiscal autonomy - Article VIII, Section 3

i. Jurisdiction

Article VIII, Section 1

Article VI, Section 30

Article VII, Section 18

Tirol v. CA, G.R. Bo. 133954, August 3, 2000

People vs. Ramos, 88 SCRA 486 (1979)
People v.Teng, G.R. No. 141496, October 3, 2001
Santiago vs. Bautista, 32 SCRA 188 (1970)
Felipe vs. Leuterio, 91 Phil. 482 (1952)

j. Deliberations

Prudential Bank v.Castro. 158 SCRA 646 (1988)

Consing v. Court of Appeals, 177SCRA 14 (1989)

k. Voting

Cruz v. DENR, G.R. No. 135385, December 6, 2000

l. Requirements as to decisions - Article VIII, Sections 13-14

24
 Yao v. CA, G.R. No. 132428, October 24, 2000
Valladolid vs. Inciong, 121 SCRA 205 (1992)
Nunal vs. COA, 169 SCRA 356 (1989)
People v. Bugarin, 273 SCRA 384 (1996)
Hernandez v. Court of Appeals, 228 SCRA 429 (1993)
Dizon v. Judge Lopez, A.M. 96-1338, September 5, 1997
Asiavest v. CA, G.R. No. 110263, July 20, 2001

m. Petition for Review/Motion for Reconsideration

Tichangco v. Enriquez, G.R. No. 150629, June 30, 2004

Mendoza vs. CFI, 51 SCRA 369 (1973)
Martinez v. CA, G.R. 123547, May 21, 2001

n. Periods for deciding cases

Article VIII, Section 15 Article VII, Section 18 par. 3

Article XVIII, Section 12-14

Maquiran v. Judge Lopez, A.M. RTJ=00=1606

RE: Delays in the SB, A.M. No. 00-8-05-SC, Nov. 28, 2001

o. Act as PET - Article VII, Section 4 par. 4

JUDICIAL REVIEW

A. Theory and Justification of Judicial Review

David vs. Arroyo, G.R. No. 171396, May 3, 2006

Francisco v. House of Rep., G.R. No. 160261, Nov.10, 2003
Angara vs. Electoral Commission, 63 Phil. 139 (1936)
Jugo vs David, G.R. No. L-6355-56, August 31, 1953, En Banc

B. Requisites of Judicial Review

Article VIII, Section 5(2)

David vs. Arroyo, G.R. No. 171396, May 3, 2006

1. Actual Case or Controversy

Prematurity:

Montesclaros v. Comelec, G.R. No. 152295. July 9, 2002

PACU vs Secretary of Education, 97 Phil. 806 (1955)
Mariano vs Comelec, G.R. No. 119694 March 7, 1995
Cutaran v. DENR, G.R. No. 134958, January 31, 2001

Mootness:

Gonzales v. Narvasa, G.R. No. 140835. August 14, 2000

Lacson v. Perez, G.R. No. 147780, May 10, 2001
Atlas Fertilizer v. Sec, DAR, G.R. No. 93100, June 19, 1997
Defunis v. Odegaard, 416 U.S. 312 (1974)

25
Exceptions to Mootness:

Transendental Importance

APO Fruits Corp vs. Land Bank of the Philippines, G.R. No. 164195, April 5, 2011, En
Banc
Endriano vs Nograles, G.R. No. 187883, June 16, 2009, En Banc
Pimentel v. Ermita, G.R. 164978, October 13, 2005
Sanlakas v. Executive Secretary, G.R. 159085, February 3, 2004
Acop v. Guingona, G.R. No. 134855, July 2, 2002
2. Proper Party

CHR Employees Assoc. v. CHR, G.R. 155336, Nov. 25, 2004

Agan vs PIATCO, G.R. No. 155001, May 5, 2003, En Banc

Citizen Standing:

Tanada vs. Tuvera, 136 SCRA 27 (1985)

Chavez v. PEA and Amari, G.R. 133250, July 9, 2002

Associational Standing:

Executive Secretary v. CA, 429 SCRA 781, May 25, 2004

John Hay PAC. v. Lim, G.R. No. 119775, Oct. 24, 2003
IBP v. Zamora, G.R. No. 141284, August 15, 2000
Kilosbayan v. Guingona, 232 SCRA 110 (1994)
KMU Labor Center vs. Garcia, G.R. 115381, Dec. 23, 1994

Taxpayer’s Standing:

U.S. v. Richardson, 418 U.S. 166 (1974)

ITF v. Comelec, G.R. No. 159139. Jan. 13, 2004
Jumamil v. Café, G.R. 144570, September 21, 2005

Voter’s Standing:

Tolentino v. Comelec, 420 SCRA 438, January 21, 2004

Legislative Standing:

Ople v. Torres, 293 SCRA 141 (1998)

Governmental Standing:

People v. Vera, 65 Phil 56, November 16, 1937

Facial Challenge:

SPARK vs Quezon City, G.R. No. 225442, August 8, 2017, En Banc

Romualdez vs Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 152259, July 29, 2004, En Banc
Estrada v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 148560, Nov. 19, 2001

3. Earliest Opportunity
Umali v. Guingona, 305 SCRA 533 (1999)

26
 4. Necessity of Deciding Constitutional Questions

Arceta v. Mangrobang, G.R. No. 152895. June 15, 2004

Mandatory Notice

Mirasol v. CA, G.R. No. 128448, February 1, 2001

C. Functions of Judicial Review

Mitra vs Comelec, 104 SCRA 58 (1981)
Salonga vs Cruz-Pano, 134 SCRA 438 (1985)
Javier v. Comelec, 144 SCRA 194 (1988)

D. The Exercise of Judicial Review

Ifurung vs Morales G.R. No. 232131, APRIL 24, 2018, En Banc

Ynot vs. IAC, 148 SCRA 659 (1987)

E. Effect of Declaration of Unconstitutionality

New Civil Code, Article 7

Republic vs Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 79732, November 8, 1993
Serrano de Agbayani vs PNB, 38 SCRA 429 (1972)

Doctrine of Operative Fact

Yap vs Namaris Ships Management, GR. No. 179532, May 30, 2011

F. Partial Unconstitutionality

Salazar vs Achacoso, 183 SCRA 145 (1986)

Administrative powers

1. Supervision of lower courts - Article VIII, Section 6

Maceda v. Vasquez, 221 SCRA 464 (1993)

Caoibes v. Ombudsman, G.R. No. 132177, July 19, 2001
In re Demetria, A.M. No. 00-7-09-CA, March 27, 2001

2. Temporarily assign judges to other stations in public interest

Article VIII, Section 5(3)

3.Order a change of venue or place of trial to avoid miscarriage of justice -

Article VIII, Section 5(4)

People v. Sola, 103 SCRA 393 (1981)

4. Appointment of officials and employees of entire judiciary

Article VIII, section 5(6)

27
 5. Promulgate rules concerning the enforcement and protection of
constitutional rights

RE: Req. for Special Div., A.M. 02-1-09-SC, Jan. 21, 2002

6. Promulgate Rules Concerning Pleading, Practice and Procedure

B
New Rule on Law Student Practice- Administrative Matter 19-03-24-SC
C
D 7. Admission to the Practice of Law

Zaldivar vs. Gonzales, 166 SCRA 316 (1988)

In re : Cunanan, 94 Phil. 534 (1954)
Aguirre v. Rana, Bar Matter No. 1036, June 10, 2003
E
F 8. Integration of the Bar

In re : Edillion, 84 SCRA 554 (1978)

In re : IBP Elections Bar Matter No. 491 (October 6, 1989)

9.Legal Assistance to the Underprivileged

q. Report on the Judciary - Article VIII, Section 16

2. Lower courts

a. Qualifications and appointment

Article VIII, Section 7

b. Tenure - Article VIII, Section 112

De La Llana vs. Alba, 122 SCRA 291 (1983)

3.The Judicial and Bar Council - Article VIII, Section 8

4.Automatic release of appropriation for the judiciary - Article VIII, Section 3

D. The Constitutional Commissions

a) Independence

b) Qualifications

Cayetano v.Monsod, G.R. No. 100113, September 3, 1991

c) Appointment & Term

d) Rotational Scheme

Gaminde v. COA, G.R. No. 140335, December 13, 2000

e) Vacancies

28
 Brillantes vs. Yorac, G.R. No. 93867, December 18, 1990

f) Disqualifications
g) Salary/Removal/Appointment of Personnel
h) Fiscal Autonomy

CHREA v. CHR, G.R. 155336, July 21, 2006

CSC v. DBM, G.R. 158791, July 22, 2005
CHREA v. CHR, G.R. 155336, November 25, 2004

i) Submission of Reports and Recommendations

j) Rule Making
K) Decisions

Cua v. Comelec, 156 SCRA 582 (1987)

Sarmiento v. Comelec, 212 SCRA 307 (1992)

l) Appeals

Ambil v. Comelec, G.R. 143398, October 25, 2000

Reyes v. COA, G.R. No. 125129, March 29, 1999

E. The Civil Service Commission

A. Scope of the Civil Service - Article IX-B, Section 2(1)

Leyson v. Ombudsman, G.R. No. 134990, April 27, 2000

Baluyot v. Holganza, G.R. No. 136374, February 9, 2000
Camporedondo v. NLRC, G.R. No. 129049, August 6, 1999
PNCC v. Fabion, G.R. No. 131715, December 8, 1999
NSC vs. NLRC, 168 SCRA 122 (1988)
SSSEA vs. CA, 175 SCRA 686 (1989)

B. The Career and Non-Career Service

De Leon v. CA, G.R. No. 127182

General v. Roco, G.R. No. 143366, January 29, 2001

C. Terms and conditions of employment in the Civil Service

1. Oath and allegiance to the Constitution

Article IX-B , Section 4 Article XI, Section 18

2. Merit system

PAGCOR v. Rilloraza, G.R. No. 141141, June 25, 2001

CSC v. Salas, G.R. No. 123708, June 19, 1997
Cadiente vs. Santos, 142 SCRA 280 (1986)
Grino v. CSC, 194 SCRA 458 (1991)
Samson v. CA, 145 SCRA 654 (1986)
Triba v. Sto. Tomas, 199 SCRA 833 (1991)
Corpus vs. Cuaderno, 15 SCRA 591 (1965)

29
 3. Appointment- Article IX-B, Section 6
4. Appointment and designation of elective/appointive officials

Article IX-B, Section 7 Article VII, Section 13

Article VI, Section 13

5. Exemptions from exam requirement

Office of the Ombudsman v. CSC, G.R. No. 159940 February 16, 2005

6. Standardization of pay and ban on double compensation

Article IX-B, Section 5Id., Section 8

CB Empl. Assoc. v. BSP, G.R. No. 148208, Dec. 15, 2004

NAC v. COA, G.R. No. 156982, Sept. 8, 2004

7. Ban on partisan political activities

Article IX-B, Section 2(4)

Compare Article XVI, Section 5(3) (with respect to members of the AFP)

Trinidad v. Valle, 105 SCRA 606 (1981)

Vistan v. Nicolas, 201 SCRA 524 (1991)

8. Removal or suspension only for cause - Article IX-B, Section 3

Pastor v. City of Pasig, G.R. No. 146873, May 9, 2002

Domingo v. Zamora, G.R. No. 142283, February 6, 2003
David v. Gania, G.R. No. 156039, August 14, 2003
Miranda v. Carreon, G.R. No. 143540, April 11, 2003
Office of the Pres. v. Buenaobra, G.R. No. 170021, Sept. 8, 2006

9. Summary Removal

10. Right of self-organization

Article III, Section 8

Article IX, Section 2(5)

11. Review of decisions of the CSC - Article IX, Section 7

12. Fiscal independence - Article IX-A, Section 5

U.P. vs. Regino, G.R. 88167, May 3, 1993

Luego v. CSC, 143 SCRA 327 (1986)
Central Bank vs. CSC, 171 SCRA 744 (1989)

2. Commission on Audit

a. Powers and Functions

Article IX-D, Section 2

30
 Article VI, Section 20
DBP v. COA, 231 SCRA 202, (1994)
Sambeli vs. Province of Isabela, 210 SCRA 80 (1992)
Albert v. COA, G.R. No. No. 126537, March 6, 2001
Bustamante v. COA, 216 SCRA 164 (1992)
DBP v. COA, G.R. No. 88435, January 16, 2002

E. Sandiganbayan - Article XI, Section 4

P.D. 1606, December 10, 1979

Nunez vs. Sandiganbayan, 111 SCRA 433 (1982)

F. Office of the Ombudsman

See also P.D. 1630, July 18, 1979

R.A. 6770, Nov. 17, 1989

1. Composition - Article XI, Section 5

2. Qualifications - Article XI, Section 8
3. Appointment and term - Article XI, Sections 9 & 11
4. Rank and salary - Article XI, Section 10
5. Disqualifications - Article XI, Section 8; Article IX-A, Section 2
6. Jurisdiction - Article XI, Section 12

Roxas v. Vasquez, G.R. No. 114944, June 19, 2000

PCGG v. Desierto, G.R. No. 140232, January 19, 2001
People v. Velez, G.R. No. 138093, February 19, 2003

7. Powers and Functions - Article XI, Section 13

Ledesma v. CA, G.R. 161629, July 29. 2005

Ombudsman v. Madriaga, G.R. No. 164316, September 27, 2006

8.Power to Dismiss from the Service

Ombudman vs Lisondra, G.R. No. 174045, March 07, 2008

Ombudsman vs CA, Santos, G.R. NO. 167844, Novemver 22, 2006, En Banc

9. Fiscal autonomy - Article XI, Section 14

10. Appointment of personnel - Article XI, Section 6

G. Office of the Special Prosecutor - Article XI, Section 7

Zaldivar vs. SB, 160 SCRA 843/Resolution, May 19, 1988

Orap vs. Sandiganbayan, 139 SCRA 252 (1985)

See P.D. No. 1630, Sections 10, 12-15 (admin. investigations)

Section 17 (criminal investigation)

H. Central Monetary Authority

Composition and qualifications of members - Article XII, Section 20

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 Functions - Article XII, Sections 20-21

I. Economic and Planning Agency - Article XII, Section 9-10

J. National Commissions

1. Commission on Human Rights

a. Composition and qualifications of members - Article XIII, Section 17

b. Powers and Functions - Article XIII Section 18-19
c. Fiscal autonomy - Article XIV, Section 17(4)

Carino v. CHR, G.R. No. 96681, December 2, 1981

2. National Language Commission - Article XIV, Section 9

3. National Police Commission - Article XVI, Section 9

Canonizado v. Aguirre, G.R. No. 133132. January 25, 2000

4.Comm. on Indigenous Peoples - Article XVI, Section 12

THE POWER OF IMPEACHMENT

Who are subject to impeachment Art. XI, Sec. 2

a. President

b. Vice-President

c. Justices of the Supreme Court

d. Members of the Constitutional Commissions

e. Ombudsman

Grounds for impeachment

Art. XI, Sec. 2, supra.

a) Culpable violation of the Constitution

b) Treason (RPC)

c) Bribery (RA 3019)

d) Graft and corruption (RA 3019)

e) Other high crimes

f) Betrayal of public trust

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 LIMITATION

No impeachment proceeding shall be initiated against the same official more

than once within a period of one year. [Art. XI, Sec. 3(5)]

Who initiates?

The House of Representatives shall have the exclusive power to initiate all cases
of impeachment. [Art. XI, Sec. 3(1)]

Procedure for impeachment

Art. XI, Sec. 3(1)-(6)

Romulo v Yniguez
Lecaroz vs Sandiganbayan, 128 SCRA 324

Consequence

Art. XI, Sec. 3 (7)

The Sereno Case

Republic vs Sereno, G.R. No. 237428, May 11, 2018, En Banc

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