KONGUNADU COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

NAMAKKAL- TRICHY MAIN ROAD, THOTTIAM

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
EC 8395 COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
UNIT I - ANALOG MODULATION

Introduction Modulation
Communication:
Communication is the process of conveying or transferring the
information from one point to another
Examples:
Wireless communication, optical communication, etc…

Generation of AM Demodulation of AM
Demodulation is the process by which the modulating signal is
recovered from the modulated signal
It is the reverse process of modulation

Single Side Band Suppressed Carrier AM (SSB-SC-AM)

Generation of SSB-SC-AM:

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 KONGUNADU COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
NAMAKKAL- TRICHY MAIN ROAD, THOTTIAM
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
EC 8395 COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Relationship between Phase and Frequency Modulation

Transmission Bandwidth of FM

Carson’s Rule

FET reactance modulator

Varactor Diode Modulator

Indirect Method (Armstrong method) FM Demodulation

Two types of FM discriminators:
1. Slope detectors
2. Phase difference discriminators
Slope detectors
The principle of operation depends on the slope of the frequency
response characteristics or curve of a frequency selective network
(i) Single tuned discriminator circuit or simple slope detector
(ii) Stagger tuned discriminator circuit or balanced slope detector
Phase difference discriminators
Block diagram of Armstrong method of generating a wideband FM signal
(i) Foster seeley discriminator
(ii) Ratio detector

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 KONGUNADU COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
NAMAKKAL- TRICHY MAIN ROAD, THOTTIAM
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
EC 8395 COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
UNITII - PULSE MODULATION

Sampling Theorem Quantization

 While converting the signal value from analog to
 A continuous time signal can be represented in its digital ,quantization is performed. The analog value is
samples and recovered back if the sampling frequency assigned to the nearest digital level.
is twice of the signal frequency.  Then the Q-value is converted to binary value.
 fs ≥ 2W
 fs Sampling frequency Classification
 Uniform QuantizationQuantization step is constant
Analog Sampling Pulse amplitude between two quantizaton levels.
process
signal modulated (PAM) signal  Non-uniform QuantizationStep size is not fixed.It is
varried according to the i/p signal.

TDM-Transmitter/Encoder
PCM Generator
PCM Signal
X(t)

 Codec is basically a PCM encoder/decoder

 Codec used to generates serial bit stream of PCM data.
 Sampling frequency of PCM is generated from clock signal.
 Outputs from various codec s combined by the multiplexer into single bit
stream.
 This bit stream is converted to baseband waveform using line codes

DM Transmitter
ADM Transmitter
•x(nTs)sampled signal of x(t)
•x̄ (nTs)last sample approximation.
•Error e(nTs)=x(nTs)- x̄ (nTs)

•Step size increased or decreased

according to one bit quantizer output.
•If q-output is 1 δ doubled for next
sample.
•If q-output is 0 δ reduced by 1 step.
•The summer in the accumulator adds quantizer output δ with previous •ADM modulators can take continuos
sample approximation. changes in step size or discrete changes in
•Present sample u(kTs)=u(k-1)Ts δ. step size.
•The previous sample approximation u(k-1)Ts is restored by delaying one
sample period Ts.

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 KONGUNADU COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
NAMAKKAL- TRICHY MAIN ROAD, THOTTIAM
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
EC 8395 COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
UNIT III - DIGITAL MODULATION AND TRANSMISSION

3)Phase Shift Keying (PSK) 2)Binary-Frequency Shift Keying(BFSK)

Message Signal

 Frequency of the carrier is varied to

represent digital data (binary 0/1)
 Peak amplitude and phase remain constant.
 b(t)=1repersented by fH
 b(t)=0 repersented by fL

 The strength of the carrier signal is varied to represent

binary 1 and 0. fL fH
 Frequency and Amplitude remains the same.

BFSK Receiver
Generation of BPSK signal

Y(t)>0
Y(t)<0

If the tx frequency is fH,then the output s1(t) will be higher than s2(t),
Hence y(t)>0.

4-PSK (QPSK) method

M-array PSK
 Power Spectra (M-array)
S PSK ( f )  2 E sinc 2 Tf 
 2 Eb log 2 M sinc 2 Tb f log 2 M 

 M=2, we have

S BPSK ( f )  2Eb sinc 2 Tb f 

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 KONGUNADU COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
NAMAKKAL- TRICHY MAIN ROAD, THOTTIAM
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
EC 8395 COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

1.1)Nyquist Pulse shaping criterion

1)Duo-binary Encoder  a)Time domain criterion
•Duo binary encoding reduces the max frequency of the base band signal. 1
•Duo means double the tx capacity of binary system.

 From the above eqn,the second term will be zero if ISI is zero,this is possible if
the received pulse p(t) is controlled such that

2

 If p(t) satisfies the above condition,then the received signal is free from ISI.
•Consider the input sequence {bk} which contains binary symbols 1 and 0.
•By using level shifter this sequence is converted in to bipolar NRZ sequence {ak} 3

Input sequence if ak = 1 if bk = 1
if ak =-1 if bk = 0  The above condition in time domain for perfect reception in absence of noise

2)Design of Raised cosine channel

ISI Problem  The frequency response P(f) decreases towards zero gradually.
 The raised cosine spectrum is given as

 Roll-off factor
 Binary data {bk} is applied to the data encoder.
 The data encoder generates pulse waveform x(t).this can be represented by
follows  Time domain pulse for raised cosine spectrum
1  IFT of time domain pulse

 Tb bit duration
 g(t)shaping pulse

2

Eye pattern structure Equalizing Filters

For large number of patterns (ISI),large number of input signals.
 In the baseband transmission system, channel noise and ISI act together.
 In order to eliminate ISI optimum linear receiver can be used for such
transmission system.
Zero forcing Equalizer
 The optimum linear receiver is realized with the help of zero forcing equalizer.
 The equalizer forces the ISI to zero.

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 KONGUNADU COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
NAMAKKAL- TRICHY MAIN ROAD, THOTTIAM
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
EC 8395 COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
UNIT IV- INFORMATION THEORY AND CODING

Information (Measure of Information)

Entropy (Average Information)

Channel Coding Theorem (or) Shannon

Channel Capacity Theorem

Statement

Explanation

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 KONGUNADU COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
NAMAKKAL- TRICHY MAIN ROAD, THOTTIAM
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
EC 8395 COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

RZ-AMI - Example
Line Coding Techniques
 Non-Return to Zero (NRZ) • We want to transmit m=1011010

 Unipolar Return to Zero (Unipolar-RZ)

 Bi-Polar Return to Zero (Bi-polar RZ)

half width
 Return to Zero Alternate Mark Inversion (RZ-AMI)

 Non-Return to Zero – Mark (NRZ-Mark)

 Manchester coding (Biphase)

Manchester coding - Example 4) Convolutional codes

• We want to transmit m=1011010  Original message bits convolved with impulse
1 response of the encoder.
 In this type of codes the encoder operates on the
incoming message sequence continuously and
generates the encoded sequence continuously.
 Types
0  1)Linear code If two codewords added by mod-2
arithematic,then the result codeword in the code.
 2)Non-linear code If two codewords added by mod-2
arithematic,then the result codeword not in the code.

Syndrome Decoding Decoder Trellis Diagram

 Decoding operation starts with the computation of a 1x(n-k)
vector called the error syndrome vector or simple the syndrome.
 Syndrome depends only on the error pattern and not on the
transmitted codeword.
 ‘r’ denotes the 1xn received vector that results from sending the
code vector ‘c’ over a noisy channel.
r=c+e
where ‘e’ is called error vector or error pattern.
if ‘ei ‘ = 1 => there is an error in the ith location
=0 => no error (r = c)
 Syndrome is defined as, S1x(n-k) = r1xn[HT]nx(n-k)

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 KONGUNADU COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
NAMAKKAL- TRICHY MAIN ROAD, THOTTIAM
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
EC 8395 COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
UNIT V -SPREAD SPECTRUM AND MULTIPLE ACCESS

Types of Multiple Access Schemes

Definition
1. FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access)
• Multiple users can access a common channel
2. TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)
• APPLICATIONS: 3. CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)
• Satellite Networks
• Cellular & Mobile Communication networks
• Underwater acoustic networks

FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple

Non – linear Effects
Access) • Many channels share – same antenna
• Channel BW is divided into Smaller frequency • Poweramplifiers & Power combiners – noise.
Bands. – Subdivision
• To minimize this, RF filtering is used.
• Here Each subdivision – Own IF carrier
frequency
• Guard Bands – included to avoid interfernce

Number of FDMA Channels

• N=(βf - 2βguard)/ βc
• βc = Channel BW
• βf= Total Spectrum
• βguard= Guard band

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