UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES

Assignment I – Part A
MECH4880-Refrigeration and Air Conditioning

Piyush Karnavat
z5143959

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CONTENTS: -

List Of Figures .........................................................................................................................................3

List of Tables............................................................................................................................................3
1 Introduction ........................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
2 Design Day Selection ......................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
3 External loading- Wall specification .................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
4 Solar Transmission Loads .................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
5 Heat Load Through Partitions ............................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
6 External Loads- Winter ...................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
7 Internal Loads in Summer .................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
8 Internal Loads In Winter .................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
9 Heating and Cooling Load Summary ................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
10 Psychrometric Charts ....................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

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LIST OF FIGURES:-

FIGURE 1: Climatic data over the year in Temperate town (Extract from Camel 5.11.1)
FIGURE 2: Extract of table-24 -DA-09
FIGURE 3: Extract of table 37 -DA09
FIGURE 4: Extract of table 37 -DA09
FIGURE 5: Extract of table 37 -DA09
FIGURE 6: Extract of table 24 -DA09
FIGURE 7: Extract of table 26- DA09
FIGURE 8: Extract of table 36- DA09
FIGURE 9: Extract of table 28 -DA09
FIGURE 10: Extract of table 30-DA09
FIGURE 11: Extract of table 37- DA09
FIGURE 12: Extract of table 29 -DA09
FIGURE 13: Extract of table 37- DA09
FIGURE 14: Calculation for conduction external walls
FIGURE 15: Calculation for conduction external walls
FIGURE 16: Calculation for conduction external walls

LIST OF TABLES:-
TABLE 1: Design constraints
TABLE 2: U-values for T.0.6 (summer)
TABLE 3: U-values for T.0.6 (winter)
TABLE 4: U-values for MM.0.3 (summer)
TABLE 5: U-values for MM.0.3 (winter)s
TABLE 6: NCC correction T.0.6 & MM.0.3
TABLE 7: storage masses
TABLE 8: Conduction external walls
TABLE 9: Glass Conduction for shops T.0.6 and MM.0.3
TABLE 10: Glass radiation for shop T.0.6
TABLE 11: Glass radiation for shop MM.0.3 north exposure
TABLE 12: Glass radiation for shop MM.0.3 east exposure
TABLE 13: Partition loads for shops T.0.6 and MM.0.3
TABLE 14: Heat gain through floor for shops T.0.6 and MM.0.3
TABLE 15: Heat gain through floor for shops T.0.6 and MM.0.3
TABLE 16: Heat loss through floors of shops T.0.6 and MM.0.3
TABLE 17: Lighting loads
TABLE 18: People loads
TABLE 19: T.0.6 Equipment load summer
TABLE 20: MM.0.3 Equipment load summer
TABLE 21: Infiltration for both the shops in summer
TABLE 22: Heat gain from equipment for T.0.6 and MM.0.3
TABLE 23: Infiltration for both the shops in winter
TABLE 24: Load summary for shop T.0.6
TABLE 25: Load summary for shop MM.0.3
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1. INTRODUCTION:-
A HVAC system is to be designed for a 2 storey retail building with an adjacent car park as a
portrayed. The total design of the building is divided into two parts, Part (A) and Part (B). The
manager of the company have given the task to calculate the heat load and performing
preliminary duct design. The heat load is to be carried out for two rooms which are (T.0.6) and
(MM.0.3). The first phase calculation are reported.

Latitude 30 degree south

Summer 33.8oC DB/ 22.9 oC WB
Winter 2.1oC DB/ 80% RH
Building Orientation Building North is 30o clockwise from true north
Cooling Coil Effectiveness, Ƞc 0.85
Minimum supply air temperature 12 oC
Outside air requirements 10 l/s per person
Table (1) - Design Constraints

2. DESIGN DAY SELECTION AND SPECIFICATION

COMPREHENSION: - Section (1)
What are design days and what is their significance to heat load calculation?
It is very important to know the time and date in heat load calculation in order to know the air
conditioning loads are expected to be highest. If the system is designed for these type of
condition, then this type of system is expected to run and perform throughout the year. “Design
day is defined as the day to which the system is designed are known as design days”
There are two main conditions, (1) Summer- where the cooling load is expected to be maximum,
and (2) Winter- where the heating load is maximum.
Hence, to work at these extreme condition, if a system is designed, it will work all the weather
conditions in between.

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 Figure 1: Climatic data over the year in Temperate town (Extract from Camel 5.11.1)

In this case, the temperate town temperature data is available in Camel software-(Ver. 5.11.1).
A Camel data is shown in Figure 1 above.
Select the summer and winter design days for the project.
From Figure 1, it can be seen that the hottest of summer is practiced in starting of year
in January and the coldest of winter is experienced in June. Also, during summer, the
peak temperature is observed at 3pm. Thus the summer design day can be selected as
January 3pm. The peak load, in winter, is expected during the starting of the HVAC
system. Thus, the winter design day is selected as June 7am.
Calculate the size of the buildings ceiling space and explain its purpose.
In buildings, it is somehow common for having a false ceiling spaces. The wiring and
air conditioning duct are fitted in these false ceiling spaces. But also, the height between
the false ceiling space and floor is known as the ceiling height, the actual ceiling height

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is the distance between the and the floor actual ceiling of the roof. During calculation of
heat loads, the true floor height is to consider to get more accurate values.

Definitions:-
1. Glazing: Glazing is defined as a transparent or translucent element in the walls.
These include windows and walls.
2. Partition: Partition walls are those which separates two conditioned air spaces such
as internal walls separating two rooms.
3. Storage mass: It is the ability of different building materials to absorb and store heat
[2 downloaded pdf AIRAH]. This stored heat will then be radiated either in the form
of latent heat or sensible heat. Storage mass can be useful for heating in the winters
and cooling in the summers if it is applied properly,. Hence, it is important in HVAC
design to compute the total storage mass of different materials to reduce the power
consumption.
4. AHU (Air Handling Unit): An Air Handling Unit is the device that regulates and
recirculates the ventilated and air-conditioned air into the rooms. It is a critical unit
in a HVAC system that pumps in fresh air into the rooms

Specify the daily and yearly temperature ranges you are going to use for the analysis
and briefly describe why you are using those values.

From Figure 1, it can be seen that for temperate town, 10oC is mentioned as the
daily temperature range. The temperature yearly range is the difference between
the maximum dry bulb temperature and the minimum dry bulb temperature
throughout the year and this is calculated as 33.8-19.4 = 14.4oC.

3. EXTERNAL LOADS- WALL SPECIFICATION: - Section (2)

Difference in between R value and U value

The difference between a U – Value and the R – Value, the U – value also called
as U factor very commonly known as overall heat transfer coefficient. It is
inversely proportional to each other. The R – value it the resistance that is
commonly known as thermal resistance in a thermal system. We can even also
say that the R – is always a reciprocal quantity when compared with the overall
hear transfer-(Varkie C. Thomas, 2016).

Heat conduction is always between, when there is a temperature difference

between two faces of a wall. The extent of heat transfer depends on the resistance
provided by the wall against the heat transfer. This resistance of the wall against
the heat conduction is known as resistance(R) of the walls. Transmission co-
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efficient (U) is another factor which gives the ease of heat conduction through the
wall. The transmission coefficient is reciprocal of resistance. Calculating the
values of transmission coefficient and resistance are the first step in estimating
the heat conduction through the walls.

How are U-values calculated for walls made from series of layers of different
materials?
For calculating the U-values of wall made from series of different layers of
materials, the effective resistance is calculated first by adding the individual
resistance in a series. The final U-value is the reciprocal of the calculated total
resistance.
∑𝑅 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 + ⋯
∴ 𝑈 =1/ ∑𝑅
If there are material that are aligned in parallel form, the effective resistance of these layer is
given as:-

𝑛
1
= ∑ 1/𝑅𝑖
𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑓
𝑘=0

Where, i = Number of layers in parallel.

Below are the examples of U-values. Calculation for North external walls for shop T.0.6

𝑅1 = 1/2.01 = 0.50
𝑅2 =0.77*0.020= 0.0154
𝑅3 =1.93 (Assuming 50mm thick Ebonite expanded from table 37 DA09)

∑R = R1 + R2 + R3 = 2.44

How does outdoor wind speed affect U-values for a given materials?
With the augment of wind speed, it can been seen that the rate of heat transfer
increases. Hence, the U-value increases which ultimately results in decrease in
the resistance. Hence, the wind speeds are very essential in U-value calculations
for the HVAC system design during winter and summer.
Calculate and report the U-values for all surfaces in shop T.0.6 and MM.0.3.

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 Figure 2:-Extract of table-24 (DA-09)

Summer
Mass/Unit
Construction Area Density Thickness Resistivity U R R effective U effective
Shop T.0.6 2 3
area Reference
Material (m ) (kg/m ) (mm) (moC/W) (W/m2 oC) (m2 oC/W) (m2 oC/W) (W/m2 oC)
(kg/m2)
Outside Air Film 146 1.2 - - - 6.2 0.16
Metal Deck: Aluminium Asbestos 146 2675 5 13.4 4.74E-03 42194.1 0.00002

Wood Deck: Walnut 146 657 25 16.4 7.22 5.5 0.181

Wood Rafters: Oak 73 769 100 76.9 6.25 1.6 0.624

Ceiling Insulator: Mineral fibre-Batts 73 32 75 2.4 31.52 0.3 2.9 3.47 0.29 Table 37-DA09

Plaster: Vermiculite 146 961 15 9.6 4.95 13.5 0.07

Air gap 146 1.2 1500 - - 0.4 2.25

False Ceiling: Gypsum perilite 146 617 15 9.3 8.69 7.7 0.13
Inside Air Film 146 1.2 - - - 6.2 0.162

Claybrick: 2x90mm brick | 60mm air gap | 15mm

44.795744 - 240 346.0 - 2.01 0.50
gypsum plaster inside
Table 24 & 37 -
External Wall-North wall 2.44 0.41
DA09
Ebonite expanded 44.795744 64 50 3.2 38.53 0.518 1.93
Marble 44.795744 2643 20 52.9 0.77 0.0154
12mm plaster board | 100mm | 12mm plaster
93.96 - 100 11.0 - 1.78 0.56 2.49 0.40 Table 26-DA09
board
Internal Wall-East
Ebonite expanded 44.795744 64 50 3.2 38.53 0.518 1.93
12mm plaster board | 100mm | 12mm plaster
93.96 - 100 11.0 - 1.78 0.56 2.49 0.40 Table 26-DA09
board
Internal Wall-West
Ebonite expanded 44.795744 64 50 3.2 38.53 0.518 1.93

Internal Wall-South Vertical glass 53.7 - - - - - - 0.17 5.89 Table 36-DA09

Window Vertical Glass 8.904256 0.17 5.89 Table 36-DA09

100mm Concrete+ 25mm sand and

Floor 146 - 125 287.0 1.38 0.62 0.62 1.62 Table 28-DA09
cement topping+ carpet and underlay

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 Table 2:-U-values for T.0.6 (summer)

Winter
Surface
Construction Area Density Thickness Resistivity U R R effective U effective
Shop T.0.6 2 3
Density Reference
Material (m ) (kg/m ) (mm) 2 (moC/W) (W/m2 oC) (m2 oC/W) (m2 oC/W) (W/m2 oC)
(kg/m )
Outside Air Film 146 1.2 - - - 9.3 0.11
Metal Deck: Aluminium Asbestos 146 2675 5 13.4 4.74E-03 42194.1 0.00002
Wood Deck: Walnut 146 657 25 16.4 7.22 5.5 0.181
Wood Rafters: Oak 73 769 100 76.9 6.25 1.6 0.624
Ceiling Insulator: Mineral fibre- Batts 73 32 75 2.4 31.5 0.3 2.9 3.42 0.29 Table 37-DA09

Plaster: Vermiculite 146 961 15 9.6 4.95 13.5 0.07

Air gap 146 1.2 1500 - - 0.4 2.25
False Ceiling: Gypsum perilite 146 617 15 9.3 8.69 7.7 0.13
Inside Air Film 146 1.2 - - - 6.2 0.162
Claybrick: 2x90mm brick | 60mm air gap | 15mm
44.795744 - 240 346.0 - 2.01 0.50
gypsum plaster inside
Table 24 & 37 -
External Wall-North Ebonite expanded 44.795744 64 50 3.2 38.53 0.518 1.93
2.44 0.41
DA09
Marble 44.795744 2643 20 52.9 0.77 0.0154
12mm plaster board | 100mm | 12mm plaster
93.96 - 100 11.0 - 1.78 0.56 2.49 0.40 Table 26-DA09
board
Internal Wall-East
Ebonite expanded 44.795744 64 50 3.2 38.53 0.518 1.93
12mm plaster board | 100mm | 12mm plaster
93.96 - 100 11.0 - 1.78 0.56 2.49 0.40 Table 26-DA09
board
Internal Wall-West
Ebonite expanded 44.795744 64 50 3.2 38.53 0.518 1.93

Internal Wall-South Vertical glass 53.7 - - - - - - 0.16 6.42 Table 36-DA09

Window Vertical Glass 8.904256 0.16 6.42 Table 36-DA09
100mm Concrete+ 25mm sand and
Floor 146 - 125 287.0 1.22 0.66 0.66 1.52 Table 28-DA09
cement topping+ carpet and underlay

Table 3:-U-values for T.0.6 (winter)

Summer
U
Surface R
Construction Area Density Thickness Resistivity U R effective
Shop MM.0.3 Density effective Reference
Material (m2) (kg/m3) (mm) (moC/W) (W/m2 oC) (m2 oC/W) (W/m2
(kg/m2) (m2 oC/W) o
C)
Outside Air Film 440 1.2 - - - 6.2 0.16
Bituminous felt roof | 150mm
concrete | 25mm sand and cement 440 - - 437.0 - 1.67 0.60
Ceiling topping | plaster tiles 12mm 3.22 0.31 Table 30 & 37-DA09
Air gap 440 1.2 1500 - - 0.4 2.25
False Ceiling: lime cement 440 1442 15 21.6 3.3 20.2 0.05
Inside Air Film 440 1.2 - - - 6.2 0.162
Claybrick: 2x90mm brick | 60mm
air gap | 15mm gypsum plaster 84.06 - 240 346.0 - 2.01 0.50
External Wall-North inside 2.43 0.41 Table 24-DA09
Ebonite expanded 44.795744 64 50 3.2 38.53 0.518 1.93

Claybrick: 2x90mm brick | 60mm

air gap | 15mm gypsum plaster 122.16 - 240 346.0 - 2.01 0.50
External Wall-East inside 2.43 0.41 Tables 24-DA09
Ebonite expanded 44.795744 64 50 3.2 38.53 0.518 1.93

Small wall-West Vertical Glass 58.2 0.17 5.89 Table 36-DA09

Small wall-South Vertical Glass 49.2 0.17 5.89 Table 36-DA09

12mm plaster board | 100mm |

93.96 - 100 11.0 - 1.78 0.56
12mm plaster board
Internal Wall-West 2.49 0.40 Table 26-DA09
Ebonite expanded 44.795744 64 50 3.2 38.53 0.518 1.93

12mm plaster board | 100mm |

71.64 - 100 11.0 - 1.78 0.56 2.49 0.40 Table 26-DA09
12mm plaster board
Internal Wall-South
Ebonite expanded 44.795744 64 50 3.2 38.53 0.518 1.93

Window Vertical Glass 69 0.17 5.89 Table 36-DA09

100mm Concrete+ 25mm sand
Floor and cement topping+ carpet and 440 - 125 287.0 1.38 0.62 0.62 1.62 Table 28-DA09
underlay

Table 4:- U-values for MM.0.3 (summer)

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 Winter
U
Surface R
Construction Area Density Thickness Resistivity U R effective
Shop MM.0.3 Density effective Reference
Material (m2) (kg/m3) (mm) (moC/W) (W/m2 oC) (m2 oC/W) (W/m2
(kg/m2) (m2 oC/W) o
C)
Outside Air Film 440 1.2 - - - 9.3 0.11
Bituminous felt roof | 150mm
concrete | 25mm sand and cement 440 - - 437.0 - 1.9 0.53
Ceiling topping | plaster tiles 12mm 3.09 0.32 Table 29 & 37-DA09

Air gap 440 1.2 1500 - - 0.4 2.25

False Ceiling: Lime cement 440 1442 15 21.6 3.3 31.7 0.05
Inside Air Film 440 1.2 - - - 6.2 0.162
Claybrick: 2x90mm brick | 60mm
air gap | 15mm gypsum plaster 84.06 - 240 346.0 - 2.01 0.50
External Wall-North inside 2.43 0.41 Table 24-DA09
Ebonite expanded 44.795744 64 50 3.2 38.53 0.518 1.93

Claybrick: 2x90mm brick | 60mm

air gap | 15mm gypsum plaster 122.16 - 240 346.0 - 2.01 0.50
External Wall-East inside 2.43 0.41 Tables 24-DA09
Ebonite expanded 44.795744 64 50 3.2 38.53 0.518 1.93

Small Wall-West Vertical Glass 58.2 0.16 6.42 Table 36-DA09

Small Wall-South Vertical Glass 49.2 0.16 6.42 Table 36-DA10
12mm plaster board | 100mm |
93.96 - 100 11.0 - 1.78 0.56 0.40 Table 26-DA09
12mm plaster board
Internal Wall-West 2.49
Ebonite expanded 44.795744 64 50 3.2 38.53 0.518 1.93

12mm plaster board | 100mm |

71.64 - 100 11.0 - 1.78 0.56 0.40 Table 26-DA09
12mm plaster board
Internal Wall-South 2.49
Ebonite expanded 44.795744 64 50 3.2 38.53 0.518 1.93

Window Vertical Glass 69 0.16 6.42 Table 36-DA09

100mm Concrete+ 25mm sand
Floor and cement topping+ carpet and 440 - 125 287.0 1.22 0.66 0.66 1.52 Table 28-DA09
underlay

Table 5:-U-values for MM.0.3 (winter)

The calculated U-values for all the surfaces of shop T.0.6 and MM.0.3 are given above.
Following are the assumptions considered for the calculation of U-values for both the shops:
1. Bituminous felt roof as the metal decking
2. Wooden deck is made out of Walnut
3. Wood rafter are made of oak
4. Insulator between the rafter is made of fiber and Batts
5. Plaster is assumed to be vermiculite
6. False ceiling is made from Gypsum perlite
7. For floor, marble thickness is assumed to be 20mm (T.0.6)
8. Appropriate thickness of Ebonite expander is added for external walls for both the
shops
9. Negligible temperature difference is assumed between the ceiling space and shop
interior
10.No internal shading device is added to the plate glass

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 Figure 3:-Extract of table-37 (DA-09)

Figure 4:-Extract of table-37 (DA-09)

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 Figure 5:-Extract of table-37 (DA-09)

Figure 6:-Extract of table-24 (DA-09)

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 Figure 7:-Extract of table-26 (DA-09)

Figure 8:-Extract of table-36 (DA-09)

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 Figure 9:-Extract of table-28(DA-09)

Figure 10:-Extract of table-30 (DA-09)

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 Figure 11:-Extract of table-37 (DA-09)

Figure 12:-Extract of table-29 (DA-09

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 Figure 13:-Extract of table-37 (DA-09)

Using NCC 2016 volume one, determine the minimum R-values for a typical
wall, roof and floor.
Calculated Corrected Corrected
Recommen R Value R Value U Value
ded min R
Value
Externals Shop
(NCC
Summer Winter Summer Winter Summer Winter
Volume I,
2016)

T.0.6 3.2 3.45 3.4 3.45 3.4 0.290 0.294

Roof and Celing MM.0.3 3.2 3.3 3.18 3.30 3.68 0.303 0.272
T.0.6 2.3 0.56 0.54 3.06 3.04 0.327 0.329
North Wall MM.0.3 2.3 0.54 0.53 3.04 3.03 0.329 0.330
East Wall MM.0.3 2.3 0.54 0.53 3.04 3.03 0.329 0.330
Internal walls
East wall T.0.6 1.8 0.50 0.56 2.49 2.49 2.492 2.492
West wall T.0.6 1.8 0.56 0.56 2.49 2.49 2.49 2.49
south wall MM.0.3 1.8 0.56 0.56 2.49 2.49 2.49 2.49
Table 6:- NCC correction T.0.6 & MM.0.3

Why the BCA does provides minimum R-values?

The Building code of Australia (BCA) provides the minimum R-values for different
building surfaces to maintain the standards on insulation. These values varies with the
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 weather change and thereby require either higher or lower thermal insulation. This is
very important as poor thermal insulation could affect the electrical system in building
which causes the fire hazards. The regulations also serve the purpose to maintain an
energy efficient solution for constructions, but are primarily designed with an intent to
create safe environment.

For any surface which does not meet the minimum requirements add increments
of R=0.5 insulation until the surface meets the minimum specification. Provide a
list of the updated U-values for all surfaces.
Calculated and report the storage masses.

Total
Mass of
Floor Surface Storage
Area Mass of wall per
Shop Area Wall Density load Note
(m2) wall (kg) unit
(m2) (kg/m2) area
Factor

(kg/m2)
Ceiling 146 88.305 12892.5 Assuming bare
North Wall 44.795744 402.06 18010.6 glass with 16 hours
operation time.
T.0.6 146 East Wall 93.96 14.2 1334.2 320.2 0.62
Sun exposure is
West Wall 93.96 14.2 1334.2 North-east facing
Floor 146 287 41902.0 at 11 AM
Ceiling 440 458.63 201797.2 Assuming bare
North Wall 84.06 349.2 29353.8 glass with 16 hours
East Wall 122.16 349.2 42658.3 operation time.
MM.0.3 440
West Wall 93.96 15.2 1428.2
539.3 0.83
Sun exposure is
South Wall 71.64 15.2 1088.9 North-east facing
Floor 440 287 126280.0 at 3PM.
Table 7:- storage masses.

Note: The ceiling for the both shops is not included in the envelope ( external surface exposed
to sun) and so the respective R-values will not be affected if it is less than 3.2. However, as
per NCC 2016 volume one, the R-values of external walls with storage mass not less then
220kg/m2 can be reduced from 2.8 to 2.3. Since this requirement is met by the external walls
of both shops, the effective R-values are increased accordingly. To improve the resistance of
the walls, Ebonite expanded insulation of suitable thickness is added to all the required
surfaces. The storage load factors were calculated for the both shops by assuming 16 hours of
operation time and bare glass with no internal shading device for the window. The calculation

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for shop T.0.6 is shown below. It should however be noted that for the shop MM.0.3, the total
storage load factor is added by computing individual values from north and east exposure.

For North Wall- T.0.6:-

Surface density = 402.06
Mass of wall = 18010.6

The total mass of the walls for rooms is calculated as below: - (from DA09- Table
9)

= External wall mass + (0.5* floor mass) + 0.5* (mass of partitions and ceiling)
Floor areas

= 18010.6 + (0.5 * 41902.0) + 0.5 * (12892.5 + 1334.2 + 1334.2)

146

= 320.2 kg/m2

The storage load factor for the calculated storage mass is then interpolated for
north exposure ate the design time using table-9 from DA 09. The same procedure
can be used to evaluate storage load factor for shop MM.0.3.

4. EXTERNAL LOADS–SOLAR TRANSMISSION: - Section (3)

Determine which surfaces will experience solar transmission loads.

AND

Surfaces external to the structure use a modified temperature difference when

calculating their contribution to the heat loads, why is this used and what is its
effect on the heat loads (increase/decrease)?

The external surfaces that are directly subjected or exposed to the sunlight, the
solar transmission load are applied on them. Normally, according to the law of
thermodynamics, the heat transfer is possible when there is temperature
difference between two substances, hence the heat gain through the external
surfaces is because of the difference in the temperature between the outdoor air
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 and indoor air, and due to constant shifting of the sun position, and this difference
is always varying in a day. Hence, to calculate the heat load it really gets difficult.
Therefore, for calculating the steady state heat flow through the external surfaces,
we use the concept of equivalent temperature difference.
Solar transmission loads applies to the external surfaces that are exposed to the
sunlight, this includes the north walls T.0.6 and MM.0.3 and the east wall of
MM.0.3.

How is the heat load for external glazing calculated? Provide the full formula and
explain each component

This equation below represent for different design condition like solar position,
location, construction materials, composition, etc. and is given as below [3
chapter 5]:

𝑄 = 𝑈 ∗ 𝑎 ∗ ∆𝑡𝑒

-where, Q = heat flow (in Watts)

U = transmission coefficient (W/m2°C)
a = area of surface (m2)

Calculate and report the heat load for all external surfaces.

For medium colored wall,

∆t𝑒 = 0.78 𝜎/𝜎𝑚𝑠 ∆t𝑒𝑚 + (1 − 0.78 𝜎/𝜎𝑚𝑠 ) ∆t𝑒𝑠

Where,
∆tes = equivalent temperature difference for wall or roof in shade at design time
σs = maximum solar heat gain (W/m2) through wall or roof for desired month and latitude.
(From Table 14 – DA09)
∆tem = equivalent temperature difference for wall or roof exposed to sun at design time
σm = maximum solar heat gain (W/m2) through wall or roof for January at 40o latitude.
(From Table 14 – DA09)
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Following are the data:-
Summer outdoor design condition = 33.8°C
Winter outdoor design condition = 19.4°C at 3 PM
Daily range for temperature town = 10°C
Summer room design temperature =23.5°C
Yearly range = 33.8-19.4 = 14.4°C
Outdoor temp. Correction for January = 0 –From DA09- table 3)
Corrected outdoor design temperature =33.8- 0= 33.8°C
Corrected outdoor temperature- room =33.8- 23.5 = 10.3°C
Difference in the above and daily range =10.3 – 10 = 0.3°C

T.0.6 winter
33.8 Summer
19.4 Winter
14.4 difference
0 winter room condition
33.8 summer-outdoor correction
10.3 difference b/w above and winter room conditions
10 daily range
0.3 interpolated value table 23
10.85 te
11.15 delta tem
4.213 ts
4.513 delta tes
6.637 difference b/w tem and tes
510 sigma s
230 sigma m

Figure 14:-Calculation for conduction external walls

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MM.0.3 winter North
33.8 Summer
19.4 Winter
14.4 difference
0 winter room condition
33.8 summer-outdoor correction
10.3 difference b/w above and winter room conditions
10 daily range
0.3 interpolated value table 23
11.137 te
11.437 delta tem
4.759 ts
5.059 delta tes
6.378 difference b/w tem and tes
510 sigma s
230 sigma m

Figure 15:-Calculation for conduction external walls

MM.0.3 winter east

33.8 Summer
19.4 Winter
14.4 difference
0 winter room condition
33.8 summer-outdoor correction
10.3 difference b/w above and winter room conditions
10 daily range
0.3 interpolated value table 23
9.754 te
10.054 delta tem
4.759 ts
5.059 delta tes
4.995 difference b/w tem and tes
330 sigma s
550 sigma m

Figure 16:-Calculation for conduction external walls

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 Summer Conductive
Mass of
Area Transimis
wall per ∆te , oC Heat Gain
of sion through
Structure Shop unit area ∆tem , oC ∆tes , oC σs ,W/m2 σm ,W/m2 (medium Reference
wall Coeficien coloured external
of floor,
m2 t, U wall) wall,
kg/m2
W/m2 oC W

Extrapolated
from
T.0.6 44.796 0.327 402.06 11.15 4.51 100 230 6.76 99.02
Table 21-
DA09
North Wall
Extrapolated
from
MM.0.3 84.06 0.329 349.20 11.437 5.06 100 230 7.22 199.70
Table 21-
DA09
Extrapolated
from
East Wall MM.0.3 122.16 0.329 349.2 14.42 9.59 550 550 13.36 536.74
Table 21-
DA09
Table 8: Conduction external walls

Heat load through external glazing:-

The heat loads for external glazing is a function of both conductance and radiation of the glazing
material. The heat gain through glazing can be divided two components. First is radiation through the
glass and the other one is conduction through the glazing due to temperature difference.
Q (conduction) = U * a * Δt

The heat gain through glass radiation is calculated as:

Q (radiation) = Peak Solar Heat gain * A * SF * k1 * k2 * k3 * k4 * k5 * k6

Where, P = Peak Solar heat gain

SF is the storage load factor
k1 = sash correction factor
k2 = haze correction factor
k3 = altitude correction factor

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k4 = dew point correction factor
k5 = glass factor
k6 = Solar factor

The glass factor is used to calculate the efficiency of the glass to allow the heat and light to pass
through without considerable loss in the energy through reflection and absorption. This gets affected
when a shading device like a dark tint is added to the glass. The resultant amount of heat passing
through the glass with internal shading device decreases thus decreasing the solar factor.

The following table illustrates the glass conductance and radiation for both the shops. The negative
sign represents the heat gain actually indicates the heat loss through the surfaces.

Transmission
Inside Outside Temperature Heat
Coefficient Area
Shop Wall Condition Temperature Temperature Difference Gain/loss
U (m2)
(oC) (oC) (oC) (W)
(W/m2 oC)
Summer 5.89 8.90 23.5 33.8 10.3 540.2
T.0.6 Window
Winter 6.42 8.90 21 2.1 -18.9 -1080.4

MM.0. Summer 5.89 69 23.5 33.8 10.3 4186.0

Window
3 Winter 6.42 69 21 2.1 -18.9 -8372.3
Table 9: Glass Conduction for shops T.0.6 and MM.0.3

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 Factor Values Reference
Shop - T.0.6 Summer-North Exposure
Peak Solar heat gain(P)
100 From Table 14 -DA09
(W/m2)
K1,Correction Factor (Sash) 1.17 Steel sash: from Table 14 -DA09

The outside confitions are assumed to be non-

K2,Correction Factor (Haze) 1
hazy
The elevation of Temperate town in only 15m.
K3, Correction Factor (Altitude) 1
Thus this factor can be neglected

K4,Correction Factor (Dewpoint) 1 Winter 11am, no expected dew

Carrier Plate glass (6mm), from Table 15-DA09
K5,Glass Factor 0.94
and assignment specifications
K6,Solar Factor 1 No internal shading- Chapter 4 pp 47 DA09

windows Area , m2 8.90

Storage load factor 0.62

Total heat gain through glass, W
607.2
= P*A*K1*K2*K3*K4*K5*K6
Table 10: Glass radiation for shop T.0.6

Factor Values Reference

Shop MM.0.3Summer-North Exposure
Peak Solar heat gain(P)
100 From Table 14 -DA09
(W/m2)
K1,Correction Factor (Sash) 1.17 Steel sash: from Table 14 -DA09
The outside confitions are assumed to be non-
K2,Correction Factor (Haze) 1
hazy
The elevation of Temperate town in only 15m.
K3, Correction Factor (Altitude) 1
Thus this factor can be neglected
K4,Correction Factor (Dewpoint) 1 Winter 11am, no expected dew
Carrier Plate glass (6mm), from Table 15-DA09
K5,Glass Factor 0.94
and assignment specifications
K6,Solar Factor 1 No internal shading- Chapter 4 pp 47 DA09
Table 11: Glass radiation for shop MM.0.3 north exposure

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 Factor Values Reference
Shop MM.0.3 Summer-east Exposure
Peak Solar heat gain(P)
550 From Table 14 -DA09
(W/m2)
K1,Correction Factor (Sash) 1.17 Steel sash: from Table 14 -DA09
The outside confitions are assumed to be non-
K2,Correction Factor (Haze) 1
hazy
The elevation of Temperate town in only 15m.
K3, Correction Factor (Altitude) 1
Thus this factor can be neglected
K4,Correction Factor (Dewpoint) 1 Winter 11am, no expected dew
Carrier Plate glass (6mm), from Table 15-DA09
K5,Glass Factor 0.94
and assignment specifications
K6,Solar Factor 1 No internal shading- Chapter 4 pp 47 DA09
2 69
windows Area , m
Storage load factor 0.83
Total heat gain through glass, W
6298.6 Total = 2114+5693=7807
= P*A*K1*K2*K3*K4*K5*K6
Table 12: Glass radiation for shop MM.0.3 east exposure

5. EXTERNAL LOAD- PARTITION:- Section(4)

What is the difference between partitions and external surfaces and how does the heat
load calculation differ between them?

Air conditioned spaces and building structures are separated by the partitions walls. These
surfaces or walls - floor and ceiling including if possible - are not exposed to the outside air.
While on the other side, the surface which is exposed to the outside is the external surfaces. It
should not be considered as a partition, despite the fact that it may not be exposed to the outside
air, it still makes as a part of the building external. Likewise, the external surface is considered
as roof as it is directly exposed to the sun. The calculation for the heat load on an external surface
is demonstration in section-3.With the only difference in the evaluation of the temperature
difference, the heat load on the partition is similar to the external surface.
By considering different design constraints, in section-3 we have calculated the equivalent
temperature difference, but in external load on partition, within the air-conditioned spaces, we
assume that there is no temperature fluctuation. Hence, the net heat flow through partitions is
given as below:
Calculate and report the heat load for all partitions.

𝑄 = 𝑈 ∗ 𝑎 ∗ ∆𝑡

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 Where, Δt = difference in temperature between 2 adjacent spaces.

Both, in summer as well as in winter, the T.0.6 and MM.0.3 shops have same internal
temperature (23.5°C DB (summer) and 21°C DB (winter). Shops T.1.7 and T.0.5 are abut to the
shop T.0.6 and having the same internal temperature. Shops MM.0.2 and M.0.1 are adjacent to
MM.0.3 and are at the same internal temperature. Since all the above shops have same
temperatures, (Δt = 0). Therefore, the heat flow through partitions is zero (0).

Temperature
Transmission
Temperature of all Temperature
Coefficient Area Heat loss
Condition Room No of Room adjacent difference
U (m2) W
2o (oC) rooms (oC)
(W/m C)
(oC)
T.0.6 0.33 146 23.5 23.5 0 0
Summer
MM.0.3 0.33 440 23.5 23.5 0 0
T.0.6 0.33 146 23.5 23.5 0 0
Winter
MM.0.3 0.33 440 23.5 23.5 0 0
Table 13: Partition loads for shops T.0.6 and MM.0.3

Temperature
Transmission
Temperature of all Temperature
Coefficient Area Heat loss
Condition Room No of Room adjacent difference
U (m2) W
(oC) rooms (oC)
(W/m2 oC)
(oC)
T.0.6 1.62 146 23.5 33.8 10.3 2436.156
Summer
MM.0.3 1.62 440 23.5 33.8 10.3 7341.84
Table 14: Heat gain through floor for shops T.0.6 and MM.0.3

6. EXTERNAL LOADS- WINTER:- Section (5)

Discuss three key differences between calculating external loads for cooling (summer)
and heating (winter).

The external loads calculations during winter vary significantly due to the following three
factors:-
1. Air film resistance: As compared to summer, during winters, the air outside the room
is very cold and also has a high velocity. Due to this, the heat transfer (convective) during
the winter increases which eventually means a lower heat flow resistance.

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 2. Solar heat gain: The assumed peak winter condition time for load calculation on June
21st is 6am for 30° south latitude and hence from the table-14, we can gain the heat gain as
0(W/m2) for both east and north facing walls. Hence, in this calculation the solar heat gain
can be ignored, while as in summers, we have to consider due to the change in the heat gain
value.

3. Heat flow Direction: During the winter the outer side design conditions are 2.1°C
DB/80% RH, whereas the design room conditions for both the shops MM.0.3 and
T.0.6 are 21°C and 80% RH. Therefore, for both the shops the heat flow direction
Will be outside towards the building exterior, but this case is opposite in the summer.

The external loads in winter also includes the heat loss through the floors of the shop and so it
must be included in our calculation for the winter loads.

Calculate and report the external loads under winter conditions.

The following tables represents the net heat loss through different surfaces of the given shops.

Transmissio Tempera
Outside Inside
n ture Heat
Area Temperatu Temperat
Shop Wall Coefficient 2
differenc loss
(m ) re ure
U o o
e W
( C) ( C)
(W/m2 oC) (oC)

T.0.6 North Wall 0.328947368 44.79574 2.1 21 18.9 278.5

East Wall 0.330033003 122.16 2.1 21 18.9 762.0
MM.0.3
North Wall 0.330033003 84.06 2.1 21 18.9 524.335
Table 15: Heat loss through external walls of shops T.0.6 and MM.0.3

Temperature
Transmission
Temperature of all Temperature
Coefficient Area Heat loss
Condition Room No of Room adjacent difference
U (m2) W
(oC) rooms (oC)
(W/m2 oC)
(oC)
T.0.6 1.52 146 21 2.1 18.9 4194.288
Winter
MM.0.3 1.52 440 21 2.1 18.9 12640.32
Table 16: Heat loss through floors of shops T.0.6 and MM.0.3

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7. INTERNAL LOADS- SUMMER:- Section (6)

Not including infiltration what are the three main forms of internal loads and how would
the heat load be calculated from the provided information?

Sensible and latent heat are the internal heat gain which are released by the appliances, lights,
occupants, equipment’s, etc. released within the air-conditioned spaces [4-chapter 7 pp 97].
The shops T.0.6 and MM.0.3 have internal heat load due to the following:-
1. People - produce sensible and latent heat,
2. Lighting - produces sensible heat, and
3. Equipment - produces latent and sensible heat.
The heat load in all the cases is to be calculated from the standard values given ASHRAE Guide
and Data books - Fundamentals. Then the number of equipment’s are multiplied with these
standard values and added together to get the net sensible and latent heat generated.

The sensible heat can be calculated as:

Q (sensible): 1.2 * V * Δt
The latent heat can be calculated as:
Q (latent) = 2.9 * V * Δt
The lighting load is calculated by multiplying the shop floor area with the lighting wattage per
unit area.
The following tables gives information of the total heat generated by people, equipment, and
lighting, along with the related data extracted from DA 09 and ASHRAE 2013.

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 Lighting Sensible
Corrected
load heat gain Reference
Area Storage Diversity Sensible heat
Shop per floor due to and
(m2) Factor factor gain value,
area lighting, comments
(W)
(W/m2) (W)
Table 11,13-
T.0.6 146 30 4380 1 1 4380 DA09. The light
operating time is
considered as
same as the
440 30 13200 1 1 13200 equipment
MM.0.3
operation.

Table 17: Lighting loads

Sensible Corrected Corrected

Latent heat
Number of heat Storage Diversity total sensible total Latent Reference and
Room No per person
people per person Factor factor heat gain, heat gain, comments
(W)
(W) (W) (W)
5 staff, Seated 72 58 1 1 360 290

T.0.6 45 customers,
72 58 1 1 3240 2610 The sensible and
Standing slow walking latent heat values
are taken from
90 average, Table 45 - DA09.
72 58 1 1 6480 5220
standing/slow walking No diversity factors
MM.0.3 applicable
140 peak ,
72 58 1 1 10080 8120
standing/slow walking

Table 18: People loads

Shop T.0.6
Summer
Heat per equipment Total Heat
Equipment Quantity Reference
Sensible (W) Latent (W) Sensible (W) Latent (W)
Refrigerator (500L) - Standard temp. 1 300 0 300 0 Table 46 - DA09
Coffee brewer (3L) 1 600 300 600 300 Table 46 - DA09
Cash register 4 48 0 192 0 Table 10 -Ashrae 2013
Microwave oven (28L) 1 400 0 400 0 Table 10 -Ashrae 2013
Water cooler (30L/hr) 1 350 0 350 0 Table 10 -Ashrae 2013
Total 1842 300
Table 19: T.0.6 Equipment load summer

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 Shop MM.0.3
Summer & Winter
Heat per equipment Total Heat
Equipment Quantity Reference
Sensible (W) Latent (W) Sensible (W) Latent (W)
Coffee machine (5L) 1 2500 1100 2500 1100 Table 46 - DA09
Microwave oven (28L) 1 400 0 400 0 Table 10 -Ashrae 2013
Toaster (360 slices/hr) 1 2400 1100 2400 1100 Table 46 - DA09
Desktop computer (2.3GHz, 3GB RAM) 1 97 0 97 0 Table 8 -Ashrae 2013
Laptop computer (2GHz, 2GB RAM) 1 36 0 36 0 Table 8 -Ashrae 2013
Flat panel monitor (15") 5 55 0 275 0 Hosni et al.
Flat panel monitor (30") 10 130 0 1300 0 Hosni et al.
Flat panel monitor (45") 15 205 0 3075 0 Hosni et al.
Flat panel monitor (60") 10 280 0 2800 0 Hosni et al.
Cash register 4 48 0 192 0 Table 10 -Ashrae 2013
Total 13075 2200
Table 20: MM.0.3 Equipment load summer

Volume Inside Outside Moisture Moisture

flow Temperatu Temperat Content Content Heat
Condition Heat type
rate of air, re ure Inside Outside gain , W
l/s (oC) (oC) (g/kgDA) (g/kgDA)
Sensible 21 2.1 -4536
Winter 200
Latent 12.5 3.5 -5220
Table 21: Infiltration for both the shops in summer

Note: The heat gain from flat panel monitor is a function of its screen size

8. INTERNAL LOADS- WINTER: - Section (7)

Discuss three key differences between calculating internal loads for cooling (summer) and
heating (winter).
The winter internal load calculation differs from that of the summer load calculation in following
ways:
- During winter the load due to people can be neglected as during June 6 AM in winter design
condition, there won’t be much of people in the building. Hence the diversity factor also become
1 as there is no people in the building.

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 - Also since most of the equipment wouldn’t have started operating that early in the
morning, the internal loads due to those can also be neglected.
From table 14- DA 09, we can extract the turned- off and so lighting load can be neglected.
Hence for winter conditions the lighting load becomes as shown in Table

Shop T.0.6
Winter
Heat per equipment Total Heat
Equipment Quantity Reference
Sensible (W) Latent (W) Sensible (W) Latent (W)
Refrigerator (500L) - Standard temp. 1 300 0 300 0 Table 46 - DA09
Water cooler (30L/hr) 1 350 0 350 0 Table 10 -Ashrae 2013
Total 650 0
Table 22: Heat gain from equipment for T.0.6 and MM.0.3

Volume Inside Outside Moisture Moisture

flow Temperatu Temperat Content Content Heat
Condition Heat type
rate of air, re ure Inside Outside gain , W
o
l/s ( C) (oC) (g/kgDA) (g/kgDA)

Sensible 23.5 33.8 2472

Summer 200
Latent 9.9 13 1798
Sensible 21 2.1 -4536
Winter 200
Latent 12.5 3.5 -5220
Table 23: Infiltration for both the shops in winter

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 9. COOLING AND HEATING LOAD SUMMARY:- Section (8)

Report a summarized version of your findings for both shops and determine the total heating
and cooling load required for the space.

The heating and cooling loads both the rooms T.0.6 and MM.0.6 is computed and tabulated
below:-

Shop T.0.6
Loads Cooling Load-Summer Heating Load-Winter
Sensible,W Latent,W Sensible,W Latent,W
Solar Heat Gain Through External Walls 99.0 0.0 -278.5 0.0
Solar Heat Gain Through Glass Radiation 607.2 0.0 0.0 0.0
Glass Conduction 540.2 0.0 -1080.4 0.0
Heat load through partitions 2436.156 0.0 -4194.3 0.0
Lighting load 4380.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
People Load 3600.0 2900.0 0.0 0.0
Equipment Load 1842.0 300.0 650.0 0.0
Infiltration Loads 2472.0 1798.0 -4536.0 -5220.0
Total 15976.5 4998.0 -9439.2 -5220.0
Sensible heat factor 0.761711014

Table 24: Load summary for shop T.0.6

Shop MM.0.3
Loads Cooling Load-Summer Heating Load-Winter
Sensible,W Latent,W Sensible,W Latent,W
Solar Heat Gain Through External Walls 736.4 0.0 0.0 0.0
Solar Heat Gain Through Glass Radiation 6298.6 0.0 0.0 0.0
Glass Conduction 4186.0 0.0 -8372.3 0.0
Heat load through partitions 0.0 0.0 -12640.3 0.0
Lighting load 13200.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
People Load 10080.0 8120.0 0.0 0.0
Equipment Load 13075.0 2200.0 0.0 2200.0
Infiltration Loads 2472.0 1798.0 -4536.0 -5220.0
Total 50048.0 12118.0 -25548.6 -3020.0
Table 25: Load summary for shop MM.0.3

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 10. PSYCHROMETRIC CHARTS (SUMMER ONLY):- Section (9)

Discuss the features of psychrometric charts and the information they can provide.
A psychrometric chart is the graphical representation of the thermodynamics processes of moist
air occurring at the atmospheric pressure. We can find different thermodynamics properties of
air at a given point on the chart, which includes the DBT and WBT, relative humidity, enthalpy,
moisture content, etc.
Produce psychrometric charts for the peak summer loading cases for both shops reporting any
intermediate values and clearly indicating all points on the chart and their values.

11. CAMEL HEAT LOAD SIMULATION AND VALIDATION FOR SHOPS

T.0.9 AND MM.0.3:- Section (10)

CAMEL simulation was performed for the two shops for temperate town in climate zone 6 for comfort
conditions by considering 2 AHUs for each shop type. The following screenshots shows the important
screens for data entry in CAMEL for the desired location with 16 hours of operation time starting
from 6AM.

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 Opening screen CAMEL (Building north is the same as true north).

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 MM.0.3 External wall and windows with respective specifications

MM.0.3 internal loads.

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 MM.0.3 partition load winter.

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 Project screen.

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CAMEL simulation result: -

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 REFERENCES
(1) Hopman, H., Unit, A. and HQ, H. (2017). Air Handling Unit. [online] Heinenhopman.com. Available at:
https://heinenhopman.com/en/merchant/air-handling-unit/ [Accessed 16 Sep. 2017].
(2) Hosni, M., Jones, B. and Xu, H. (1999). Experimental Results for Heat Gain and Radiant/Convective Split
from Equipment in Buildings. SE-99-1-4(RP-1055).
(3) Wickham, F. (1997). DA09 application manual. West Melbourne: Australian Institute of Refrigeration, Air
Conditioning and Heating in association with the Institute of Refrigeration, Heating and Air Conditioning
Engineers of New Zealand, pp.1-97.
(4) Mason, M. and Kingston, T. (2010). Why determining thermal loads through windows is such a pane. [ebook]
Ecolibrium, pp.34-40. Available at:
https://www.airah.org.au/Content_Files/EcoLibrium/2010/October/2010_10_01.pdf [Accessed 16 Sep.
2017].
(5) National Construction Code. (2016). 1st ed. Canberra: The Australian Building Codes Board, pp.406-415.

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