1st Qtr Biotechnology

Grade 8 Reviewer

Biotechnology- The manipulation of living things or their components to produce useful products.

Traditional Biotechnology: Refers to a number of ancient ways of using living organisms to make
new products or modify existing ones.

Fermentation- Uses bacteria or fungi such as yeast to change food.

Modern Biotechnology: Refers to a number of techniques that involve the intentional manipulation
of genes, cells, living tissue in a predictable and controlled manner to generate changes in the genetic
make-up of an organism to produce new tissue.

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)- A technique used to copy DNA.

Cell Types:
Prokaryotic- Without nucleus; no membrane.
Eukaryotic- With nucleus; bound by membrane.

Nucleus- command center of the cell; contains genetic material of the cell
Types of Nucleic Acid:
DNA- Deoxyribonucleic Acid
RNA- Ribonucleic Acid
Types of RNA:
mRNA- messenger
tRNA- transfer
rRNA- ribosomal
Cell Membrane- semi-permeable (allows limited materials to go through); made up of phospholipid
bilayer (hydrophobic, hydrophilic)
[Cytoplasmic Membrane- Surrounds the cell membrane and separates it from environment.]
Cytoplasm- Jelly like substance in the cell; where all organelles are contained
Mitochondria- Powerhouse of the cell; site of cellular respiration; has its own DNA
[Uses ATP-Adenosine Triphosphate]
Chloroplasts- Site of photosynthesis;
Endoplasmic Reticulum- Rough: Protein Synthesis
Smooth: Lipid Synthesis
Vacuole- Storage of food and water
Lysosome- Suicidal Bags of the cell; contains chemicals that degrades foreign substances.
Ribosome- Protein syntheszers
1.) Attached
2.) Unattached/Free
Cell Division- Involves the distribution of identical genetic material or DNA of two daughter cells.
a.) Reproduction
b.) Growth and Development
c.) Tissue Renewal

Homolugous Chromosomes- Made up of chromosome pairs with the same length, centromere position,
and staining pattern.

The Cell Cycle:

Mitosis- Division of nucleus to produce to new daughter cells

Interphase
Prophase- Preparatory stage; pair up; centrioles move opposite sides toward the nucleus
Metaphase- Alignment of chromosomes in the middle of the cell
Anaphase- Separation of the sister chromatids at their junction point at the centromere
Telophase- Chromosomes complete their migration to the poles
Cytoplasm- Division of the cytoplasm

Diploid Haploid
2N=46 N=23

Meiosis- Reduces the amount of genetic information; produces haploid gamates

Important Terms to Remember:

Centromere- attaches the sister chromatids together
Kinetochore- where spindle fibers will attach during cell division
Chromatid- thicker version of chromatin, usually seen during prophase
Chromatin- thinner version of chromatid, usually seen during interphase
Sister chromatids- replicated chromatin/chromatid
Homologous chromosomes- pair of chromosomes, one from the mother, one from the father.
Synapsis- pairing of the homologous chromosomes at prophase 1
Crossing over- sharing of genetic material of non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes
Chiasma- point of a which paired chromosomes remain in contact during the first metaphase of meiosis,
and at which crossing over and exchange of genetic material occur between the strands.

Meiosis- [Division is the same as mitosis but doubled]

Number of chromosomes is the same
Cellular Respiration:

[read the pptx 😊]