LEAPFROG EDGE

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This document outlines the major features of Leapfrog EDGE. For more information
visit www.leapfrog3d.com contact your local Leapfrog team.
.
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Contents
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 3

Features ..................................................................................................................................................... 4

Graphical geostatistics ............................................................................................................................ 4

Domained estimation ............................................................................................................................... 6

Model classification & validation .............................................................................................................. 9

Block model export ................................................................................................................................ 13

Upgrade notes ......................................................................................................................................... 14

Project upgrades ................................................................................................................................... 14

System requirements .............................................................................................................................. 15

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Introduction
Leapfrog EDGE brings Leapfrog’s intuitive workflows and powerful visualisation capabilities to resource
estimation. Leapfrog EDGE’s estimation functionality is presented in an easy-to-follow workflow that provides
the flexibility to make changes and have dependent estimators and block model evaluations dynamically
update.
Leapfrog EDGE’s estimation workflow provides features such as scatter plots, Q-Q plots, box plots and
histograms for geostatistical data analysis, fixed-length compositing routines with different end-length
handling options, single chart pre- and post- compositing histogram to compare and validate compositing
decisions, boundary analysis tools, value capping and flexibility throughout the variography process.
Leapfrog offers standard estimators such as Point and Block Kriging (SK and OK), Nearest Neighbour and
Inverse Distance, in addition to Radial Basis Function. Data can be declustered or weighted using the
declustering object.
Classifying and interrogating models can be accomplished using an elegant calculations and filters editor. In
addition, properties and quality measures for sample geometries and estimators created in the domained
estimation workflow can be calculated and evaluated onto block models. Block model attributes can be
visualised in Leapfrog EDGE’s 3D scene by values or block status, making it easy to identify estimation
results or blocks of invalid values. Finally, validation tools including Swath plots can be used for providing
comparisons between sample dates and the estimated results. Leapfrog EDGE allows communicating all
findings to stakeholders and providing evidences of the entire process.

An active Leapfrog EDGE license enables mineral resource estimation functionality within Leapfrog
Geo providing an integrated workflow, from your geological model to your resource model.
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Features
Graphical geostatistics
Leapfrog EDGE’s graphical geostatistics tools are invaluable in helping you thoroughly understand your data
at all stages of the estimation process. Graphs and Boundary plots are powerful visual tools for analysing
numeric and category data and making decisions on settings such as compositing length and boundary type.

Graphs
Histograms, log probability plots, box plots, scatter plots and Q-Q plots are available for exploratory data
analysis. These are available for interval tables, points, block models and sub-blocked models. A summary
of key statistics can also be displayed with histograms. Data highlighted in histograms and scatter plots can
be examined simultaneously in the 3D scene window. The sharp look and feel and the number of settings
help guide important decisions providing a report-ready configuration.

Interval length statistics, a univariant graph is made available to help make compositing decisions.
Furthermore, a bivariate histogram for composited data, displays raw and composited data on a single graph.
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A table of summary statistics directly compares populations, providing a full picture of the effect of a particular
compositing approach has had on the grade distribution.

Boundary plots
An automatically generated boundary plot helps in identifying the appropriate boundary and boundary type
(hard, soft, semi-soft), using the ‘distance from wireframe’ method. The domained data values can be viewed
in the 3D scene as part of the boundary validation process, and further statistical analysis can be carried out
using the values statistics tool. Boundary settings can be reassessed and edited at any time.
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Domained estimation
One of the core workflows of Leapfrog EDGE is the new Domained Estimation object in which Variography
is performed and Standard estimators and Declustering functions are constructed. Leapfrog EDGE presents
its estimates in a manner consistent with the rest of the Leapfrog interface: estimators are constructed using
sample data and user-defined parameters as inputs that can then be visualised on points, block models and
sub-blocked models.

Variography
Defining a variogram model is a critical part of geostatistical modelling and estimation. Leapfrog EDGE
supports multi-structured variograms and offers spherical, spheroidal and linear models. The variogram
model can be visualised as an ellipsoid in the 3D scene, and the rotation and ranges can be adjusted using
controls on the ellipsoid.
Leapfrog EDGE’s experimental variography tools, including the radial plot, the downhole variogram and axis-
aligned variograms, help determine how well the theoretical variograms fit the data. In cases where the
variogram needs to be applied to more than one domain and element, experimental variograms can be
standardized by the global variance of the base data and changes will be reflected in the variogram model
accordingly. Finally, custom variograms can be created, as required, to validate the theoretical variogram in
arbitrary directions.
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Declustering functions
Leapfrog EDGE takes a new approach to declustering data, introducing a method that avoids some of the
drawbacks of standard approaches such as cell and polygonal declustering. The declustering object is a local
function for calculating the sample density at any location. In addition to the standard cuboid windows,
Leapfrog EDGE supports an ellipsoid window, which may be more appropriate for some input data. Leapfrog
EDGE supports a ‘moving window’ option where the final declustering function is continuous throughout; this
approach is better at dealing with samples at the edges than a single window centred around the evaluation
point. This new approach for declustering data can also serve as an indicator function to filter data when
classifying resources.
Use decluster weights to quickly visualise the weighting assigned to each data point, then interrogate the
results in the 3D scene. View summary statistics on the decluster weights and on the declustered mean
compared to the mean of the input values.
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Standard estimators
Standard estimators offered in Leapfrog EDGE include Ordinary and Simple Kriging, RBF, Nearest Neighbour
and Inverse Distance. The RBF estimator brings the Radial Basis Function used elsewhere in Leapfrog into
estimation. Estimation sample statistics can be generated for each estimator type, and changing and copying
estimators is straightforward, making it easy to test different scenarios.

Kriging
Point and Block Kriging can be generated for traditional Ordinary and Simple Kriging estimation methods.
Block Kriging discretisation can be controlled in the X, Y and Z directions separately, providing you maximum
control over the Kriged estimate. Kriging quality attributes that can be calculated are:

Kriging mean (KM) Number of samples (NS) Average distance to sample (AvgD)

Kriging variance (KV) Sum of weights (Sum) Number of duplicates removed (ND)

Kriging efficiency (KE) Sum of negative weights (SumN)

Slope of regression (SoR) Distance to closest sample (MinD)

Inverse Distance
The standard Inverse Distance estimator makes an estimate by averaging nearby samples weighted by their
distance to the estimation point. The ability to account for the spatial distribution of the input data is important
for rigorous geostatistical analysis. While some algorithms, e.g. Kriging, may consider the spatial distribution
inherently, others need to be modified by weighting the input data. Leapfrog EDGE enhances the Inverse
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Distance estimator using an additional option for anisotropic distances and declustering using weights
calculated from a declustering object.

Advanced Search
Leapfrog EDGE’s advanced search definition options for Kriging and Inverse Distance estimators can be
used to improve your confidence in the estimate. Octant search can be used to further refine the search
neighbourhood and control the effects of clustered data, while outlier restriction can reduce possible bias
from high grade values. You can also limit the number of samples used from the same drillhole to avoid
diluting alternating bands of grade or to manage the “string effect” implicit in Kriging.

RBF estimator
The RBF estimator is similar to the RBF interpolant in Leapfrog Geo. It combines the flexibility of specifying
a variogram model with the speed of using the FastRBF global interpolation engine. Additionally, the RBF
estimator can have its variogram defined by a structural trend and can generate output isosurfaces and
volumes.

Nearest Neighbour
Nearest Neighbour produces an estimate at a point by using the nearest value as a proxy for the location
being estimated. Leapfrog EDGE includes support for anisotropy when determining what is considered the
‘nearest’ value. Additionally, the Nearest Neighbour estimator includes an option to average nearest points
where the ellipsoidal distance to a point is within the distance tolerance of the distance to the closest point,
instead of relying on a single data point. This provides a more realistic estimate when multiple points are
about the same distance from the estimated point.

Model classification & validation

With Leapfrog EDGE, you can communicate your findings to stakeholders and provide evidence of an
appropriate estimate. Model validation tools include:
• Calculations and filters for building complex block model calculations and filters for classifying
resources and interrogating models
• Grade tonnage curves for determining the tonnage and average grade at various cut-off grade
• Block model attributes and status for quickly assessing the nature of invalid values within the block
model
• Swath plots for providing comparisons between sample data and estimated values
• Statistics on block models for comparing multiple numeric evaluations across the entire model or
within an assigned category

Calculations and filters

With the Calculations and Filters feature, it’s possible to build complex block model calculations and filters
for classifying resources and interrogating models without needing to understand scripting or programming.
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This powerful and versatile tool allows you to define calculations using a flexible and intuitive editor. Copy
and export functionality means calculations can readily be reused on multiple resource models and projects.
Calculations and filters further enhance the visualisation options for block and sub-blocked models in the 3D
scene.

Grade tonnage curves

Grade tonnage curves can be produced from estimated grade and density, either constant or estimated. Unit
conversion is made simple with quick selection options for block size, density and grade units. Applying a
tailored filter can further focus the cut-off grade investigation.
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Block model attributes and status
A variety of attributes can be calculated for standard estimators and declustering functions. Attributes are
evaluated onto the block models along with the estimator on which they are calculated and can be viewed
on the block model in the 3D scene. All attributes can be statistically compared in a table format using the
Statistics option.
All block model and sub-blocked model columns have a per-block status. Display the status of any column
in the scene and quickly assess the nature of invalid values within the block model. All column types have
five possible statuses:

• Normal • Outside: blocks outside an evaluated model

• Blank: fields that were blank or
non-numeric in imported files
• Without-grade: blocks where an
estimator could not produce a
value
• Error: blocks where a calculation produced an
error, either user-defined or something like sqrt(-1)
or divide by zero

Swath plots
Swath plots on block models is an important validation tool for providing comparisons between sample data
and estimated values to identify bias towards under- or over-estimating or smoothing the results. The effect
of different estimation methods and parameters can also be compared. The plotted swaths can be visualised
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in the 3D scene. Decluster Values can be added to the Swath plot, making this tool even more robust for
model validation.

Statistics on block models

Compare multiple numeric evaluations across the entire block model or within an assigned category with
comprehensive block model and sub-blocked model statistics. Rows can be grouped by category or numeric
item and can also be filtered. Newly created calculated columns and attributes generated by the estimators
are also available as row options to display and interrogate in the table.
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Block model export
Leapfrog EDGE introduces flexible export options for block models that puts the user in control of what data
is exported. Choose the columns, evaluations and calculations to export, apply query filters to export only a
subset of the data and filter out rows with no meaningful data.
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Upgrade notes
Project upgrades
Projects with Leapfrog EDGE’s mineral estimation functionality in Leapfrog Geo version 4.2 are backwards
compatible and supports direct project upgrades from any version of Leapfrog Geo since version
2.0. Projects built in earlier versions of the software must be opened using Leapfrog Geo v2.0 before they
can be opened with version 4.2. Backdated versions of the software are available at leapfrog3d.com.
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System requirements
Supported Recommended
Operating System 1,2 Windows 7 (64bit) Windows 7 (64bit)
Windows 8 (64bit)
Windows 8.1 (64bit) Windows 8.1 (64bit)
Windows 10 (64bit) Windows 10 (64bit)
System Memory 4 GB (Minimum) 32GB RAM
Free hard disk space Legacy spinning hard disk Solid state disk drive
128 GB 1 TB Capacity
Display resolution 1280 x 720 (Minimum) 2560 x 1440 or better
Single display unit Multiple display setup
Graphics 8 Nvidia (Desktop hardware)
TM

GeForce 500 series 3 GeForce GTX 550Ti 7

GeForce 600 series 3 GeForce GTX 650Ti 7

GeForce 700 series 3 GeForce GTX 750 7

Quadro 600 to Quadro 7000 3 Quadro 5000 7

Quadro K series 3 Quadro K2000 7

Nvidia (Mobile hardware)

TM

GeForce 500M series 3 GeForce GTX 560M 7

GeForce 600M series 3 GeForce GT 650M 7

GeForce 700M series 3 GeForce GT 735M 7

GeForce 800M series 3 GeForce 840M 7

Quadro M series 3 Quadro 4000M 7

Quadro K500M to K5000M 3 Quadro K3000M 7

Quadro K510M to K5100M 3 Quadro K2100M 7

AMD / ATI (Desktop hardware)

TM TM

Radeon HD 6000 series 3 Radeon HD 6570 7

Radeon HD 7000 series 3 Radeon HD 7730 7

Radeon HD 8000 series 3 Radeon HD 8670 7

Radeon R5 series 3

Radeon R7 series 3 Radeon R7 250 7

Radeon R9 series 3 Radeon R9 270 7

Firepro V series 3 Firepro V3900 7

Firepro W series 3 Firepro W5000 7

AMD / ATI (Mobile hardware)

TM TM

Radeon HD 6000 series 3 Radeon HD 6730M 7

Radeon HD 7000 series 3 Radeon HD 7690M 7

Radeon HD 8000 series 3 Radeon HD 8770M 7

FirePro M2000 3

FirePro M4000 3 FirePro M4000 7

FirePro M6000 3 FirePro M6000 7

FirePro M4100 3

FirePro M5100 3 FirePro M5100 7

FirePro M6100 3 FirePro M6100 7

FirePro M8900 3 FirePro M8900 7

Intel Integrated Graphics

TM

Intel HD Graphics 2000 4

Intel HD Graphics 3000 4

Intel HD Graphics 2500 5

Intel HD Graphics 4000 5

Intel HD Graphics 4200 6

Intel HD Graphics 4400 6

Intel HD Graphics 4600 6

Intel HD Graphics 5000 6

Intel HD Graphics 5100 6

Intel HD Graphics 5200 6

Notes:
1 Running Leapfrog in virtualised environment is not supported
2 Running Leapfrog via a remote desktop connection or other remote login system is not supported
3 Hardware configuration must include 512MB Video RAM or greater
4 Must be 2nd generation Intel Core i3, i5 or i7 CPU with 512MB Video RAM or greater
Ⓡ TM

5 Must be 3rd generation Intel Core i3, i5 or i7 CPU with 512MB Video RAM or greater
Ⓡ TM

6 Must be 4th generation Intel Core i3, i5 or i7 CPU with 512MB Video RAM or greater
Ⓡ TM

7 Models with peak processing power greater than 600GFLOPS are recommended
8 Touch-screen hardware is not supported