Abnormal Behavior in Historical

Context
Course - Individual pattern; what to expect
Psychological disorder- the science of in the future
psychopathology and historical conception
Chronic course – tend to last a long time
of behavior
Episodic course – likely to recover within a
A psychological dysfunction within an
few months only to suffer a recurrence of
individual associated with distress or
the disorder at a later time
impairment in functioning and a response
that is not typical or culturally expected. Time-limited course – will improve without
treatment in a relatively short period of time
Dysfunction- breakdown in cognitive,
emotional or behavioral functioning Onset
Distress- extremely upset Acute onset – they begin suddenly
Impairment- extreme expressions of Insidious onset – develop gradually over an
otherwise normal emotions, behaviors and extended period
cognitive processes
Prognosis- anticipated course of a disorder
Atypical- occurs infrequently; deviates from
the average; violating social norms

Psychological Disorder (DSM-V)- Behavioral, Causation, Treatment and Etiology

psychological, or biological dysfunctions Outcomes
that are unexpected in their cultural context
Etiology- study of origins
and associated with present distress and
impairment in functioning or increased risk of
suffering, death, pain or impairment.

Psychopathology- the scientific study of

psychological disorders

Clinical Descriptions

Presenting Problem- indicating why the

person came to the clinic

Prevalence- how many people in the

population as a whole have the disorder

Incidence- statistics on how many new

cases occur during a given period, such as
a year

Sex ratio

Age of onset

The Supernatural Tradition
Demons and witches (900 – 600 B.C.)
Sorcery and Possession (14th century)
Large-scale outbreaks of bizarre
behavior
Rave (nowadays with music)
Saint Vitus’ dance and Tarantism
Mass hysteria (emotion contagion)
Shared response (mob psychology)
Moon and Stars (Paracelsus, 1493-1541)
Stress and Melancholy
Depression
Anxiety
Treatments
Exorcism (other forms of faith
healing)
Shaving the pattern of a cross in the
hair of the victim’s head
Securing sufferers to a wall near the
front of the church
Confinement, beatings, and other
forms of torture
Hanging people over a pit full of
poisonous snakes
Dunkings in ice-cold water (element
of shock)
Rest, sleep, and a healthy and happy
environment
Baths, ointments, and various potions
The Biological Traditions
Hippocrates (460-377 B.C.) (father of
modern Western medicine)
Hippocratic corpus, psychological disorders
could be treated like any other disease:
head trauma, or heredity (genetics)
Brain –seat of wisdom, consciousness,
intelligence and emotion
Galen (A.D. 129-198)
Humoral theory of disorders
4 bodily fluids or humors: blood (heart),
black bile (spleen), phlegm (brain), and
choler or yellow bile (liver)
disease resulted from too much or too little
of one of the humors
4 humors related to 4 basic qualities (Greek):
heat, dryness, moisture, and cold
4 humors applied to personality traits:
sanguine (ruddy in complexion, cheerful,
optimistic); melancholic (depressive);
phlegmatic (apathy and sluggishness but
also mean being calm under stress); choleric
(hot tempered).
Treatment:
Bleeding or bloodletting (a carefully
measured amount of blood was removed
from the body, often with leeches)
Inducing vomiting (eating tobacco and a
half-boiled cabbage, Burton, 1621/1977)
 Hysteria (Hippocrates); somatic Treating institutionalized patients
symptoms disorders as normally as possible in a
Wandering uterus theory (by setting that encouraged and
Egyptians) reinforced normal social
19the century interaction
Syphilis (general paresis, 1825), a
Philippe Pinel (French psychiatrist) and
sexually transmitted disease caused
Jean-Baptiste Pussin, who was the
by a bacterial microorganism
superintendent of the Parisian hospital
entering the brain, include delusion
La Bicetre
of persecution and delusion of
grandeur. Removing all chains used to
Psychosis, delusions and restrain patients and instituting
hallucinations. humane and positive
psychological interventions
John P. Grey
Asylum Reform and the Decline of Moral
Most influential American
therapy
psychiatrist
The causes of insanity were Worked best if there were 200 or
always physical fewer patients only
Rest, diet, proper room Immigrants who were not native
temperature, and ventilation Americans
Dorothea Dix (great crusader,
Electric shock and brain surgery
schoolteacher) campaigned
Insulin (stimulate appetite) reform in the treatment of
insanity: Mental Hygiene
Insulin shock therapy (with higher dose
Movement (everyone who
of insulin it produce convulsion and
needed care received it,
comatose)
including the homeless)
Opium (sedative)
Psychoanalytic Theory
Rauwolfia serpentine (reserpine) and
Franz Anton Mesmer, father of
neuroleptics (major tranquilizers): control
hypnosis (animal magnetism)
agitation and aggressiveness,
Jean-Martin Charcot, neurologist
hallucinations and delusions
and legitimize the fledgling practice
Benzodiazepines (minor tranquilizers): of hypnosis.
reduce anxiety; Valium and Librium Josef Breuer, (while under hypnosis,
the patients describe their problems,
conflicts and fears); Anna O.
Psychological Tradition Sigmund Freud (unconscious mind;
catharsis)
Psychosocial treatment
Psychoanalytic Theory:
Moral therapy
Structure of the mind
Moral refers to emotional or Defense mechanism with which the
psychological factors mind defends itself from conflicts
 Stages of psychosexual
development

Ego psychology (Anna Freud)

Self-Psychology (Heinz Kohut)

Object Relations

Humanistic Theory

All of us could reach our highest

potential, in all areas of functioning,
if only we had the freedom to grow
(self-actualizing)
Abraham Maslow (Hierarchy of
needs)
Carl Rogers (Person-centered
therapy; unconditional positive
regard)

Behavioral Model

Systematic development of a more

scientific approach to psychological
aspects of psychopathology