2ND QUARTER CPAR
Mediums - the materials or substance out of which a work is made
Painting - The use of pigments, usually on a flat surface, to depict
someone or something (watercolor, oil, acrylic, poster, textile, ink,
spray, fresco tempera)
- binder - substances that hold the particles of the pigment
together
Sculpting – use of metal, wood, stone, clay, ice, food, concrete or
glass to create a three-dimensional artwork
Printing – uses ink or pigment to print or transfer on to a surface
meant for duplicating or reproducing something (silk screen, metal,
woodblock, laser)
Music - use of vocal or instrumental sounds to produce beauty of
form, harmony, and expression of emotion
Dance - the use of one’s body and its movements, usually
accompanied by music; tells stories and convey abstract ideas
Theater - integrates all the arts and uses the stage, production
design, performance elements, and script to enable various aspects
to come together as a whole
Photography - the art, application, and practice of producing images
by recording light with the use of a camera
Film - the use of moving images, sounds, music, camera shots,
lighting, action, dialogues, etc.
Characteristics of Contemporary Arts
o not confined in a museum, can be found everywhere (galleries,
art schools, streets, public spaces, etc.)
o online selling is much easier
o many artists did not have formal education
o different materials are now accessible
o in arki, different shapes and forms have emerged as a result of
the use of different materials
o incorporated with different fields such as, fabrication,
carpentry, engineering, welding, etc.
o originality isn’t an issue (pastiche, reproduction, parody)
o process is essential
o subjects: life, thoughts, ideas, beliefs, and others that define
human life
Art Appreciation
Analysis – starts with the description of the artwork; focuses on
beauty, design qualities, and other visual aspects of art
Interpretation – focuses on expressive qualities, the meaning,
theme, mood, and the idea that the piece wants to convey
Judgment – done after analysis and interpretation; opinion based
on evidences and one’s own criteria
Art Production
Fine Arts – painting, sculpture, architecture
Technique – a personal way of using a medium
Craftsmanship – skill of doing what can be done with a medium and
the ability to do it
Purposes: Art for art’s sake and art for life’s sake
Visual Arts
Subject matter – what is depicted in the artwork
Elements of Art – basic component of artworks
1. Line – marks or strokes, can be straight, curved, thick, thin
o Actual Lines – physically exist
o Implied Lines – imaginary lines
o Geometric Lines - mathematically determined, regular
o Organic Lines - found in nature; irregular, curved, and
often fluid
2. Shape - area enclosed by lines
o Geometric Shapes - created by combining the specific
number of curves, points, and lines
o Organic Shapes - irregular or asymmetrical
3. Form – three-dimensional shapes
o Geometric Forms - mathematical, precise, and can be
named (sphere, cube, pyramid, cone, and cylinder)
o Organic Forms - free-flowing, curvy, and asymmetrical,
can’t be easily measurable or named
4. Color - the product when light hits an object then is reflected
to the eyes
o Hue - dominant color family, does not include white, black,
and gray
o Value – lightness (tint) and darkness (shade) of color
5. Space - positive (foreground/subject) and negative
(background)
6. Texture – surface quality of art
Principles of Design – how the elements are used
o Pattern - arrangement of alternated or repeated elements
or motifs
o Contrast - highlights differences & creates visual interest
o Emphasis - special attention or importance given to a part
o Balance - symmetry or asymmetry
o Proportion - the relationship between elements with
respect to size and number
o Rhythm/Movement - the use of recurring elements to
direct the movement of the eye
o Variety – the use of diff elements to create visual interest
o Harmony - the coherent arrangements of the principles as
a whole
Stylistic tendencies – attributed to the creative inventions of artists
working at certain times and in specific places
Stylistic changes – happens when artists adapt to their environment
(culture, traditions, lifestyle)
4 Styles based on Stylistic Tendencies
1. Objective Accuracy – detached observer and selective eye
o detached observer – art appears to have been made by a
reporter who is observing a subject or a photographer
using a candid camera; a real representation of reality
o selective eye – creates an illusion of reality by eliminating
details that the eyes see; results from observation and
simplification; either piled up details to create complexity
or suppresses details without the loss of essential traits
Devices for Objective Accuracy:
o correct drawing – accuracy of subject
o control and handling of illumination – manage the lighting
and shadows of subjects, as well as transitions and the
source of light
o focus – where the eye of the viewer is drawn to
o color – connected w/ the description of the subj.; varies
depending on the amount and source of light
o perspective – illusion of flatness, depth, space
2. Style of Formal Order – intellectual; results are from careful
study of the subject matter and how it can be broken into
parts without creating chaos or incoherence in the artwork
3. Style of Emotion – themes of emotion; can be expressed
through movement and energy, as well as brushstrokes
4. Style of Fantasy – outputs of strange forms; originates from
both logical and irrational mental processes; may be
objectively accurate or subjectively distorted
Pencil Techniques
Hatching, Cross-Hatching, Smudging, Stippling, Scumbling, Back-
And-Forth Strokes, Contouring, Scribbling
Watercolor
o brushes: natural, synthetic, water brush
o 3 kinds of paper: rough, smooth/hot press, cold press
o glazing - thin transparent or semi-transparent layer on a
painting which modifies the appearance of the underlying
paint layer
o lightfastness – describes how a pigment is resistant to
fading when it is exposed to light
o granulation – happens when water is added on a pigment
then they separate from the binder and settle into the
paper; leaves a grainy texture on the paper
Sculpture
Materials – stone, wood, metal, wax, terracotta or clay, resin
4 Basic Sculpture Techniques – subtractive (to remove) or additive
(to add)
1. Modeling (add) – when a soft or malleable material is built
using an armature (framework on which it’s molded on; the
skeleton or stand of the sculpture) then shaped to create a
form
 2. Carving (sub) – cutting or chipping away materials
3. Casting and molding – done for reproducing a piece; cast is
the positive space or reproduction of the original piece of
sculpture; mold is the negative or hollow cavity produced
around a piece
4. Assembling (add) – gathering and putting together diff.
materials
Styles and Movements
1. Monolithic sculpture – uses a single piece of material;
limited by the material’s size and shape
2. Constructivism – breaks away from the figurative
representation of sculpture; abstract, transparent, overlaps,
employs lines to describe direction and movement
3. Assemblage – abandons modeling, carving, and casting;
several forms of found objects put together
4. Kinetic Sculpture – any sculpture that moves through
internal/external methods or means
5. Niche – recessed place in a wall where a sculpted figure or
bust can be located
6. Grotto – shaping of interior space resembles a hybrid form
of sculpture and architecture
7. Relief - the sculpted elements remain attached to a solid
background of the same material
8. Miniature – small scale artworks
Paper Craft – uses paper to create 2D/3D works
Collage – made from an assemblage of different forms, thus
creating a new whole
Decollage – the opposite of collage; instead of an image being built
up of all or parts of existing images, it is created by cutting, tearing
away or otherwise removing, pieces of an original image
Printmaking - process that allows the artist to produce multiple
copies of his original image
o Relief - cuts away areas not requiring to be printed from a
smooth wood, metal, or plastic surface, leaving raised
portions which are then inked before the print is taken
(e.g. woodcut, linocut, wood engraving)
o Intaglio - the opposite of relief printing, in that the printing
is done from ink that is below the surface of the plate to
create an embossed artwork (e.g. engraving, etching)
o Lithography - uses a flat surface treated to repel the ink
except where it is required for printing
o Serigraphy – AKA “silk screen print”; stencil-based printing
process in which ink is forced through a fine screen onto
the paper beneath
o Digital Printing - transferring a document on a computer or
other digital storage device to a printing substrate by
means of a device that accepts text and graphic output
Contemporary Art Movements, Styles, and Techniques
Kinetic Art – any art form that contains movement perceivable by
the viewer or depends on motion for effects
Op Art – uses optical illusions
Performance Art – actions by the artist are the actual art; usually
combined with visual art
Body Art – art made on, and/or consisting of the body
Feminism – emerged from concerns of female artists about issues
of identity, sexuality, gender roles, equality, treatment of women in
society, etc.
Minimalism – stripped down, free of details, often with flat surface
but expressed in a specific content or statement
Abstract Expressionism (painting) – applies paint in a manner that
expresses emotions and feelings in a spontaneous way
Digital Art – done with the aid of a computer to create images and
designs composed of bytes and pixels
Installation Art – 3D works that are site-specific and designed to
transform the perception of a space
o Graffiti Art – drawing, inscription, or sketch done on a wall
or often a surface made to be seen by the public
o Environment Art – artistic creation or manipulation of
nature or the use of natural materials
o Video Art – consists of images that are recorded through a
video and viewed through a television, computer,
projector
o Art Intervention – designed specifically to interact with an
existing structure or situation (another artwork, audience)
shown in public
Non-Objective Art – a type of abstract that is usually geometric and
conveys a sense of simplicity and purity
Representational Art – clearly recognizable for what it aims to be;
subjects may not always be portrayed as true life in color or
position, but they are still recognizable to the viewer
Architecture
Elements of Arki – elements of art plus the ff:
o Size – relates the structure and its parts to the human
beings who occupy the space
o Scale – proportion of an object to other objects
Materials Used in PH: bamboo, Rice Hull Ash Cement, coconut
lumber, santol wood, cast iron, structural steel, reinforced concrete,
glass, aluminum, natural stones
Considerations
1. Site – where the structure is constructed
2. Climate – direction of the sun (sun path and solar position),
natural shade, environmental factors (wind, rainfall
humidity), climate data (temperature, weather patterns)
3. Function – the purpose for creating the structure
4. Materials – design, aesthetics, functionality
5. Client – the person or organization who use the services
6. Building codes - local laws that determine building design
and construction standards
7. Workmanship – the degree of skill with which a product is
made or a job done
Essential Components
o Utilitas – function, usefulness
o Firmitas – durability
o Venustas – beauty
Structural devices – employed to enclose space in architecture
1. Post-and-Lintel – most ancient construction device still
employed today; consists of two vertical supports bridged by a
horizontal beam
2. Cantilever – horizontal extension of a beam or a slab into a
space beyond its supporting post
3. Truss System – system of triangles arranged to work like a
beam or lintel
4. Arch – used to support bridges and viaducts and in
association with large domical and vaulted structures
- Vault – succession of identical arches in file order
5. Dome – resembles the hollow upper half part of a sphere
6. Shell structure – beneficiaries of reinforced concrete and
superior mathematical tools for calculating stresses and the
strength of materials
7. Solar panels – panels designed to absorb the sun's rays as a
source of energy for generating electricity or heating
Perspective – a technique used to represent three-dimensional
images on a two-dimensional picture plane
Elements of Perspective
1. Vanishing Point - dots at eye level where parallel lines seem
to come together and disappear
2. Horizon Line/Eye Level - the actual height of the viewer's
eyes when looking at an object or scene (high, normal, low)
3. Picture Plane - the flat two-dimensional space where the
image is drawn on
4. Ground Plane - starts at the bottom of the picture plane and
stretches back to the horizon
5. Orthogonal Lines - sets the varying height or widths of a
shape/subject as it recedes from view
6. Transversal Lines - establishes a fixed height or width
between two orthogonal lines
Performing Arts
Elements of Dance - Foundational concepts and vocabulary that
help develop movement skills and understand dance
1. body – the medium of dance
2. action – all movement done by the body
3. space – relationship of the dancer with other dancers,
his/her environment
4. time - clock time (based on unit of time like seconds),
sensed time (based on other dancers), event-sequence
(internal and external factors)
5. energy – how movements happen
Elements of Music
1. rhythm – timing
2. dynamics – quietness and loudness
3. melody – succession of notes and tones
4. harmony – the sound of two or more notes heard
simultaneously
5. timbre – what makes a sound unique
6. texture – combination of rhythm, melody, & harmony
7. form – structure of the composition, combination of the
elements of music
Theater Arts – based on dramatic text (interpretation of a piece that
tells a story with a conflict that develops into a series of events)
Elements of Theater Arts
1. plot – sequence of events
2. character – focus of the plot; actors and actresses
3. thought – main idea or concept
4. language and diction – expression of meaning w/ words
5. song & music – inc. voices, incidental songs, instruments
6. spectacle – visual elements (props, costume, lighting, etc)
7. director – control’s the artistic and dramatic aspects and
visualizes the script
8. playwright - writes the story/script in a dramatic format
9. theater space – AKA stage; where it takes place
o Types of theater space – proscenium stage,
arena/circular stage, thrust stage, created and found
Styles in Philippine Theater
1. realism – depiction of reality; psychological or social
o Psychological – focuses on interior motives,
psychological processes, and mental narratives
o Social – a reaction to social issues
2. musical – performance that combines songs, spoken
dialogue, acting, and dance
3. documentary – about real events and people; usually
doesn’t alter the source material in the performance
4. short plays – AKA “one-act play”, limited scenes
Film
Elements of Film
1. Theme - idea, premise, or purpose
2. Plot – the storyline, sequence of events
3. Screenplay – script, acting instructions, scene directions
4. Acting – performance of actors and actresses
5. Setting - where the events take place
6. Costumes – reveals class, psychological state, self-image,
symbolisms, suggests change and transition
7. Makeup – changes appearances, corrects flaws, enhances
features, transforms actors through prosthetics, and adds
special effects (FX)
8. Sound – gives the feeling of authenticity, emotion,
expression
9. Cinematography – composition, lighting, camera motion,
color, depth of field, zoom, positioning of people and objects
10. Direction – interpretation of the screenplay, aesthetical
and technical specifications
Digital Art - uses digital technology as an essential part of the
creative or presentation process
Types of Digital Art
1. Electronic-aided - makes use of technologies like the
Internet, computer networks, robotics, wearable technology,
digital painting, wireless technology and immersive virtual
reality
2. Non-Figurative - disregards figures and any semblance to
nature and realism
3. Fantasy - subjects are figures, landscapes, objects, worlds,
universe, imaginary creatures, unconventional colors, etc.
4. Graphic Arts - a combination of typography, photography,
and illustration meant to be used for commercial purposes
5. Digital Collage - combining many images from varying
sources into one image
6. Digital Painting – the use of traditional painting techniques
on a computer
7. Vector Drawing - makes use of shapes which are outlined
and can be filled with various colors and patterns
8. Computer Graphics Imagery (CGI) - application of computer
graphics in art, printed media, video games, films, television,
shorts, commercials, videos, and simulators
Prepared by Ms. Maria Christian Jallina S. Sampang

Media Arts - created through use of new media and technology

Photography
Elements of Photography
1. Light - the fundamental element; may be natural or
artificial; Helps create a mood; Brings emphasis to key
elements
2. Color - helps to set the mood; has a significant role in
evoking emotions to the viewer; makes an impact
3. Composition – putting together objects in the frame to
emphasize the parts you want to and to make them stand out
in a particular way
4. Distance - affects the feeling and overall impact; Determines
the focal length one needs to shoot at to get the important
parts into the frame
5. Moment - Creating a moment in a photograph should be
about having all the elements in frame come together to tell a
captivating story
Contemporary Photography
1. Realism – Presents reality in its true form
2. Mobile Photography – utilizes a mobile phone
3. Photojournalism - used in journalism; usually accompanied
by narratives in various media (newspapers, magazines, etc.)
4. Photographic Alteration – usually surrealistic; Offers an
illusion and challenges the standpoint of fidelity of appearance
5. Nature - Landscapes, places, objects