001 Domestic Wiring PDF

DOMESTIC WIRING AND INDUSTRIAL MOTOR CONTROL
DOMESTIC WIRING
WIRING SYSTEM
A wiring system is a network of wires connecting various accessories for the
distribution of electrical energy from the supplier’s meter board to the numerous
electrical energy consuming devices such as lamps, fans and other domestic
appliances through controlling and safety devices.
The supplier’s service cable feeding an installation terminates in what is usually
called the service fuse or MCB. In an ordinary house the service fuse is known
as a service cut out, such cut outs including service meters remain the property
of the supplier and represents the furthest point of the supplier responsibility. The
point at which the consumer’s wiring is connected into the cut out is known as the
point of commencement of supply or consumer’s terminal.
METER BOX DISTRIBUTION BOARD

LIGHTENING
ARRESTER
60A 45A 30A 20A 5A

60A
ENERGY EARTH NEUTRAL
METER BLOCK BLOCK
FROM SERVICE CABLE
EARTHING
FACTORS TO CONSIDER WHEN CHOSING TYPE OF WIRING

The following factors should be considered before selecting a particular type of
wiring
a) Safety. The first and foremost consideration is safety to the person using
electricity against leakage and shock
b) Durability. The wiring must be durable i.e. should be of proper
specification and in accordance with the assessed life and type of building.
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c) Appearance. The wiring should be good looking

d) Initial cost. The wiring selected should suit the pocket of the owner of the
building
e) Accessibility. In the wiring system there should be facilities for extension,
renewal and alterations.
f) Permanency. The wiring must not deteriorate unduly by action of weather,
fumes, dampness etc.
g) Mechanical protection. The wiring must be protected from mechanical
damage during use.
h) Maintenance cost. The wiring should have, as far as possible, the lowest
maintenance costs.
The other factors to consider, in addition to the above are load, voltage to be
employed, type of building etc.
METHODS OF WIRING
There are two methods of wiring, these being
a) Joint box or Tee system
b) Loop in system
Joint box or Tee system: In the joint box system the connections to the lamps
are made through joints made in joint boxes by means of suitable connectors or
joint cut-outs.
Loop in system: This system is universally employed for connections of various
lamps and other appliances in parallel. In this system when a connection is
required at a light or switch, the feed conductor is looped in by bringing it direct to
the terminal and then carrying it forward again to the point to be fed
SYSTEMS OF WIRING
The types of internal wiring usually employed include
1. Cleat wiring
2. Wooden casing and capping wiring
3. CTS or TRS wiring
4. Metal or lead sheathed wiring
5. Conduit wiring
a) Surface or open type
b) Recessed or concealed type
1. Cleat wiring. In this system the VIR or PVC conductors are supported in
porcelain cleats. These cleats are made in two halves one of which is
grooved to receive the wire and the other half is put over it and the whole of it
is fixed on the wall by means of screws which further tightens the grip of the
wires between the two halves of the cleats.
Advantages
1. It is the cheapest method of internal wiring
2. Its installation and dismantling is easy and quick
3. Material is recoverable after dismantlement
4. Inspection, alterations and additions can easily be made
5. Skill required is little
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Disadvantages
1. It is not good looking
2. It is quite temporary and perishes quickly
3. The wires are exposed to mechanical injury
4. The insulation catches dampness from the atmosphere and a common
salt like substance appears on the insulation which lowers the insulation
resistance and causes leakage. Hence this system of wiring can not be
used in damp places.
5. Oil and smoke are injurious to VIR insulation
Application
The wiring of this type is suitable for temporary installations in dry places.
This is also acceptable where appearance is not so important and cheapness
is the main consideration. This system is not suitable for use in domestic
premises.
2. Wooden casing and capping wiring. In this system VIR or PVC or any
other approved insulated cables are carried through wooden casing
enclosures, which are made from first class seasoned teak wood. The casing
consists of V-shaped grooves (usually two to hold the cables of different
polarities in different grooves),
which is covered at the top by means of a rectangular strip of wood known as
capping, of the same width as the casing. The capping is screwed to the
casing by means of wood screws.
Advantages
1. Cheap in cost as compared to lead sheathed and conduit wiring system.
2. Easy to install and rewire
3. It provides good insulation as conductors are a good distance apart.
4. Free from trouble of condensation, so advantageous in tropical countries
where there might be trouble of condensation of moisture in steel conduits.
5. Easy to inspect by opening the capping,
Disadvantages
1. This type of wiring even when coated with paint or shellac varnish is not
damp proof, so it can not be used in damp places.
2. Since the risk of fire is high it can not be used where there is a possibility of
a fire hazard.
3. Since it requires better workmanship, it has a high labour cost.
4. This type of wiring can only be used on the surface, it can not be
concealed in the plaster.
Application
This type of wiring is suitable for low voltage domestic installations in dry
places and where there is no risk of fire hazard.
3. CTS or TRS Wiring. Tough rubber sheathed wiring (TRS) is sometimes

called cable-tyer sheathed wiring (CTS). In this system of wiring the cables
used may be single core, twin core or three core TRS cables with a circular
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oval shape. Usually single core cables are preferred. TRS cables are
sufficiently chemical proof, water proof, steam proof and are unaffected by
acids, alkalis and climatic variations but are slightly affected by lubricating oil.
TRS cables may be run on the surface of the wall or buried in plaster but
usually the cables are run on well seasoned, perfectly straight and well
varnished (on all four sides) teak wood batten of thickness of about
10mm.The width of the batten depends on the number and size of cables to
be carried by it. The cables are held on the wooden batten by means of
tinned brass link clips already fixed on the batten with brass pin spaced at
intervals.
Advantages
1. Its installation is easy and quick, saving in labour which largely
compensates for the extra cost of cable.
2. Its life is long
3. It can withstand the action of most chemicals such as acids and alkalis.
4. Within certain limits it is fire proof.
5. It is cheaper than other types of wiring except cleat wiring.
6. If the job is carried out with proper attention, it gives a nice appearance.
Disadvantages
1. Good workmanship is required to make a sound job in TRS wiring.
2. This type of wiring is not recommended for use in situation open to the sun
or rain unless preventive steps are taken to preserve the insulation of the
cable.
Application
The TRS wiring is suitable for low voltage installations and is extensively used
for lighting purposes everywhere i.e. in domestic, commercial or industrial
buildings except workshops where it is liable to mechanical injury.
4. Lead sheath wiring. This type of wiring employs conductors insulated with
VIR and is covered with an outer sheath of lead aluminium alloy containing
about 95% lead. This metal sheath gives protection to the cable from
mechanical injury, dampness and atmospheric corrosion. The whole lead
covering is made electrically continuous and is connected to the earth at the
point of entry to protect against electrolytic action due to leakage currents and
to provide safety against the sheath becoming alive. The cables are run on
wooden batten and fixed by means of link clips as in TRS wiring.
Advantages
1. It provides protection against mechanical injury better than provided by
TRS wiring.
2. It is easy to fix as it can be run in buildings without damaging decorations
and can be painted to suit colour scheme of surrounding.
3. Its life is long if proper earth continuity is maintained.
4. It can be used in situations exposed to rain and sun provided no joint is
exposed.
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5. It can be used in damp situations provided protection against moisture

effect on the ends of the cable is given.
Disadvantages
1. It is more costly than TRS wiring
2. It is not suitable for places where chemical corrosion may occur.
3. Skilled labour and proper supervision is required.
4. In case of damage of insulation the metal sheath becomes live and gives
shock, to provide safety against electric shock it is necessary that the
sheath is properly earthed and an earth wire is run side by side with it and
all pieces are properly bonded or joined together so that not a single cover
is left unearthed.
Application
This type of wiring system is suitable for low voltage (up to 250V) installations.
It may be used in places exposed to the sun and rain provided no joint is
exposed. It may also be used in damp places with a suitable protective
covering. It should not be used in places where chemical corrosion may occur.
This type of wiring is not very common these days except for small installations
and distribution boards.
5. Conduit wiring. In this system of wiring steel or PVC tubes, known as

conduits are installed on the surface of walls by means of saddles or pipe
hooks or are buried under plaster. The wiring with the conduit on the surface
is known as surface conduit wiring whereas wiring with the conduit buried
under plaster is known as recessed conduit wiring. Afterwards VIR or PVC
cables are drawn into the conduit pipes.
Advantages
1. It provides protection against mechanical damage
2. It provides complete protection against fire due to short circuits. (in metallic
conduits).
3. The whole system is water proof
4. Replacement and alteration of defective wiring is easy
5. Its life is long if the work is properly executed
6. It is shock proof
Disadvantages
1. It is a costly system of wiring
2. It’s erection is not so easy and requires time
3. Experienced and highly skilled labour is required for carrying out the job
4. Internal condensation of moisture may cause damage to the insulation
unless the system outlets are properly drained and ventilated.
Application
As conduit wiring provides protection against mechanical damage and
dampness, it is the only approved method of wiring for
i) Places where considerable dust or puff is present such as in textile mills,
saw mills, floor mills etc.
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ii) Damp situations

iii) In workshops for lighting and motor wiring
iv) Residential and public buildings, where the appearance is the prime
thing.
CONDUIT ACCESSORIES
The general accessories required for the conduit installation are couplings,
elbows, Conduit bushings, conduit boxes and conduit saddles.
Couplings. Since the conduits are available in smaller lengths, so to obtain a

continuous length of the conduit the two conduits are coupled/joined together
by means of couplings
Elbows. The change of direction in the direction of the conduit wiring is always
made by means of an elbow which provides a 90o bend. The internal diameter
of the Elbow should not reduce as the wires are to be pulled through the
conduits after installation.
Conduit Bushings. These are used when a conduit enters a conduit box or a
hole. Bushings serve a double purpose, firstly it prevents the insulation on the
cable from being pilled off due to rubbing against the sharp edges of the
conduit when they are pulled in; secondly it helps in securing the conduit to the
conduit box.
Conduit box. Conduits are normally terminated at outlets into a box, which
may be round, square or octagonal. The boxes are provided with knockout
punch out at the time of manufacture and are held there by small sections of
knockouts, the knockouts are removed by hammering or with the twist motion
of the pliers or a blunt tool. The conduit boxes are also referred to as outlet
boxes since they are usually used for outlets. The boxes are provided with a
cover held by screws on it.
After removing the knockout the conduit is attached to the box by means of a
coupling and bushing. The conduit boxes are usually used for
 To provide connection for lights, fans, heaters etc in which case they are
called outlet boxes.
 To facilitate the pulling of conductors in the conduit in which case they are
known as inspection boxes.
 To house the junction of conductors in which case they are known as
junction boxes.
 To provide snap switches.
Conduit saddles or conduit clamps or conduit straps. The conduit saddles

are used to fix the conduit to the wooden plugs in the wall. Saddles are usually
made from sheet steel.
Installation of wires/cables. There are two methods of installing wires in
conduits these being
1. Pushing
2. Drawing
In the pushing method the cables are pushed into the conduits form one end of
the outlet by exerting manual pressure on them but this method is only used
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when the conduit runs are small and straight. In the drawing method the wires
are pulled through the conduit with the help of a wire. Such a method of
drawing the wires is also called fishing.
Comparison of various wiring systems
S. Particulars Cleat Wood TRS Lead Conduit

No wiring casing wiring sheathed wiring
capping wiring
wiring
1 Materials Cleats, VIR Teak wood Teak wood Teak wood Conduit
required or PVC casing and batten, TRS batten, lead pipe, VIR
cables, capping VIR or PVC sheathed or PVC
screws, or PVC cables cables, cables,
gutties, cables, wooden wooden saddles or
blocks, wooden gutties, gutties, pipe hooks,
boards etc gutties, screws, screws, clips screws,
screws nails, link or joint clips couplings,
blocks, clips, boards boards, bushes,
boards etc etc round boxes etc
boards etc
2 Cost Very low medium low costly Very costly
3 Voltage Low up to Low up to Low up to Low up to Low or
250V 250V 250V 250V medium up
to 660V
4 Life Very short long long long Very long
5 Protection Poor no fair Good Very good
against fire
6 Mechanical no Fairly good good Fairly good Very good
7 Dampness no poor good good Fairly good
protection
8 Appearance Not good fair good fair Very good
9 Types of Semi skilled Highly skilled skilled skilled Highly
labour skilled
required
10 General Poor Good Good Fairly good Very good
11 Additions or Very easy Difficult easy Not very Most
alterations to difficult difficult
the existing
wiring
13 Fields of For For For Only used Mainly for
application temporary residential, residential, for service workshop
installations commercial commercial mains and public
and office and office building
buildings but buildings
nowadays
being
replaced by
TRS wiring
on account of
additional
advantages
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LIGHTING CIRCUITS
These are circuits that are used to supply power to luminaries or lamps. The
following are some of the circuits used to supply lamps with power,
1. One way lighting circuit
2. Two way lighting circuit
3. Intermediate lighting circuit
The following should be noted,

 The cable size that is used for lighting circuits is usually 1.5mm2
 The MCB rating used for lighting circuits is 5A or 10A depending on the size
of load.
 The height of the switch from the floor/ground is about 1.3m to about 1.5m or
approximately shoulder height.
ONE WAY LIGHTING CIRCUIT

This is a lighting circuit that is used to switch on/off one or more lamps from one
switching position using a one way switch.
LAMP
N
L
1G1W
SWITCH
TWO WAY LIGHTING CIRCUIT

This is a circuit that is used to switch on/off one or more lamps from two different
positions using two 2way switches.
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LAMP
S1 S2
1. switching position one – lamp off
LAMP
S1 S2
2. Switching position two – lamp on
LOOPING
BOX
LAMP
N
L
S1 S2
Two way lighting circuit

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INTERMEDIATE LIGHTING CIRCUIT

This is a circuit that is used to switch on/off one or more lamps from three
different switching positions, using two 2 way switches and an intermediate
switch.
LAMP
L
C C
S1 INTERMEDIATE S2
SWITCH
1. Switching position one – lamp off
LAMP
L
C C
S1 INTERMEDIATE S2
SWITCH
2. Switching position two – lamp on
SOCKET OUTLETS
The following are the circuits that are used to wire 13A socket outlets
1. Radial circuits
2. Ring circuits
3. Spur
The following should be noted when wiring socket outlets

 The cable size used is usually 2.5mm2
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 The rating of the MCB used is 15A, 20A and 30A MCB’s are sometimes used
depending on the size of load and type of wiring (ring or radial).
 The height of the socket outlet is usually about 30cm to about 50cm from the
floor/ground or approximately knee height.
RADIAL CIRCUIT
A radial circuit is a circuit that commences at the distribution board loops into
various socket outlets and ends at the last socket.
To distribution board
L E
E
N N L
E E E
N L N L N L
RING CIRCUIT
A ring circuit is a circuit that commences at the distribution board loops into
various socket outlets and returns to the distribution board.
TO DISTRIBUTION BOARD
E
E
N N L
L
E
N
E E E
N L N L N L
SPUR
A spur is a branch cable that supplies a socket outlet and is connected to a ring
or radial circuit. They are two types of spurs i.e. fused and non fused spur.
The cable size that is used for a spur should be the same as that of the main
circuit.
TO DISTRIBUTION BOARD
E
E
N N L
SPUR
L
N L
N
E E E
N L N L N L
COOKER CONTROL CIRCUIT

This is a circuit that is used to supply power to a cooker or stove. The cooker
should be connected at a distance not more than two metres (2m) from the
cooker control unit.
The following should be noted when wiring cooker control circuits,

 The cable size used is usually 4mm2 or 6mm2
 The MCB rating is 30A or 45A
 The height of the cooker control unit from the floor/ground is approximately
1.5m
Note: The cable size and MCB rating to be used depend on the size of the
cooker
DISTRIBUTION BOARD
60A 45A 30A 20A 5A
EARTH BLOCK NEUTRAL BLOCK

TO ENERGY METER
L
E
N
SUPPLY/LINE SOCKET
L N E
COOKER
CONTROL
N
L E
LOAD
LOOPING
BOX
TO COOKER
CONNECTOR BLOCK
WATER HEATER CONTROL CIRCUIT

This is a circuit that is used to supply power to a water heater (geyser) and
controls its operations.
The following should be noted when wiring a water heater control circuit
 The cable size to be used depends on the size of the water heater as regards
to load but the following cable sizes can be used 2.5mm 2, 4mm2 and 6mm2
 The MCB rating to be used depends on the size of the water heater as
regards to load. The following MCB ratings can be used 15A, 20A, 25A, 30A
and 45A.
DISTRIBUTION BOARD
60A 45A 30A 20A 5A
EARTH BLOCK NEUTRAL BLOCK

TO ENERGY METER
L
E
N
SUPPLY/LINE
L N E
WATER HEATER/
GEYSER SWITCH
N
L E
LOAD
LOOPING
BOX
TO WATER
HEATER
PROJECT ONE
Given the following layout and wiring circuit diagram, wire the given circuit in
accordance with the given specification.
1. Switch S1 should switch on lamp 1 only and switch S2 should switch on
lamp 2 only.
2. When either switch or lamp is off the other lamp/switch can still be
switched on or off. (the operation of S1 is not affected by S2)
LAYOUT DIAGRAM
1 PHASE SUPPLY
METER BOX DISTRIBUTION

90.00
BOARD
30.00
30.00
LAMP 1 LAMP 2
25.00 40.00
90.00
45.00
45.00
25.00 25.00
S1 S2
NOTE: ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN CM
WIRING DIAGRAM
SUPPLY
L N ENERGY CIRCUIT
METER BREAKERS IN D.B
60A 5A
60A
LAMP 1 LAMP 2
C C
S1 S2
PROJECT TWO
Wire the following two way lighting circuit in accordance with the given
specifications.
LAYOUT DIAGRAM
1 PHASE SUPPLY
METER BOX DISTRIBUTION

90.00
BOARD
30.00
30.00
30.00
LAMP 1 LAMP 2
25.00 40.00
90.00
45.00
25.00 25.00
S1 S2
WIRING DIAGRAM
SUPPLY
L N ENERGY CIRCUIT
60A 5A
60A
LAMP 1 LAMP 2
C C
S1 S2
PROJECT THREE
Wire the following intermediate lighting circuit in accordance with the

specifications below.
LAYOUT DIAGRAM
SINGLE PHASE
SUPPLY
ENERGY DISTRIBUTION BOARD

METER
65.00
25.00 35.00
LAMP 1 LAMP 2
90.00
35.00
35.00
45.00 45.00
S1 S2 S3
WIRING DIAGRAM
SUPPLY
L N ENERGY CIRCUIT
60A 5A
60A
LAMP 1 LAMP 2
C C
S1 S2 S3
PROJECT FOUR
Wire the circuit below in accordance with given layout diagram.
LAYOUT DIAGRAM
DISTRIBUTION BOARD
45.15
COOKER
CONTROL
17.37
30.12 30.12
S/O 1 S/O 2 S/O3
WIRING DIAGRAM
SUPPLY
L N E ENERGY CIRCUIT
30A 15A
60A
SOCKET
L N E
L N E
COOKER CONTROL
S/O 1 S/O 2 S/O 3
PROJECT FIVE
Wire the circuit below in accordance with the given specifications.
LAYOUT DIAGRAM
DISTRIBUTION BOARD
LAMP 1 35.00 LAMP 2
85.00
45.00
140.00
25.00 25.00
S1 INTERMEDIATE S3
SWITCH
20.00 25.00 25.00
S/O 1 S/O 2 S/O 3
WIRING DIAGRAM
SUPPLY
L NE ENERGY CIRCUIT
60A 15A 5A
60A
LAMP 1 LAMP 2
C C
S1 INTERMEDIATE S2
SWITCH
S/O 1 S/O 2 S/O 3
PROJECT SIX
Wire the circuit below in accordance with the given specifications.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
NE L
60A 15A 5A
L3
S1 S2
LAMP 1 LAMP 2
S/O
LAYOUT DIAGRAM
DISTRIBUTION
BOARD
LAMP 2
150
300
LAMP 1
400
150
FLUORESCENT
FITTING
200 200
S1 S2
150
PROJECT SEVEN
Wire the circuit below in accordance with the given specifications
LAYOUT DIAGRAM
SINGLE PHASE
SUPPLY
DISTRIBUTION BOARD
LAMP 1 35.00 LAMP 2

60.00
35.00
90.00
35.00 35.00
125.00
LOOPING S1 S2
BOX
40.00 40.00
S/O 1 S/O 2 S/O 3
COOKER CONTROL
SUPPLY
L NE ENERGY CIRCUIT
30A 15A 5A
60A
LAMP 1 LAMP 2
C C
S1 S2
SOCKET
L N E
L N E
COOKER CONTROL
S/O 1 S/O 2 S/O 3
PROJECT EIGHT
LAYOUT DIAGRAM
DISTRIBUTION BOARD
L1 L2 L3
30
20
20
20
50
COOKER
CONTROL UNIT S1 S2 S3
20 20
20 15
SO1 20 SO2 20 SO3
NB: All dimensions are in centimetres and not according to scale
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
SUPPLY
N E L
CIRCUIT
BREAKERS IN D.B
60A
30A 30A 5A
LAMP 1 LAMP 2 LAMP 3
SOCKET S1 S2 S3
L N E
L N E
COOKER CONTROL
S/O 1 S/O 2 S/O 3
PROJECT NINE
LAYOUT DIAGRAM
DISTRIBUTION BOARD
S1 30
30
20
L1 20 S/O1 S/O2
S2
20 20
20
20
20
20
S3
L2
S/O3
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
SUPPLY
N E L
CIRCUIT
BREAKERS IN D.B
60A
15A 5A
LAMP 1 LAMP 2
Intermediate
S1 switch S2
S/O 1 S/O 2 S/O 3
PROJECT TEN
LAYOUT DIAGRAM
DISTRIBUTION BOARD
20
L1 L2
35
25
30
30
S1 S2
25
25
S/O1 S/O2
PROJECT ELEVEN
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
SUPPLY
N E L
CIRCUIT
BREAKERS IN D.B
60A
15A 5A
LAMP 1 LAMP 2
S1 S2
S/O 1 S/O 2
PROJECT TWELVE
LAYOUT DIAGRAM
DISTRIBUTION BOARD
LAMP
30
15
45
S2 S1
20 70
20
COOKER
CONTROL UNIT
30
15
20 20
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
SUPPLY
N E L
CIRCUIT
BREAKERS IN D.B
60A
30A 30A 5A
LAMP
S1 S2
SOCKET
L N E
L N E
COOKER CONTROL
S/O 1 S/O 2 S/O 3
PROJECT THIRTEEN
LAYOUT DIAGRAM
DISTRIBUTION BOARD
L1 L2
15 15
20
30
50
COOKER
CONTROL UNIT S1 INTERMEDIATE
SWITCH S2
15 15
20 15
15
L3
S3
15
15 15
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
SUPPLY
N E L
CIRCUIT
BREAKERS IN D.B
60A
30A 15A 5A
LAMP 1 LAMP 2 LAMP 3
Intermediate
S1 switch S2
L N E
SOCKET S3
L N E
COOKER CONTROL
S/O 1 S/O 2 S/O 3
EARTHING
Earthing is defined as the effective connecting of exposed and extraneous
conductive parts or metal works of an installation to the general mass of the earth
using a conductor of low or negligible impedance so that it has a zero or near
zero potential.
The purpose of earthing is two–fold
1. It is to minimise/prevent or ensure the safety of human beings against the
risk of electric shocks.
2. It is for ensuring that no current carrying conductor rises to a potential with
respect to the general mass of the earth than its designed insulation.
The degree of danger of electric shock depends on the amount of current and the
length of time that the current flows. At 3mA a shock is felt, 10mA to 15mA
tightening of muscles may be experienced, acute discomfort is felt. Between
25mA to 30mA the dangerous level is reached, with the extension of muscular
tightening, particularly the thoracic muscles and breathing may be impaired. Over
50mA results in the fibrillation of the heart which is generally lethal if immediate
specialist treatment is not given. Fibrillation of the heart is due to the irregular
contraction of the heart muscles. However, earthing reduces the amount of
current available for passage through the human body in the event of an earth
fault.
An Earthing system to be totally effective must satisfy the following conditions:
 Provide a low impedance path to earth for personnel and equipment
protection and effective circuit relaying.
 Withstand and dissipate repeated fault and surge currents.
 Provide corrosion allowance or corrosion resistance to various soil
chemicals to ensure continuous performance during the life of the
appliance being protected
 Provide rugged mechanical properties for easy driving with minimum effort
and rod damage.
EARTH ELECTRODES
Earth electrodes are conductors of low or negligible resistance (impedance) that
are used to connect an installation, equipment or device to the general mass of
the earth. The following are the types of earth electrodes that are used for
earthing pipes, plates, rods, strip or conductor, cable armour and tapes.
Note: Gas and water pipes should not be used as earth electrodes.
NATURE OF AN EARTH ELECTRODE SYSTEM

Resistance to the flow of current through an earth electrode system has the
following three components:
 Resistance of the ground rod itself and connection to it.
 Contact resistance between the ground rod and the earth adjacent to it.
 Resistance of the surrounding earth.
EFFECT OF SOIL RESISTIVITY ON EARTH ELECTRODE RESISTANCE

Soil resistivity is the key factor that determines the resistance of a grounding
electrode and the depth to which it must be buried to obtain low earth resistance.
The resistivity of the soil varies widely through out the world and changes with
seasons. Soil resistivity is determined largely by its content of electrolyte,
consisting of moisture, minerals and dissolved salts. Dry soil has a high resistivity
but it should also be noted that wet soil that contains no soluble salts has a high
resistivity. The depth to which the earth electrode is to be driven would vary
depending on the type of soil and its moisture content but the best results are
obtained if the earth electrode reaches the permanent moisture level.
The earth resistance is dependent upon many factors which also include;
 Material used to make the earth electrode and the earth wire.
 Size of electrode and earth wire
 Temperature of the soil
 Moisture of the soil

 Depth to which it is embedded
 Quantity of coal and charcoal in the earth electrode pit.
METHODS OF REDUCING EARTH RESISTANCE

In general, a low earthing resistance means high earth fault currents but low over
voltages during fault conditions. The lower the ground resistance, the safer the
grounding or earthing. A ground resistance of less than one ohm should be
aimed at all the time (up to a max of 5 ohms). When circumstances exist which
make it difficult to obtain the desired ground resistance, several methods of
lowering the ground resistance can be employed. These include,
 Driving the electrodes deeper into the earth substantially reduces the
resistance.
 Increasing the rod length i.e. doubling the rod length reduces the
resistance by about 40%. Increasing the rod diameter does not materially
reduce its resistance. Doubling the diameter reduces the resistance by
less than 10%.
 By connecting the earth electrodes in parallel.
 Chemical treatment of the soil, i.e. alternate layers of coke or charcoal and
salt are used to increase the effective area of the earth and to reduce the
earth resistance respective. (Charcoal and salt have the property of
absorbing and retaining moisture)
 A clay known as bentonite may be used for reducing the earthy resistance
due to its property of absorbing and retaining moisture.
 Artificial treatment of the soil with fly ash (from coal based thermal power
stations). Fly ash offers better grounding compared to the conventional
earthing of salt – charcoal or soft – coke.
Note: In order to have an effective earth in summer, 3 to 4 buckets of water

can be poured around the earth electrode area.
SPECIFICATIONS REGARDING EARTHING OF ELECTRICAL

INSTALLATIONS
1. Distance of earth from building. An earth electrode should not be situated

within a distance of 1.5m from the building whose installation system is to be
earthed.
2. Size of the earth continuity conductor: An earthing conductor is the
conductor through which the metallic casing of an equipment or appliance is
connected to the earth. The size of the earth the earth continuity conductor
should not be either less than 2.5mm2 or half of the installation’s conductor
size.
3. Resistance of the earth: There is no hard and fast rule. The main principle
regarding earth resistance is that earth resistance should be low enough to
cause the flow of current sufficient to operate protective relays, or blow fuses
in an event of a fault. The value of the earth resistance does not remain
constant but changes with the change in weather, as it depends upon the
moisture content of the soil and is maximum during the dry season. As a
general rule the lower the value of earth resistance the better it is.
4. The earth wire and earth electrode should be of the same material.
5. The earth electrode should be placed in the vertical position inside the earth
or pit so that it has contact with the different soil types.
6. The earth wire shall be taken through GI/PVC pipe for at least 30cm length
below the ground surface to the earth electrode to protect it against
mechanical damage.
EARTHING SYSTEMS
The following are some of the earthing methods or systems of earthing, TT, IT,
TN-S, TN-C, TN-C-S.
The letter T comes from French word ‘Terre’ which means earth, it indicates
direct contact to the general mass of the earth.
The supply earthing: This is indicated by the first letter T which means that one
or more points of the supply are directly connected to earth and I means the
supply is not earthed or one point is earthed through a fault limiting impedance.
The installation earthing: This is indicated by the second letter where T means
the exposed conductive parts are connected directly to earth and N means the
exposed conductive parts are connected directly to the earthed point of the
source of the electrical supply.
The earthed supply conductor: This is indicated by the third letter where S
means a separate neutral and protective conductor and C means that the neutral
and protective conductors are combined in a single conductor.
TT SYSTEM
In this type of earthing system the neutral point of the supply transformer is
directly connected to the earth by means of an earth electrode and the
consumer’s installation is connected to the earth through a separate earth
electrode. This is the type of system that is mostly found if the installation is fed
from overhead cables.
Secondary of supply
L1
transformer
L2
L3
Consumers
installation
Exposed
conductive part Installation’s
earth electrode
Source earthed
CONSUMER’S
INSTALLATION
SUPPLY – SINGLE
PHASE OF
DISTRIBUTION
TRANSFORMER
L
N
E
SUPPLIER’S CONSUMER’S
EARTH EARTH
ELECTRODE ELECTRODE
TN-S SYSTEM
In this earthing method, the star point of the supply transformer or the energy
source is connected to the earth by means of an earth electrode however,
instead of the consumer’s installation being directly earthed to the earth, the
earthing terminal of the installation is connected to the outer metallic sheath of
the distribution cable and ultimately the service mains or cable is also connected
to the star point. In the absence of an underground cable or sheath a continuous
earth wire (CEW) is used. Therefore, a TN-S has a separate earth or CEW and
neutral conductors through out the whole system.
L1
L2
L3
N
CEW/
protective
conductor
3 phase installation Single phase installation Equipment in

installation
Exposed
conductive part
Source earthed
SUPPLY – SINGLE
PHASE OF CONSUMER’S
DISTRIBUTION INSTALLATION
TRANSFORMER
L
N
E
Metallic sheath or CEW
SUPPLIER’S
EARTH
ELECTRODE
TN-C SYSTEM
In this kind of earthing system the neutral and protective functions are combined
in a single conductor throughout the system, in short one conductor acts as a
neutral and earth wire. All the exposed conductive parts of an installation are
connected to the PEN conductor. A TN-C system has a combined earth and
neutral throughout inside the consumer’s installation.
The application of this supply system is limited to privately owned generating

plants or transformers where there are no metallic connections between the TN-
C system and the public supply.
Source of energy
L1
L2
L3
PEN
Conductor
3 phase installation Single phase installation
Equipment in
installation
Exposed
conductive part Additional source
Source earthed
earth
CONSUMER’S
INSTALLATION
SUPPLY – SINGLE
PHASE OF
DISTRIBUTION
TRANSFORMER
L
ARMOURED SUPPLY CABLE

PEN
(PEN)
SUPPLIER’S EARTH
ELECTRODE
TN-C-S SYSTEM
The basic principle in this method is that the neutral, besides fulfilling its normal
function of carrying the load current, it also carries the earth fault current from the
consumer’s premises to the supply transformer. Thus in a TN-C-S the supply is
TN-C while the arrangement at the consumer’s installation is TN-S. This type of
earthing is also known as protective multiple earthing (PME) and the PEN
conductor is referred to as the combined neutral and earth (CNE) conductor. The
supply system PEN conductor is earthed at several points and an earth electrode
may be necessary at or near a consumer’s installation. All the exposed
conductive parts of an installation are connected to the PEN conductor via the
main earthing terminal and the neutral terminal and the neutral terminal, these
terminals being linked together. There is a separate earth and neutral inside the
consumer’s installation although there is a combined and neutral from the supply.
This type of earthing is mainly used when an installation is supplied using an
underground supply.
Secondary of supply
transformer
L1
L2
L3
PEN
Conductor
3 phase installation Single phase installation
Equipment in
installation
Additional source
Source earthed
earth
Exposed
conductive part
CONSUMER’S
INSTALLATION
SUPPLY – SINGLE
PHASE OF
DISTRIBUTION
TRANSFORMER
L
N
ARMOURED SUPPLY CABLE
(PEN) E
SUPPLIER’S
EARTH
ELECTRODE
IT SYSTEM
In this system of earthing all the exposed and conductive parts of the consumer’s
installation are connected to an earth electrode while the source or supply is
either connected to the earth through a deliberately introduced impedance or is
isolated from the earth. Since the supply is isolated from the earth, therefore,
there is no risk of shock or fire involved when a fault occurs. This type of supply
is used in mines, quarries and chemical processes where interruption of the
process may create a hazardous situation. The system must not be connected to
a public supply.
L1
Secondary of supply
transformer
L2
L3
Earthing
impedance
Source earthed
Installation’s
Exposed earth electrode
conductive part
Consumers
installation
METHODS OF EARTHING
Strip or wire earthing. In this system of earthing strip electrodes of cross

sectional area not less than 25mm x 1.6mm if of copper and 25mm x 4mm if of
galvanised iron or steel are buried in horizontal trenches of minimum depth 2.5
metres. If round conductors are used their cross sectional area should not be
less than 3mm2 if of copper and 6mm2 if of galvanised iron or steel. The length of
the buried conductor should be of sufficient length to give the required earth
resistance. The electrodes should be as widely distributed as possible, preferably
in a single straight or circular trench or in a number of trench or in a number of
trenches radiating from a point. If the conditions require the use of more than one
strip, they shall be laid either parallel or radiating trenches.
This type of earthing is used at places which have rocky soil earth bed because
at such places excavation work for plate earthing is difficult.
Rod earthing. In this system of earthing 12.5mm diameter solid rods of copper
and 16mm diameter solid rods of galvanised iron or steel of length not less than
2.5m are driven vertically into the earth either manually or by a pneumatic
hammer. The electrode shall be driven to a depth of at least 1.25m, but if rock is
encountered, they may be buried in a horizontal trench and shall not be less than
2.5m deep.
This system of earthing is suitable for areas which are sandy in character. This
system of earthing is very cheap as no excavation work is involved unless under
special cases.
Pipe earthing. Pipe earthing is the best form of earthing and is very cheap in
cost.
In this system of earthing, a galvanised and perforated pipe of approved length
and diameter is placed up right in a permanently wet soil. The size of the pipe
depends on the current to be carried and the type of soil. Usually the pipe used
for this purpose is of diameter 38mm and 2m in length for ordinary soil and may
be increased to 2.75 metres in case of dry rocky soil. The depth to which the pipe
is to be buried depends upon the moisture content of the soil, usually the pipe is
placed at a depth of 4.75m but in case the soil provides sufficient moisture it is
buried at a lower depth. The pipe at the bottom is surrounded by broken pieces
of coke and salt for a distance of about 15cm around the pipe. The alternate
layers of coke or charcoal and salt are used to increase the effective area of the
earth and to reduce the earth resistance respectively.
Plate earthing. In this system of earthing a plate of either copper of dimensions

60cm x 60cm x 3mm or galvanised iron of dimensions 60cm x 60cm x 6mm is
buried into the ground with its faces vertical at a depth not less than 3m from the
ground level. The earth plate is embedded in alternate layers of coke and salt for
a minimum thickness of about 15cm. The earth wire (GI wire for GI plate earthing
and copper wire for copper plate earthing) is securely bolted to an earth plate
with the help of a bolt, nut and washer made of copper in the case of copper
plate earthing and of galvanised iron in the case of GI plate earthing.
A small masonry brick wall enclosure with a cast iron cover on the top or an RCC
pipe round the earth plate is provided to facilitate its identification and for carrying
out periodic inspection and tests.
DIVERSITY FACTOR
This factor takes into account the fact that all the total connected loads supplied
by a cable will not be in use at the same time. The main application of the
diversity factor is to sub main cables which supply distribution boards to which
several outgoing sub circuits are connected.
By the application of diversity factor to the respective circuits, the current rating of
the switchgear and cables and hence the cost is considerably reduced
IEE Regulation Table 1B Allowances for diversity
Purpose of final Individual Small shops, Small hostels,

circuit fed from household stores, offices boarding
conductor or installation, and business houses, guest
switchgear to which including premises houses etc.
diversity applies individual
dwellings of a
block
1. Lighting 66% of total 90% of total 75% of total
current demand current demand current demand
2. Heating and power 100% of total 100% f.l. current !00% f.l. current
( see 3 and 8 below current demand of largest of largest
up to 10 appliance + 75% appliance + 80%
amperes + 50% f.l current of f.l. current of
of any current remaining second largest
demand in appliance appliance + 60%
excess of 10 f.l. of remaining
amperes. appliances
3. Cooking appliances 10 amperes + 100% f.l. of 100% f.l. of
30% f.l. of largest of largest appliance
connected appliance + 80% + 80% f.l of
cooking f.l, of second second largest
appliances in largest appliance appliance + 60%
excess of 10 + 60% f.l. of f.l. of remaining
amperes + 5 remaining appliances
amperes if appliances
socket outlet
incorporated in
unit
4. Motors (other than 100% f.l. of 100% f.l. of
lift motors which are largest motor + largest motor +
subject to special 80% f.l. of 100% of second
consideration second largest largest appliance
motor 60% f.l. of + 25% f.l. of
remaining remaining
motors. appliances
5. Water heater 100% f.l. of 100% f.l. of 100% f.l. of
(instantaneous largest largest appliance largest appliance
type)* appliance + + 100% f.l of + 100% f.l of
100% of second second largest second largest
largest appliance + 25% appliance + 25%
appliance + f.l of remaining f.l of remaining
25% f.l. of appliances appliances
remaining
appliances.
6. Water No Diversity+ No diversity No diversity
heater(thermostatica allowance allowance allowance
lly controlled)
7. Floor warming No diversity + No diversity No diversity

installation allowance allowance allowance
8. Thermal storage No diversity + No diversity No diversity
space heating allowance allowance allowance
installations
9. Standard 100% of current 100% of current
arrangements of final demand of demand of
circuits in accordance largest circuit + largest circuit +
with Appendix five. 40% of current 50% of current
demand of demand of every
every other other circuit
circuit
10. Socket outlets 100% current 100% current 100% current

other than those demand of demand of demand of
included in 9 above largest point of largest point of largest point of
and stationary utilisation + 40% utilisation + 75% utilisation + 75%
equipment other than of current of current of current
those listed above. demand of demand of every demand of every
every other other point of other point in
point of utilisation main rooms
utilisation (dinning rooms
etc) + 40% of
current demand
of every other
point of utilisation
* For the purpose of this table an instantaneous water heater is deemed to be a

water heater of any loading which heats water only while the tap is turned on and
therefore uses electricity intermittently.
+
It is important to ensure that the distribution boards are of sufficient rating to
take the total load connected to them without the application of any diversity.
To illustrate the application of diversity factor consider a typical household

cooking appliance. It will rarely have all its cooking elements switched on at one
time, and if it did, it won’t be too long before the oven timer starts and the energy
regulators automatically operate cutting out the elements which have reached
their desired temperature.
Diversity may be applied to a cooker final circuit used in a house hold and it is
calculated as follows
The first 10A of the rated current, plus 30% of the remainder of the rated current,
plus 5A if a socket outlet is incorporated in the control unit. An illustration of this
is shown below
If the total connected load of a cooker is 9KW and the cooker unit contains a
socket outlet, what will be the anticipated maximum demand after applying
diversity.
Full load current: P = VI

I = P/V
= 9 000/240
= 37.5A
Anticipated maximum demand after applying diversity
I = 10A + 30 x (37.5 – 10)/100 + 5

= 23.25A
It can be seen that the application of diversity reduces the conductor size
required.
Example
Mr Mwalusi’s newly built house supplied at 240V consists of the following
connected loads
Lighting 1000W
Power points two 30A ring circuits of 13A socket outlets
Cooker 12KW
Water heater 6 KW
Determine the maximum demand for the installation after applying diversity factor.
Solution
Before Diversity After diversity
Lighting I = P/V = 1000/240 = 4.17A 4.17A x 0.66 = 2.75A
Power points I = 30A + 30A = 60A 30 + (40% x 30A) = 42A
Cooker I = P/V = 12 000/240 = 50A 10A + (30% x (50 – 10)) + 5= 27A
Water heater I = P/V = 6 000/240 = 25A 6 000/240 = 25A
Total load before diversity = 139.17A Load after diversity = 96.75A
INDUSTRIAL MOTOR CONTROL

Industrial control engineers are frequently called upon to solve unusual
problems, design special circuits that must fulfil definite specifications,
modify existing circuits, to improve operating conditions, or to develop
circuit arrangements that employ new types of equipment. Considerable
experience as well as specialized training is necessary if the assignments
indicated are to be carried out so that the circuits not only are safe and
reliable but do not malfunction under the most adverse condition or even
when the operator fails to follow instruction properly. To reduce cost and
minimize servicing requirements, the designer must use as few
components as possible.
The full advantage of an electric motor drive can be achieved only when
there is compatibility between the following three major components.
- The drive motor
- The Driven machine
- The control Equipment
There are many forms of motor starting methods and at least many
forms of speed control.
Requirements for motor control equipment

The prime function of a motor starter is to connect the motor and its
coupled machine to supply mains without disturbance to other machines
and users. It must do this with due consideration to the mechanical
inertia of the driven machine, its permitted acceleration and to the
allowable time taken to get it up to operating speed. Under these
conditions the selection of a motor starter must take into due
consideration the following factors:
1. The limitation of starting current to values acceptable to the
supply authority, thus causing minimal disturbance to other local
users as regards to line voltage.
2. Control of starting and accelerating torque from the viewpoint of

mechanical shocks to the machine system and the motor driving
shaft.
3. Protection of the motor against overloads and overheating.
4. Isolation of the motor in an event of a fault.
5. Provision for interlocking the motor operating with that of other
motors and machines.
6. Motor reversal
7. Speed control
8. Motor braking
Mastery of an art, craft or profession demands knowledge of the tools

and materials at your disposal. While the novice struggles to jerry rig a
solution to a problem, the professional will apply a solution based on
utilizing of the proper tools and equipments. Proficiency then is not so
much a matter of knowing “tricks of the trade” as it is to know what
devices are available to serve the trade.
Conventional control Circuits – that is those employing

electromechanical rather than solid state component – account for most
of the control circuitry in the industrial plant. Such circuits essentially
fall into eight basic categories: power sources: disconnect devices,
protective devices, pilot devices, control relays, controllers, miscellaneous
auxiliary devices, and the controlled devices or loads.
Power sources: Control circuit power is normally taken from a control

power transformer. It can however, be at line voltage – that is the same
voltage as the controlled equipment – or it can be supplied from a battery
or uninterruptible power supply.
Disconnect devices: These can be considered to be the shut off valves of

an electrical circuit. Usually operated, they are used to kill power to the
circuit for the purpose of safety clearance e.g. isolators or knife switch.
Protective devices: These are the safety valves of an electrical system

while devices such as fuses and circuits breakers are located in the
“power” portion of the electrical circuit other protective devices must be
considered part of the control circuit. Notable among these are the motor
overload devices commonly found in motor starters and protective relays
connected in a configuration which interrupts the control circuit.
Pilot devices: These are electrical components that initiate action in a

control circuit or must be the “go” (closed) position for action to take
place. Common control devices falling in this category are push buttons
selector switches, limit switches, pressure switches, float switches and
thermostats.
Control relays: These are devices which relay a signal into one or more
paths. Control relays are usually actuated by pilot devices such as push
buttons or limit switches. When actuated, a control relay in turn,
operates to change the status of its contacts to effect changes in other
portions of the circuit, or to initiate actions in a distinctly isolated circuit.
A simple relay usually consists of two or more sets of contacts whose
position changes from “open” to “closed” or vice versa, when the coil is
energized or de-energized.
There are two important special versions of the simple control relay. One
is known as the “latching relay.” A latching relay actually latches into
position when the relay coil is energized. Removing power from the coil
will not cause the contacts to revert to the normal position. A second
“trip” coil must be energized to release the latching mechanism. This
feature is desirable in many types of industrial situations where it might
be undesirable, or even dangerous, for a relay to drop out on loss of

control power.
The other important version of the standard control relay is the time
delay (TD) relay. The time delay relay comes in two versions; time delay
on energizing (TDOE) and time delay on de-energizing (TDOD) of the relay
coil.
Controllers: These are generally the final output in a control or the last
step in the sequence of getting power to the load device. The controller
can be a simple load rated contractor, ordinary across the line motor
starters or relatively complex reduced voltage starters. The most common
controller encountered in the industrial plant is the ordinary magnetic
motor starter.
The basic function of a magnetic motor starter is to permit remote

control of a motor. Most motor starters embody the following features.
1. Provide a disconnect means to positively kill power to the motor
circuit, eliminating the possibility of accidentally energizing the
motor.
2. Provide start circuit protection for motor feeder wiring.
3. Provide motor feeder wiring overload protection.
4. Provide better personnel safety by permitting low voltage control
(120V or less) of motor circuits up to 600V.
5. Provide under voltage release. If power should fail, equipment will
not automatically start up again when power is restored, resulting
in more protection for personnel and equipment.
6. Provide auxiliary contacts so that the controller can also send
control signals to other control circuits.
The Load or controlled devices: Controlled operation of the load device

is the end objective of the entire control system. Large loads such as
motors are usually served trough a controller (motor starter). Heavy loads
such as electrical heaters will also require a load rated device as the final
control circuit component ahead of the load.
Other auxiliary devices: Other devices considered part of the control

system are indicating lights, audible alarms, meters, and position
indicators. Such devices are informational only and do not contribute to
nor detract from, the operation of the load.
Transducers; these devices were not categorized into any of the eight
classes that were defined for component normally found in
electromechanical control circuit
A transducer is a device that converts a non electrical quantity such as
temperature, pressure or fluid flow into an equivalent electrical output.
COMPONENT ANALYSIS
START PUSH BUTTON (Normally open push button)

This is a device that is used to close (or energize) a circuit by pressing the
button which makes a complete circuit.
A start push button is normally green in color with number 3 and 4 on it.
STOP PUSH BUTTON (Normally closed push button)

This is a device that is used to open (or de-energize) a circuit when it is
pressed, i.e. when it pressed it cuts or stops the power flow to the circuit.
A stop push button is normally colored red with numbers 1 and 2.
CONTACTOR
A contactor is a mechanical switching device capable of making, carrying
and breaking electric current under normal circuit conditions including
operating overload conditions.
The contactors are designed according to the method of energizing the
control circuit namely
 Electromagnetic
 Pneumatic
 Electro-pneumatic
Electromagnetic contactor is a contactor in which the opening and

closing of the main contactor is achieved by means of an electromagnet.
Electro-pneumatic contactor is a contactor in which the force of closing
and opening the main contacts is provided by an electrically operated
pneumatic device.
On a contactor the lines labeled L1, L2 and L3 are normally used as
inputs to the contactor and T1, T2 and T3 are outputs to a contactor the
power circuit of power control is normally connected to the above
contacts
The contacts labeled 13 and 14 are known as auxiliary contacts and are
normally open; they are mainly used as hold on contacts. Other
contactor makes also have contacts 21 and 22 which are normally
closed. For a contactor to energize the contactor coil has to be supplied
with current at the rated voltage of the coil, if the coil is not supplied
with power at the rated voltage it will not energize. A contactor coil is
normally labeled A1 and A2.
OVERLOAD RELAY
An overload is a protective device that protects against excess current
due to overloading
TIMER
A timer is a device that is used to count (or measure) the time required
for a particular process or operation to take place or to start taking place
TYPES OF TIMERS
- Time delay on energizing (TDOE) or on delay timer
- Time delay on de-energizing (TDOD) or off delay timer
ON DELAY TIMER OPERATION

When the timer coil is energized (i.e. supplied with current) the timer
starts counting, after a preset time, the normally open contacts close and
the normally closed contacts open. The contacts will remain in this state
until the timer coil is de-energized upon which the contacts will go back
to their normal state.
OFF DELAY TIMER

When the timer coil is supplied with current (energized), the contacts
change there and then i.e. the normally opened contacts close while the
normally closed contacts open, these contacts will remain like this until
the coil is de-energized. When the coil is de-energized that is when the
timer starts counting (while the normally open is still closed and the
normally closed is still open), after a preset time the contacts go back to
their normal state i.e. the N/O closes while the N/C opens.
BASIC SCHEMATIC SYMBOLS

START PUSH
BUTTON BELL
ISOLATOR
STOP PUSH
BUTTON CONTACTOR
COIL
NORMALLY
CLOSED
CONTACT TIMER COIL
NORMALLY
OPEN FUSE
OVERLOAD
CONTACT
RELAY
OVERLOAD
RELAY
TWIN START/ CLOSED
STOP PUSH CONTACT
BUTTON
OVERLOAD
RELAY OPEN
CONTACT
TRIPLE POLE
MCB
MOTOR
M CONTACTOR
LAMP
THREE PHASE MOTOR STARTERS

The following methods of motor starting are commonly used:
1. Direct on line (DOL)
2. Star delta
3. Primary resistance
4. Auto transformer
5. Electronic
6. Secondary résistance
7. Past winding starting
Each method of starting has advantages and disadvantages, with the

exception of DOL starting; each method limits the starting current in
varying degrees. The second, third, fourth and fifth methods reduce the
voltage applied to the phase windings. Electronic starting often has
provision for controlling motor current independently of the motor
voltage. The effect of reducing motor voltage is to reduce the starting
torque of the motor.
DIRECT ON LINE STARTING (DOL)

Direct on line starting is the simplest way to start induction motor. Full
voltage is applied directly to the stator winding of a stationary motor. The
effect is often severe. At the instant of connection to the supply, the
stator is completely de-energized and the resistance being so low, there is
a high inrush of current from the mains. The rotor bars behave as a
short circuited secondary windings and aggravated the effect. It is quite
usual for the starting current to reach a value seven (7) times that of
normal full load current.
The torque produced is two to three `times the full load torque. The value
is transmitted to shafts, bearings, belts and the driven machine so
quickly that a considerable mechanical shock is transmitted to all
connected parts. If the motor is capable of starting the connected load,
acceleration is swift. For very large motors which (which implies a heavy
load), the mechanical shock from DOL starting can shear shafts or cause
severe belt slip which results in accelerated wears.
APPLICATION
Direct on line starting restricted to comparatively small size motors.
Motors up to 4KW (or 5HP) are normally started by DOL but in special
circumstances motors up to 25KW have been started by this way. DOL
starting is normally restricted to situations where there is little or no load
on the motor when being started. DOL starting a centrifugal pump is one
instance where the major part of the load appears after the motor has
been started when the load is gradually imposed by an increase in
pressure on the liquid being forced through the pump.
STAR-DELTA MOTOR STARTER

As the name implies, in this method the controller connects the motor in
wye (star) during the starting period and then in delta when the motor
has accelerated to the RUN mode.
This type of starting is used in starting squirrel induction motors (SCIM)
to reduce the phase voltage to 58% of the line voltage when the motor is
started. Consequently, by this method (Y-D) of the motor acceleration the
line in–rush current and starting torque are one third of their full voltage
values. This type of starter is used for starting motors with loads that
require a long acceleration period, such as in fans, blowers, air
conditioning, pumps etc. It does not have the flexibility found in other
types of reduced voltage starter.
DIRECT ON LINE STARTER

The figure below shows control and power circuits of a 3 phase induction
motor, (connected to the full supply voltage)
Explanation of operation
1. When the isolator and a triple pole MCB are closed a yellow
indicator lamp comes on.
2. When the start push button is pressed, current flows in the order L
– fuse – O/L – Stop P.B – Start P.B – Coil M – N, thereby exciting
contactor coil M.
3. When the contactor coil M gets energized the hold on contact M
closes, the 3 phase induction motor starts running, the yellow
indicator lamp goes off and a green lamp come on due to the
closing of contact M.
4. The induction motor will continue running until the stop P.B is
pressed or an overload occurs thereby causing the motor to stop
running, and the green indicator lamp goes off, yellow indicator
lamp comes ON.
CONTROL CIRCUIT
L N
FUSE
O/L START
STOP
GREEN LAMP
M
M YELLOW LAMP
FIG.1
POWER CIRCUIT
L1
L2
L3
CPC
ISOLATOR
CIRCUIT
BREAKER
CONTACTOR M
OVERLOAD
FIG. 2
POWER CIRCUIT FOR A SINGLE PHASE MOTOR

L
ISOLATOR
CIRCUIT
BREAKER
O/L
FIG. 3
FORWARD AND REVERSE OPERATION OF A 3 PHASE INDUCTION

MOTOR
The figure below shows the control and power circuits of a 3 phase
induction motor operating in the forward and reverse direction.
1. When the isolator and a triple pole MCB are closed a red indicator
lamp comes ON.
2. When the forward start button (start F) is pressed current flows
though the order L – fuse – O/L – stop – start F – R – contactor coil
F, thereby energizing contactor coil F.
3. When contactor F is energized, the hold on contact F closes
resulting in the motor running in the forward direction, when the
motor is running in the forward direction due to the energizing of
coil F, the red lamp goes off due to opening of contact F4, green
indicator lamp comes on due to the closing of F3, the contact F2
opens thus providing an interlock which prevents the motor to run
in the reverse direction when the start R is pressed while running
in the forward direction.
4. When the stop P.B is pressed contactor coil F de-energizers the
motor stops running in the forward direction, the green indicator
lamp goes off, the red indicator lamp comes on again, F2 and F4
closes again.
5. When the second start P.B is pressed (start R), the contactor coil R
energizes causing the hold on contract R1 to close, red lamp goes
off due to the opening of R3, yellow lamp comes on due to the
closing of R2, R4 opens (interlocks) and the motor runs in the
reverse direction.
6. When the stop P.B is pressed or an overload occurs the motor
stops running in the reverse direction due to the de-energizing of
coil R and all the contacts return to their original state.
L N
FUSE
O/L START F
STOP
R4 F
F1
START R
F2 R
R1
F2 GREEN LAMP
YELLOW LAMP
R2
RED LAMP
F4 R3
L1
L2
L3
ISOLATOR
CIRCUIT
BREAKER
F R
OVERLOAD
FIG.5
POWER CIRCUIT FOR A SINLGE PHASE MOTOR FORWARD AND

REVERSE
N L
ISOLATOR
MCB
F R
RUN WINDING
START WINDING
FIG. 6
STAR DELTA MANUAL STARTER OF A 3-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

The figures below show the operation of a 3 phase induction motor using
a manual starter
1. When the isolator and the triple pole MCB are closed a green
2. When the start button is pressed current flows in order L - fuse -
O/L – stop P.B – start P.B – Δ4 closed contact – Y contactor coil –
N. (it also flows through Y2 and energizes coil M).
3. When the start P.B is pressed continue holding it so that the motor
starts running in star. When running in star contactor coil Y and
M are energized, green lamp goes off, blue lamp comes on, the
interlock Y1 opens preventing the energizing of the delta contactor
(while the start button is held in the closed position the motor
continues running in star)
4. When the start push button is depressed the motor immediately
starts running in delta i.e. contactor Δ energizes, M remains
energized while contractor Y de-energizes.
5. When running in delta the yellow lamp comes on, blue lamp goes
off Δ 2 and Δ 4 opens, Δ 1 closes.
6. When an overload occurs the motor stops running, a white lamp
comes on and which ever lamp was on goes off.
CONTROL CIRCUIT
L N
FUSE
O/L START
STOP
Δ4 Y
M Y1 Δ
Y2 M
Δ1
Y3 Δ2 GREEN LAMP
Y4 BLUE LAMP
Δ3 YELLOW LAMP
O/L
WHITE LAMP
FIG. 7
POWER CIRCUIT
L1
L2
L3
ISOLATOR
CIRCUIT
BREAKER
M Δ Y
O/L
FIG. 8
STAR / DELTA SEMI AUTOMATIC STARTER

1. When the isolator and the triple pole MCB are closed a green
2. When the start push button is pressed current flows through the
order L – fuse – O/L – stop P.B – contactor coil M – timer coil T – N.
current also flows through T1, Δ1 and energizes coil Y.
3. The pressing of the start P.B causes the motor to run in star for a
preset time and later automatically changes to delta. When the
motor is running in star the blue indicator lamp comes on (Y2
closes), while the green indicator lamp goes off due to the opening
of Y3.
4. After a preset time (say 30 seconds) Timer contact T1 opens (motor
stops running in star) and T2 automatically closes resulting in the
motor running in delta and the blue lamp goes off.
5. When the motor is running in delta a yellow indicator lamp comes
on, Δ3 opens, Δ1, opens (interlock)
6. When the stop P.B is pressed the motor stops running in delta
yellow lamp goes off and green lamp comes on.
7. In an event of an overload the motor will stop running and a white
indicator lamp will automatically come on.
CONTROL CIRCUIT
L N
T
FUSE
O/L START
STOP
M
M1
T1 Δ1 Y
T2 Y1 Δ
BLUE LAMP
Y2
Δ2 YELLOW LAMP
Y3 Δ3 GREEN LAMP
O/L
WHITE LAMP
FIG. 9
POWER CIRCUIT
L1
L2
L3
ISOLATOR
CIRCUIT
BREAKER
M Δ
O/L
FIG. 10
INDEPENDENT RUNNING OF A 3 PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR IN

STAR AND IN DELTA
1. When the isolator and triple pole MCB are closed a green indicator
lamp comes on.
2. When the start push button Y is pressed the current flows in the
order L – fuse – O/L – stop –start Y – Δ1 contact – contactor coil Y -
N
3. When the start button is pressed contactor coil Y energizes
resulting in Y1 closing, Y2 opening (interlock), Y3 closing (energizes
the main contactor M) and the motor will be running in star
4. When it starts running in star the green lamp goes off and the blue
lamp comes on.
5. When the stop P.B is pressed the motor stops running in star, blue
lamp goes off and green indicator lamp comes on again.
6. When the start button Δ is pressed the motor starts running in
delta (contactor coils Δ and M are energized), the green indicator
lamp goes off while the yellow indicator lamp comes on.
7. When the stop P.B is pressed or an overload occurs the motor will
stop running in delta.
CONTROL CIRCUIT
L N
FUSE
O/L START Y
STOP
Δ1 Y
Y1
START Δ
Y2 Δ
Δ2
Y3 M
Δ3
Y4 Δ4 GREEN LAMP
Y5 BLUE LAMP
Δ5 YELLOW LAMP
FIG. 11
POWER CIRCUIT
L1
L2
L3
ISOLATOR
CIRCUIT
BREAKER
M Y Δ
O/L
FIG 12
STAR/DELTA SEMI AUTOMATIC STARTER FOR A 3 PHASE

INDUCTION MOTOR
1. When the isolator and triple pole MCB is closed a green indicator
comes on.
2. When the start P.B is pressed the contactor coil Y, Timer coil T and
the main contactor coil M energizes resulting in the motor running
in star.
3. When the motor is running in star the green indicator lamp goes
off while the blue indicator lamp comes on.
4. After a preset time of say 40 seconds, the normally closed of timer
T1, opens (de-energizing contactor coil Y) and T2 closes energizing
contactor coil Δ and the motor begins to run in delta.
5. When it starts running in delta the blue lamp goes off and a yellow
6. When running in delta contactors coils M and Δ are energized
7. The contacts Y3 and Δ1 acts as inter locks
8. When an overload or the stop push button is pressed the motor
stops running and a green indicator lamp comes on again
CONTROL CIRCUIT
L N
FUSE
O/L START
STOP
Δ1 T1 Y
Y1 T
Y2 M
Δ2
T2 Y3 Δ
Δ3
Y4 Δ4 GREEN LAMP
Y5 BLUE LAMP
Δ5 YELLOW LAMP
FIG. 13
POWER CIRCUIT
L1
L2
L3
ISOLATOR
CIRCUIT
BREAKER
M Y Δ
O/L
FIG. 14
STAR DELTA FORWARD AND REVERSE
The figure below shows how a 3 phase induction motor that is star/delta
connected can be run in forward and reverse.
1. when the isolator and triple pole MCB are switched on the circuit
can be energized
2. when the forward start button is pressed the motor runs in
forward star and then in delta i.e. contactor coil M, timer coil T1
contactor coil Y are energized instantly and the motor starts
running in forward star and later contactor coil Δ is also energized.
3. After a preset time (say 40 seconds) the normally closed to T1 opens
while the normally open closes resulting in the motor running in
delta.
4. When the motor is running in the forward direction a brown
indicator lamp comes on. The contacts C2 and M2 are interlocks for
the forward and reverse operation while contacts Y1 and Δ1, are
interlocks for the delta operation.
5. When the stop button is pressed or an overload takes place the
motor stops running and a brown indicator lamp goes off.
6. When the reverse start P.B is pressed the motor starts running in
star and then later in delta i.e. contactor coils C, Timer coil T2,
contactor coil Y and later contactor coil Δ are energized.
7. After a present time (say 40 seconds) the normally closed of T2
opens and the normally open of T2 closes resulting in the motor
running in reverse while delta connected.
8. When the motor is running in reverse (star/delta) a blue indicator
lamp will be on.
9. When the overload trips or a stop P.B is pressed the motor stops
running in the reverse direction.
CONTROL CIRCUIT
L N
BROWN LAMP
FUSE
O/L START F
STOP
C2 M
M1 T1
BLUE LAMP
START R
M2 C
C1 T2
M3 T1 T2 Δ1 Y
C3
T1 Y1 Δ
T2
FIG. 15
POWER CIRCUIT
L1
L2
L3
ISOLATOR
CIRCUIT
BREAKER
M C Δ Y
O/L
FIG. 16
DOL STARTING OF TWO 3 PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR WITH ONE

MOTOR INCORPORATING A TIME DELAY OF STOPPING
1. When the isolator and the triple pole MCB are closed the circuit
can then be energized.
2. When the start button is pressed contactor coil M, Timer coil T are
energized resulting in the normally open contact of Timer T,
instantly closing and energizing contactor coil N.
3. The pressing of the start push button energizes both contactors M
and N and both motors start running at the same time. When both
motors start running the indicators lamps (yellow lamp and green
lamp) both come ON at the same time.
4. When the stop P.B is pressed motor No. 1 stops immediately (Coil
M de-energizes) and the yellow indicator lamp goes off, While motor
No. 2 comes to a stop after some time (depending on the set time
on the Timer T) and the green indicator lamp goes off as well.
5. In an event of an overload on motor No.1, motor No.1 will stop
instantly while motor 2 will only stop after a time delay (say 4
seconds).
6. In an event of an overload of motor No. 2 both motors will stop
immediately
CONTROL CIRCUIT
L N
FUSE
START O/L 1
STOP
M N T
TDOD
O/L2
T N
M YELLOW LAMP
N GREEN LAMP
FIG. 17
POWER CIRCUIT
L1
L2
L3
CPC
ISOLATOR
CIRCUIT
BREAKER
M N
OVERLOAD 1 OVERLOAD 2
M M
FIG. 18
ROBOT CIRCUIT
1. When the isolator and triple pole MCB are closed, the circuit can
then be energized.
2. When the start P.B is pressed contactor coil M, Timer T1 are
energized and a red indicator lamp comes on.
3. After a preset time of (say 20 seconds) Timer contact T1 which is
normally closed opens causing the red indicator lamp to go off
while timer contact T1 which is normally opened closes and a
yellow indicator lamp comes on.
4. After a preset time the yellow lamp goes off and a green indicator
lamp comes on i.e. T2 NC opens and T2 NO closes.
5. After a preset time the green indicator lamp goes off and a red
6. The above process will continue until a stop P.B is pressed to stop
the operation.
CONTROL CIRCUIT
L N
RED LAMP
FUSE
START
STOP
T1 M
M T1
T3
YELLOW LAMP
T1 T2 N
N T2
GREEN LAMP
T2 T3 P
P T3
FIG. 19
DOL STARTER INCORPORATING A TIME DELAY ON ENERGIZING

1. When the isolator and triple pole are closed, the circuit can be
energized.
2. when you press the start P.B the warning bell starts ringing, after
the preset time (say 30 seconds) the warning bell stops ringing and
at the same time the brown lamp comes on to show that the motor
is ready to be energized (T2 of timer closes).
3. When the second start push button (ST2) is pressed the motor
starts running and a blue indicator lamp comes on.
4. When the motor is running (K3 opens), the relay M, the timer and
bell are completely de-energized.
5. When the stop push button is overload is pressed or trips the
motor stops running.
L N
FUSE
O/L ST 1
STOP
K3 M
M T
BELL
T1
BROWN LAMP
ST 2
T2 K
K1
K2 BLUE LAMP
POWER CIRCUIT
L1
L2
L3
E
ISOLATOR
CIRCUIT
BREAKER
CONTACTOR K
OVERLOAD
FIG. 21
AUTOMATIC REPETIT1VE OPERATION OF A 3 PHASE INDUCTION

MOTOR (DOL)
1. When the isolator and the triple pole MCB are switched on, the circuit
can now be energized
2. When the start push button is pressed, the relay coil MC is energized
causing MC1 and MC2 to close resulting in the energizing of TR1 and
coil M
3. When coil M is energized the motor starts running for the timed
interval, after which it stops due to the opening of normally closed of
timer contact TR1
4. When TR1 closes contactor coil B is energized and the timer TR2 is
energized, after a present time TR2 closes energizing coil D, which will
result in the de-energizing of contactor coil B due to the opening of
normally closed of D.
5. When coil B gets de-energized contact B2 closes again resulting in the
motor beginning to run automatically and the whole process will begin
over again.
Note: the motor will run and stop, restart running and stop on its
own until the P.B is pressed to stop the whole process.
CONTROL CIRCUIT
L N
FUSE
START
STOP
MC O/L
MC1
MC2
TR1 B2
TR1 M
TR1 B
D B1 TR2
TR2 D
FIG. 22
POWER CIRCUIT
L1
L2
L3
CPC
ISOLATOR
CIRCUIT
BREAKER
CONTACTOR M
OVERLOAD
FIG. 23
MANUAL FORWARD AND AUTOMATIC REVERSE STARTING OF A

THREE PHASE INDUCTION
1. When the isolator and triple pole MCB are closed the circuit can now
energized
2. When the forward start push button is pressed, the motor will start
running in the forward direction
3. With the motor running in the forward direction, pressing the reverse
button will cause the motor to decelerate, stop and after a brief time
delay, it will start in the reverse direction
4. At the same time the timer will de-energize (as it runs in reverse)
5. When the stop push button or an overload trips the motor will stop
running
L N
FUSE
OVERLOAD START 1
STOP
M2 R3 F
F1
START 2
M1 R2 T
T F2 R
R1
POWER CIRCUIT
L1
L2
L3
ISOLATOR
CIRCUIT
BREAKER
F R
OVERLOAD
FIG. 25
SEQUENTIAL STARTING OF FOUR 3 PHASE INDUCTORS
Explanation of opening
be energized
2. When the start push button is pressed all the four motor will start
running starting with M,N,P and R
3. Pressing the stop push button or tripping the overload will stop all
motors running.
CONTROL CIRCUIT
L N
FUSE
START O/L 1
STOP
R1
O/L2
M1 N
O/L32
N1 P
O/L4
P1 R
FIG. 26
POWER CIRCUIT
L1
L2
L3
ISOLATOR
CIRCUIT
BREAKER
M N P R
O/L 1 O/L 2 O/L3 O/L4
M M M M
FIG. 27
SEQUENTIAL STARTING OF FOUR 3 PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
be energized
2. When the start push button for motor one (1) is pressed the contactor
coil 1M is energized, motor number one starts running and also 1M
closes
3. When motor one is running then motor two can be started by pressing
the second start push button
4. When motor one and motor two are running, that is when motor 3
can be started, by pressing the third start button
5. When either motor 2 or motor 3 is running that is when motor 4 can
be started, by pressing the fourth start button
6. When the stop push button for motor 1 is pressed or overload 1 trips
all the motor stops running
7. When the stop push button of motor number 2 or the overload (O/L2)
trips only the 3rd and 4th motor will stop running while motor 1 will
still be running
8. When the stop push button of motor 3 is pressed or the overload trips
(O/L3) only motor 3 will stop running motor1, 2 and 4 will continue
running
9. When the stop push button of motor 4 is pressed or the overload trips
or operates (O/L4) only motor 4 will stop motor 1, 2 and 3 continue
running
CONTROL CIRCUIT
L N
FUSE
START
STOP
1M O/L1
1M
START
STOP
1M 2M O/L2
2M
START
STOP
1M 2M 3M O/L3
3M
START
STOP
2M 4M O/L4
3M 4M
FIG. 28

POWER CIRCUIT
L1
L2
L3
ISOLATOR
CIRCUIT
BREAKER
1M 2M 3M 4M
O/L 1 O/L 2 O/L3 O/L4
M M M M
FIG. 29
DOL JOGGING INCHING
1. When the isolator and triple pole MCB are closed the red indicator
lamp comes on
2. When the start push button is pressed the motor will start running
due to the energizing of coil M and a yellow indicator lamp comes on
while a red indicator lamp goes off
3. When the twin start/stop push button (with 1 NC and 1NO contacts)
is pressed the motor begins to jog or inch

4. When the stop push button is pressed the motor stops running and
the yellow indicator lamp goes off while the red indicator lamp comes
on
5. When the overload trip a green indicator lamp comes on and the
L N
FUSE
O/L START
STOP JOG
M
M1
GREEN LAMP
M2 RED LAMP
M3 YELLOW LAMP
motor stops running
FIG. 30

L1
L2
L3
CPC
ISOLATOR
CIRCUIT
BREAKER
OVERLOAD
FIG. 31

SEQUENTIAL STARTING OF FIVE 3 PHASE INDICATOR MOTORS
1. When the isolator and triple pole MCB are closed then the circuit can
now be energized
2. When motor No 1 (B) is started, motor No 2 (C) will also be started
after a short time delay and will run only while motor No.1 is in
operation
3. It is not possible to start motor 3(D), 4(E) and 5(G) unless motor 1 and
2 are running
4. It is not possible to start motor No. 3 when motor No.4 is running or
No. 4 when motor No. 3 is running
5. When the overload of motor No. 1 or 2 is tripped all the motors stops
running
6. When the overload of motor No. 5 is tripled, motor No. 5 stops and
motor No. 3 or 4, which ever is running will stop

CONTROL CIRCUIT
L N
FUSE
START
STOP
TR O/L1 O/L2
B1
B
TR
O/L5
START
STOP
E2 D O/L3
D1
START
STOP
D2 E O/L4
E1
START
STOP
G
G1
FIG. 32

POWER CIRCUIT
L1
L2
L3
ISOLATOR
CIRCUIT
BREAKER
B C D E
O/L 1 O/L 2 O/L3 O/L4
M M M M
FIG. 33
SEQUENTIAL STARTING OF TWO 3 PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS

1. When the isolator and triple pole MCB are closed then the circuit can
be energized
2. Pressing the start push button shall start motor No. 1 and 30 seconds
later motor No. 2 shall start running
3. After motor No. 2 has been running for 1 minute, it shall stop, while
motor No. 1 shall continue to run
4. The pressing of the stop button shall stop both motors
5. If during operation, the overload of motor No. 2 trips, both motors will
stop running
6. The operating cycle of motor No. 2 will not be affected by the tripping
of overload of motor No. 1
CONTROL CIRCUIT
L N
FUSE
START
STOP
1M O/L1 O/L2
1M TR1
TR1 TR2 2M
TR2
FIG. 34

POWER CIRCUIT
L1
L2
L3
CPC
ISOLATOR
CIRCUIT
BREAKER
1M 2M
M M
FIG. 35

DOL STARTING OF TWO MOTORS INDEPENDENTLY
1. When the isolator or triple MCB is closed then the circuit can now be
energized.
2. Pressing the start push button will start motor No.1, it will continue
running until the stop push button is pressed or the overload trips
3. When motor No.1 stops, motor No.2 will start running and after
running for same time (say 3 minutes) it will stop.
CONTROL CIRCUIT
L N
FUSE
START O/L 1
STOP
M1 TR
TDOD
O/L2
M2 TR N

L1
L2
L3
CPC
ISOLATOR
CIRCUIT
BREAKER
M N
M M
FIG. 37

DOL STARTING OF TWO 3 PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS, WITH

DELAYED STARTING WITH WARNING BEFORE STARTING
(SEQUENTIAL)
1. When the isolator and MCB are closed the circuit can now be
energized
2. When the start push button is pressed, the bell starts ringing to
signal that motor No. 1 is about to start
3. After a preset time, say 20 seconds, motor No. 1 starts running and
the siren goes off, and the green indicator lamp comes
4. In an invent of fault on motor 1 due to an overload, motor No. 2
should immediately start running, and a yellow indicator comes on,
motor 1 will stop running
5. If a fault occurs on motor No. 2 all the system must be de-energized
and a blue indicator lamp comes on
6. When the stop push button is pressed any of the two motors running
will stop running

CONTROL CIRCUIT
L N
FUSE
START
STOP
R K3
R1 BELL
TR
O/L1
TR1 K
K1
M1
K2 GREEN LAMP
M2 RED LAMP
O/L2 YELLOW LAMP

L1
L2
L3
CPC
ISOLATOR
CIRCUIT
BREAKER
K M
M M
FIG. 39

LOCAL AND REMOTE STARTING OF A 3 PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
Note: remote place is the place where monitor panels of centralized

control are put. Local place is the place where apparatus of the motor etc
are put
1. when the isolator and triple pole MCB are closed, the green indicator
lamp of local and remote comes on
2. When the start push button for remote or local is pressed the motor
starts running both green indicator lamps for local and remote go off.
At the same time the red indicator lamps for local and remote comes
on
3. when either the local and remote stop pushing button is pressed the
motor stops running, red indicator lamps for local and remote go off
while the green indicator lamp for L and R comes on again
4. when an overload trip occurs, the motor stops running, red indicator
lamps go off while the yellow indicator lamps will come on for L and R
and a bell/siren will start ringing

L N
FUSE
R O/L
R L
M
M1 R (RED)
L (RED)
M2 R (GREEN)
L (GREEN)
O/L
R (YELLOW)
L (YELLOW)
BELL
FIG. 40

L1
L2
L3
CPC
ISOLATOR
CIRCUIT
BREAKER
OVERLOAD
FIG. 41

PROCESS DIAGRAM FOR A 3 CONVEYOR SYSTEM (SEQUENTIAL)
1. When the isolators and MCB are closed, the circuit can now be
operated
2. Once the start push button is pressed the three conveyors start
running in the sequence of C1, C2 and C3 and there would be a delay
of say 20 seconds between the start of conveyors C1, C2 and C3
3. Once the stop push button is pressed the conveyors will be stopped in
the sequence of C3, C2 and C1 and there will be a time delay of 20
seconds between the stopping of each conveyor
4. And overload trip on any conveyor will stop all the conveyors
5.
Note: On starting each conveyor is dumping material onto the next
conveyor

L N
START
STOP
CR O/L1 O/L2 O/L3
CR1
CR2 C1
4TR C1 1TR
TDOE
0 – 10 SEC
CR3 1TR C2
3TR C2 2TR
TDOE
0 – 10 SEC
3TR
TDOD
0 - 3 SEC
CR4 2TR C3
4TR
TDOD
0 - 10 SEC
FIG. 42

L1
L2
L3
CPC
ISOLATOR
CIRCUIT
BREAKER
C1 C2 C3
O/L 1 O/L 2 O/L 3
M M M
FIG. 43
RUNNING OF A 3 PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR AT INTERVALS
1. When the isolator and the triple MCB are closed a yellow indicator
lamp comes on
2. When the start push button is pressed, the motor starts running, the
green indicator lamp comes on, and the yellow indicator lamp goes off.
3. After the motor has run for the preset time, the timer relay operates
causing contact TR to open, the motor stops running, the green
indicator lamp goes off while the yellow indicator lamp comes on
again

4. When the overload trips the blue indicator lamp comes on and the
motor would stop running.
CONTROL CIRCUIT
L N
FUSE
START
STOP
TR MC O/L
MC1 TR
MC2 GREEN LAMP
MC3 YELLOW LAMP
BLUE LAMP O/L
FIG. 44

POWER CIRCUIT
L1
L2
L3
CPC
ISOLATOR
CIRCUIT
BREAKER
CONTACTOR MC
OVERLOAD
FIG. 45

SEQUENTIAL RUNNING OF TWO 3 PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

1. When the isolator and triple pole MCB are closed, the circuit can then
be energized
2. When the first start push button ST1 is pressed, motor No. 1 (R1)
starts running and a red indicator lamp comes on.
3. After motor No. 1 has run for a certain amount of time (depending on
the set time on the timer) that is when motor No. 2 can be started.
4. When the second start push button ST 2 is pressed the second motor
R2 starts running and a yellow indicator lamp comes on.
5. When the second stop push button or an overload occurs on any
motor both motors stop running.
L N
FUSE
O/L1 O/L2 ST 1
STOP
R1
R1 TR
R1 RED LAMP
ST 2
TR R2
R2
R2 YELLOW LAMP
FIG. 46

L1
L2
L3
CPC
ISOLATOR
CIRCUIT
BREAKER
R1 R2
M M
FIG. 47

DOL STARTER INCORPORATING A TIME DELAY ON STARTING
1. When the isolator and triple pole MCB are closed a blue indicator
lamp comes on.
2. When the start push button is pressed, the timer relay starts counting
the blue indicator lamp goes off while the green indicator lamp comes
on.
3. After the preset time, the motor starts running, the bell starts ringing
and the green lamp goes off.
4. When an overload occurs the motor would stop running and a white
lamp would come on.
5. When the stop P.B is pressed the motor would stop running and the
bell would go off.

CONTROL CIRCUIT
L N
FUSE
OVERLOAD START
STOP
2M 1M
1M TR
TR 2M
2M
WHITE LAMP
1M GREEN LAMP
1M 2M BLUE LAMP
BELL
2M
FIG. 48

AUTOMATIC REPETITIVE ORDER OPERATION CONTROL SYSTEM
1. When the isolator and triple pole MCB are closed the circuit can then
be energized
2. When the start push button is pressed the contactor coil MC
energizes resulting in the closure of coil MC1 and MC2.
3. As the result of closing of MC2, the timer relay TR1 is energized and
the motor 1M starts running.
4. After the timed interval of the timer relay TR1(the duration of the
motor 1M running) TR1 closes exciting timer relay TR2 and the second
motor 2M starts running while motor 1M stops running due to the
opening 0f the normally open of 2M
5. After the timed interval of the timer relay TR2 (duration of motor 2M
running) TR2 closes exciting timer relay TR3 and the third motor 3M
starts running while the second motor 2M stops running due to the
opening of Normally closed of 3M
6. After a timed interval of the timer relay TR3 (duration of motor 3M
running), TR3 closes exciting contactor coil N and the third motor 3M
will stop running due to the opening of the normally closed contact of
N.
7. When N opens motor 3M stops running, and motor 1M starts running
again since the normally closed of 3M and 2M would be closed
8. In the circuit below motor 1M runs and stops after a timed operation
of TR1 and then motor 2M runs and stops after the timed operation of
TR2 and then motor 3M starts running and stops after the timed
operation of TR3, after motor 3M runs and stops motor 1M starts
again and the above process will continue until the stop P.B or an
overload occurs on any motor.

CONTROL CIRCUIT
L N
FUSE
START
STOP
MC O/L1 O/L2 O/L3
MC1
MC2
2M 3M TR1
1M
TR1 TR2
2M 3M 2M
TR2 TR3
3M N 3M
TR3 N

L1
L2
L3
CPC
ISOLATOR
CIRCUIT
BREAKER
1M 2M 3M
O/L 1 O/L 2 O/L 3
M M M
FIG. 50

LOCAL AND REMOTE STARTING OF A STAR DELTA MOTOR

STARTER
1. When the isolator, and the triple pole MCB are closed a red indicator
lamp comes on
2. When the change over switch/selector switch is placed on remote ( R )
and then the remote start push button is pressed the motor starts
running in star, green indicator lamp comes on, red lamp goes off
3. After a preset time the motor starts running in delta, orange lamp
comes on, green lamp goes off
4. When the stop push button is pressed the motor stops running in
delta and the red indicator comes on
5. When the overload trips the running and a bell/siren starts ringing
6. When the change over switch (COS) is placed on L (local), the motor
can then be started from the local station and the above process will
be the same (repeated)

CONTROL CIRCUIT
L N
START
STOP
M O/L
FUSE R
M
T
COS START
STOP
T1 Δ Y
L
T2 Y Δ
BLUE LAMP
M
Y YELLOW LAMP
Δ GREEN LAMP
BELL
O/L
FIG. 51

MAY THE LOVE OF GOD THE FATHER, THE GRACE OF

JESUS CHRIST AND THE FELLOWSHIP OF THE HOLY
SPIRIT BE WITH YOU, ALL THE DAYS OF YOUR LIFE
AMEN
THE END

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DOMESTIC WIRING AND INDUSTRIAL MOTOR CONTROL

METER BOX DISTRIBUTION BOARD

60A 45A 30A 20A 5A

FACTORS TO CONSIDER WHEN CHOSING TYPE OF WIRING

c) Appearance. The wiring should be good looking

3. CTS or TRS Wiring. Tough rubber sheathed wiring (TRS) is sometimes

5. It can be used in damp situations provided protection against moisture

5. Conduit wiring. In this system of wiring steel or PVC tubes, known as

ii) Damp situations

Couplings. Since the conduits are available in smaller lengths, so to obtain a

Conduit saddles or conduit clamps or conduit straps. The conduit saddles

Comparison of various wiring systems

S. Particulars Cleat Wood TRS Lead Conduit

The following should be noted,

ONE WAY LIGHTING CIRCUIT

TWO WAY LIGHTING CIRCUIT

Two way lighting circuit

INTERMEDIATE LIGHTING CIRCUIT

1. Switching position one – lamp off

2. Switching position two – lamp on

The following should be noted when wiring socket outlets

COOKER CONTROL CIRCUIT

The following should be noted when wiring cooker control circuits,

60A 45A 30A 20A 5A

EARTH BLOCK NEUTRAL BLOCK

WATER HEATER CONTROL CIRCUIT

60A 45A 30A 20A 5A

EARTH BLOCK NEUTRAL BLOCK

METER BOX DISTRIBUTION

METER BOX DISTRIBUTION

Wire the following intermediate lighting circuit in accordance with the

ENERGY DISTRIBUTION BOARD

NOTE: ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN CM

S/O 1 S/O 2 S/O3

S/O 1 S/O 2 S/O 3

LAMP 1 35.00 LAMP 2

20.00 25.00 25.00

S/O 1 S/O 2 S/O 3

NOTE: ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN CM

S/O 1 S/O 2 S/O 3

LAMP 1 35.00 LAMP 2

S/O 1 S/O 2 S/O 3

NOTE: ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN CM

S/O 1 S/O 2 S/O 3

SO1 20 SO2 20 SO3

NB: All dimensions are in centimetres and not according to scale

LAMP 1 LAMP 2 LAMP 3

S/O 1 S/O 2 S/O 3

NB: All dimensions are in centimetres and not according to scale

S/O 1 S/O 2 S/O 3

NB: All dimensions are in centimetres and not according to scale

NB: All dimensions are in centimetres and not according to scale

S/O 1 S/O 2 S/O 3

NB: All dimensions are in centimetres and not according to scale

LAMP 1 LAMP 2 LAMP 3

S/O 1 S/O 2 S/O 3

NATURE OF AN EARTH ELECTRODE SYSTEM

EFFECT OF SOIL RESISTIVITY ON EARTH ELECTRODE RESISTANCE

 Moisture of the soil

METHODS OF REDUCING EARTH RESISTANCE

Note: In order to have an effective earth in summer, 3 to 4 buckets of water

SPECIFICATIONS REGARDING EARTHING OF ELECTRICAL

1. Distance of earth from building. An earth electrode should not be situated