ANALYSIS OF CIRCUMFERENTIALLY

ARRANGED BLOCK MAGNETS FOR

CYLINDRICAL PENNING TRAPS
ARGHYA NANDI
Mechanical Engineering Department, Jadavpur University,
Kolkata, West Bengal 700032, India
anandi@mech.jdvu.ac.in, arghyan@yahoo.com

SUMANTA NEOGY
Mechanical Engineering Department, Jadavpur University,
Kolkata, West Bengal 700032, India
sneogy@mech.jdvu.ac.in, am_sneogy@hotmail.com

PARNIKA DAS
Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre
Kolkata, West Bengal, India
parnika@vecc.gov.in

PRODYUT DAS
Independent Consultant
Kolkata, West Bengal, India
prodyut.das7@gmail.com

Abstract:
The present work proposes a new and simple combination of suitably machined standard permanent block
magnets (or bar magnets) for generation of magnetic field in a cylindrical open end-cap Penning ion trap. In a
Penning trap a uniform and sufficiently large axial magnetic field is of prime importance, at least at the central
region of the trap. It is known that twin radial magnets can generate an axial magnetic field for such a
configuration. However, in the present state of technology radial magnets are manufactured only in small radial
thickness and have therefore very limited application for this purpose. Extensive magnetostatics analyses have
been performed in order to study the effect of dimensions of the proposed configuration on the value and
uniformity of the magnetic flux density. Finally a methodology to determine suitable dimensions of the
arrangement is suggested for a reasonably high and uniform axial magnetic flux density at the trap center.
Keywords: Cylindrical Penning trap; Permanent magnet arrangement; Magnetostatics; Finite element
analysis.

LIST OF SYMBOLS

𝜌 Radius of Penning trap ̅

𝑀 Magnetization vector or magnetic dipole
moment per unit volume

𝐿𝑝 Length of Penning trap 𝐵̅ The magnetic flux density vector

𝑎 Radius of the inscribed circle in the inner gap 𝐽𝑏̅ ̅

Bound volume current∇ × 𝑀
of the ACAB magnet

𝑏 Radius of the inscribed circle in the outer ̅𝑏

𝐾 ̅ × 𝑛̂, where 𝑛̂is
Bound surface current𝑀
polygon of the ACAB magnet surface outer normal
𝐿𝑚 Length of the ACAB magnet 𝐵𝑥 , 𝐵𝑦 , 𝐵𝑧 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 components of the magnetic flux
density

𝑟̅𝑜 Position vector of a point within the magnet 𝐵𝑟 , 𝐵𝜃 , 𝐵𝑧 𝑟, 𝜃, 𝑧 components of the magnetic flux
density

𝑟̅ Position vector of a point where magnetic ̅

𝐻 Auxiliary magnetic field vector
field is computed

𝑟̅′ Position vector of a point where magnetic 𝜑 Scalar potential for magnetostatics
field is computed with respect to a point
within the magnet

1. Introduction
Penning trap is a well-known device for storing of a single charged particle or a cloud of charged particles in a
small volume. It finds extensive application in precision measurements of properties of ions and subatomic
particles. For the purpose of confinement of ions, a Penning trap requires an appropriate static electric field and
a strong uniform axial magnetic field ([1, 2, 3, 4]).

Though Penning traps were originally developed with hyperbolic ring and end cap electrodes, several authors
have suggested an alternative cylindrical shape. Compensated Penning traps with cylindrical ring, compensation
and open end cap electrodes [5, 6] are attractive as they can be more easily and precisely constructed and are
well suited for easy particle entry and rejection. Such a cylindrical Penning trap is considered in the present
work.

In a Penning trap, the magnetic field is generally produced by coils carrying sufficiently high current. When
superconducting coils are not used, complicated and expensive arrangements are required for supply of power
and dissipation of heat. A permanent magnet simplifies the implementation substantially. Permanent magnets, in
place of current carrying coils, are implemented by several authors [7, 8]. This has become practicable with the
advent of powerful rare earth Neodymium-Iron-Boron (NdFeB) permanent magnets. The present work proposes
a new and simple configuration, which directly utilizes standard inexpensive permanent block (bar) magnets.
For the trap dimension considered in the present work, fairly uniform magnetic field of more than 0.8T can be
obtained at the centre of the trap.

Several authors used axial permanent magnets with appropriate cladding [7]. This makes implementation
complicated. It is also known that a sufficiently uniform magnetic field is generated at the center of a Penning
trap using two radially polarized ring magnets [8]. It is possible to make a radially polarized sintered ring
magnet as a single piece, but the radial thickness is limited to a few millimeters [9]. Moreover, the cost involved
is also high. Another alternative is to combine multiple segments of radially polarized arc magnets, which are
used in permanent magnet direct current motors. But, in this case also radial thickness remains a limitation. If, in
order to increase the radial thickness, one intends to stack such arc magnets in the radial direction, each
constituent arc magnet in the stack has to have different inner and outer radii and circumferential length. Much
larger radial thickness is required for comparatively larger traps. This is difficult to achieve using radial ring
magnets, be it a single piece or segmented.

In the present work circumferential arrays of block magnets are proposed. The block magnets used in this work
are all identical in shape and polarized parallel to their thickness. Now, two faces of each block magnet are
machined to form a symmetric wedge. When a number of such block magnets are combined side by side it
forms an approximate radial magnet. Neodymium magnets can be machined using wire cutting machine (EDM)
and CNC diamond grinding wheels [10]. Block magnets are available up to a size of approximately 100𝑚𝑚 ×
100𝑚 × 50𝑚𝑚 where the thickness along the direction of polarization goes up to 50𝑚𝑚 [11]. Smaller magnets
can be obtained by appropriately slicing a larger piece.

Since, the objective here is to obtain a high as well as uniform magnetic field, the field developed using two
arrays of circumferentially arranged block (will be termed as ACAB henceforth) magnets is computed. It is also
of interest to see that how this magnetic field changes with the number of constituent block magnets used in an
array. The field developed using the proposed arrangement is also compared to that produced by two ideal
single-piece radial magnets. The optimum dimensions of an ACAB magnet is determined and presented.

The configuration of the trap and magnet assembly has been determined using a parametric approach. Once the
radius and the total trap length are available, a magnetic field analysis is performed for the periodically
symmetric configuration and the desired dimensions of the magnets are determined. Analytical technique and
finite element method are employed for the magnetic field calculations.

2. Method
Fig.1a shows schematic diagram of a cylindrical Penning trap with ring, compensating and open end-cap
electrodes. Figure 1b shows a typical trajectory of a particle within the trap.

2.1. Magnetic flux density due to the proposed arrangement of magnet

A machined block magnet is shown in Fig.2a. The direction of polarization along the thickness is also indicated.
When a number of such block magnets are arranged circumferentially an approximate radial magnet is obtained.
In Fig.2b, 6 segments of block magnets are combined. However, unlike a radial magnet, the direction of
polarization in the present case is not strictly radial. A better approximation could be achieved by increasing the
number of segments. Fig.2c shows the direction of polarization for a six segment magnet. Fig.3a is a schematic
of the trap and permanent magnet assembly shown in half-section. Figure 3b shows an arrangement for the
magnet holders again in a sectional view.

End Cap
Electrode

Compensating
Electrode

Ring
Electrode

B
(a) (b)

Figure 1 (a) A cylindrical Penning trap (b) Trajectory of a charged particle within the trap
 (a) (b) (c)
Figure 2 (a) A machined slab/block magnet (b) circumferential arranged block magnets (c) direction of polarization

(a) (b)
Figure 3 (a) Cylindrical Penning trap within a pair of arrays of circumferentially arranged block magnets (b) Half-section of the above
within holding arrangement
 (a) (b)
Figure 4 (a) An infinitesimal element in a permanent magnet and a point, where magnetic flux density is to be determined (b). An area
element at the top surface of a constituent block magnet

Figure 5 Cross-section of an ideal radially polarized magnet

A magnetic material with magnetization 𝑀¯(𝑟¯0 )is considered (Fig.4a). For an infinitesimal volume 𝑑𝑉0 of the
material, the following relation expresses the magnetic vector potential at a point [12].

𝜇0 𝑀¯(𝑟¯0 ) × 𝑟^′
𝐴(𝑟¯) = ∫ 𝑑𝑉0 (1)
4𝜋 𝑉0 𝑟′2

Where, the vector 𝑟¯′denotes the position vector of the point with respect to the location of the infinitesimal
volume. The unit vector along 𝑟¯′is ^𝑟 ′. The symbol 𝑀 stands for magnetic dipole moment per unit volume or
magnetization. Here, 8 × 105 𝐴/𝑚 is assumed as a representative value for magnetization along the width of the
block magnet.
 1 𝑟^′
Using 𝛻0 ( ¯′) = and integration by parts, relation (1) reduces to a volume and surface integral.
𝑟 𝑟′2

𝜇0 𝐽¯𝑏 (𝑟0 ) 𝜇0 𝐾¯𝑏 (𝑟0 )

𝐴(𝑟¯) = ∫ 𝑑𝑉0 + ∫ 𝑑𝐴0 (2)
4𝜋 𝑉0 𝑟′ 4𝜋 𝐴0 𝑟′

Where,𝐽¯𝑏 = 𝛻0 × 𝑀¯and 𝐾¯𝑏 = 𝑀¯ × 𝑛

^

The magnetic field can be computed as

𝐵¯ (𝑟¯) = 𝛻 × 𝐴¯ (3)

For a permanent magnet with uniform magnetization

𝜇0 𝐾¯𝑏 × 𝑟^′
𝐵¯ (𝑟¯) = 𝛻 × 𝐴¯ = ∫ 𝑑𝐴0 (4)
4𝜋 𝐴0 𝑟′2

For a wedge shaped machined slab magnet shown in Fig.2a and Fig.2b

𝜇0 ^) × 𝑟¯′
(𝑀𝑖^ × 𝑘 𝜇0 (𝑀𝑖^ × (−𝑘^)) × 𝑟¯′
𝐵¯ (𝑟¯) = ∫ 𝑑𝐴 𝑇𝑂𝑃 + ∫ 𝑑𝐴𝐵𝑂𝑇𝑇𝑂𝑀 (5)
4𝜋 𝐴𝑇𝑂𝑃 𝑟′3 4𝜋 𝐴BOT 𝑟′3

The integrals on the left and right side faces of the sector are not considered as their contributions from the
adjoining sectors cancel out during summation over sectors.

As shown in Fig.4b, there is one global coordinate system 𝑥𝑦𝑧. To each sector a local coordinate system is
attached. For the 𝑖𝑡ℎ sector, the local coordinate system is denoted by 𝑥𝑖 𝑦𝑖 𝑧𝑖 . The components of the vectors
𝑟¯, 𝑟¯0 and 𝑟¯′can be expressed in any of these coordinate systems. All the coordinate systems have the same origin.
The 𝑥𝑖 axis is coincident with the line of symmetry of the 𝑖𝑡ℎ sector. The angle between the axes 𝑥 and 𝑥𝑖 is(𝑖 −
1)𝜃 where 𝜃 = 2𝜋/𝑛.

Now, it is required to determine the magnetic flux density at a point 𝑃 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)due to the 𝑖𝑡ℎ sector. The above
integration can be written as follows:-

𝑟′ = (𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥0𝑖 )𝑖^𝑖 + (𝑦𝑖 − 𝑦0𝑖 )𝑗^𝑖 + (𝑧𝑖 − 𝑧0𝑖 )𝑘^𝑖

𝜇0 ̅
(𝑀𝑖^𝑖 × 𝑘^𝑖 ) × 𝑟′ 𝜇0 ̅
(−𝑀𝑖^𝑖 × 𝑘^𝑖 ) × 𝑟′
𝐵¯(𝑟¯) = ∫ 𝑑𝑥0𝑖 𝑑𝑦0𝑖 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥0𝑖 𝑑𝑦0𝑖 (6)
4𝜋 𝐴𝑇𝑂𝑃 ̅ |3
|𝑟′ 4𝜋 𝐴𝐵𝑂𝑇 ̅ |3
|𝑟′

𝜇0 −𝑀(𝑧𝑖 − 𝑧0𝑖 ) 𝜇0 𝑀(𝑧𝑖 − 𝑧0𝑖 )

𝐵𝑥𝑖 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥0𝑖 𝑑𝑦0𝑖 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥0𝑖 𝑑𝑦0𝑖 (7a)
4𝜋 𝑥0𝑖,𝑦0𝑖,𝑇𝑂𝑃 ̅′
|𝑟 |3 4𝜋 𝑥0𝑖,𝑦0𝑖,𝐵𝑂𝑇 |𝑟̅′ |3

𝐵𝑦𝑖 (𝑥𝑖 , 𝑦𝑖 , 𝑧𝑖 ) = 0 (7𝑏)

𝜇0 𝑀(𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥0𝑖 ) 𝜇0 −𝑀(𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥0𝑖 )

𝐵𝑧𝑖 = ∫ 3 𝑑𝑥0𝑖 𝑑𝑦0𝑖 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥0𝑖 𝑑𝑦0𝑖 (7𝑐)
4𝜋 𝑥0𝑖,𝑦𝑜𝑖,𝑇𝑂𝑃 ̅|
|𝑟′ 4𝜋 𝑥0𝑖,𝑦𝑜𝑖,𝐵𝑂𝑇 ̅ |3
|𝑟′

Now, field at a point P(𝑥, 𝑦)is summation of fields generated by all the sectors. In the local coordinate system of
the 𝑖𝑡ℎ sector the coordinates of the point P(𝑥, 𝑦) is given as follows:-,
𝑥𝑖 = 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑖 + 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑖

𝑦𝑖 = −𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑖 + 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑖 (8)

Depending on top or bottom surface respectively 𝑧𝑖 = ±ℎ/2

𝑛 𝑛 𝑛

𝐵𝑥 = ∑ 𝐵𝑥𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑖 𝐵𝑦 = ∑ 𝐵𝑥𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑖 𝐵𝑧 = ∑ 𝐵𝑧𝑖 (9)

𝑖=1 𝑖=1 𝑖=1

The integrals (7) are evaluated numerically and the whole process is implemented in MATLAB.

2.2. Magnetic flux density due to an ideal radially polarized magnet

It is mentioned earlier that annular cylindrical magnet with radial polarization is available only for very small
radial thickness. However, the expressions for calculation of magnetic field are still presented below. The
magnetic flux density computed using these expressions are useful for the purpose of comparison with results
computed for ACAB magnet.
𝜇0 𝐾¯𝑏 × 𝑟^′
𝐵¯(𝑟¯) = ∫ 𝑑𝐴0
4𝜋 𝐴0 𝑟′2

𝜇0 (𝑀𝜖^𝑟 × 𝑘^) × 𝑟¯′ 𝜇0 (𝑀𝜖^𝑟 × (−𝑘 ^)) × 𝑟¯′

= ∫ 3
𝑑𝐴 𝑇𝑂𝑃 (𝑎𝑡𝑧0 = ℎ⁄2) + ∫ 3
𝑑𝐴𝐵𝑂𝑇 (𝑎𝑡𝑧0 = −ℎ⁄2)(10)
4𝜋 𝐴𝑇𝑂𝑃 𝑟′ 4𝜋 𝐴𝐵𝑂𝑇 𝑟′

Since, in this case the magnetic field is rotationally symmetric; the magnetic flux density is computed for the
𝑥 − 𝑧 plane.

𝜇0 𝑏,2𝜋 (−𝑀𝜖 ) ¯
^𝜃 × {(𝑥 − 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼)𝑖^ + (−𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼)𝑗^ + (𝑧 − ℎ⁄2)𝑘 ^}
𝐵¯ (𝑟¯0 ) =
∬ 2 2 2 (3 ⁄2 )
𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
4𝜋 𝑎,0 {(𝑥 − 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) +(−𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) + (𝑧 − ℎ⁄2) }
¯
𝜇0 𝑏,2𝜋 (𝑀𝜖^𝜃 ) × {(𝑥 − 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)𝑖^ + (−𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)𝑗^ + (𝑧 + ℎ⁄2)𝑘 ^}
+ ∬ 2 2 2 (3 ⁄2 )
𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃 (11)
4𝜋 𝑎,0 {(𝑥 − 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) + (−𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) + (𝑧 + ℎ⁄2) }

𝜖^θ = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑖^ + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑗^ (12)

𝑏,2𝜋
−𝑀(𝑧 − ℎ⁄2)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝐵𝑟 = ∬ 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
𝑎,0 {(𝑥 − + (𝑧 − ℎ⁄2)2 }(3⁄2)
𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)2 +(−𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)2
𝑏,2𝜋
𝑀(𝑧 + ℎ⁄2)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
+∬ 2 + (−𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)2 + (𝑧 + ℎ ⁄2)2 }(3⁄2)
𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃 (13𝑎)
𝑎,0 {(𝑥 − 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)

𝐵θ = 0 (13𝑏)

𝑏,2𝜋
−𝑀(𝑟 − 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
𝐵𝑧 = ∬ 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃𝛼
𝑎,0 {(𝑥 − 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)2 +(−𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)2 + (𝑧 − ℎ⁄2)2 }(3⁄2)

𝑏,2𝜋
𝑀(𝑟 − 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
+∬ 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃 (13𝑐)
𝑎,0 {(𝑥 − 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)2 +(−𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)2 + (𝑧 + ℎ⁄2)2 }(3⁄2)
2.3. Finite Element Magnetostatics Analysis
The magnetostatics scalar potential formulation for permanent magnets is described below in brief [12]:-
In absence of any free current
∇×𝐻 ̅ = 0 (14)
The constitutive relation for the permanent magnet [13]
𝐵̅ = 𝜇𝐻 ̅ + 𝜇0 𝑀
̅ (15)
For magnetostatics,
∇ ∙ 𝐵̅ = 0 (16)
The equation (14) is automatically satisfied by considering the scalar potential 𝜑such that
̅ = −∇𝜑 (17)
𝐻
Here the symbol 𝐻 stands for auxiliary field. The symbol 𝐵̅ denotes magnetic flux density and permeability of a
̅
medium is expressed by 𝜇 = 𝜇0 𝜇𝑟 , where 𝜇0 is the permeability of free space and 𝜇𝑟 is the relative permeability
of the medium concerned.

Using equations (15), (16) and (17)

𝜇∇2 φ = 𝜇0 ∇ ∙ 𝑀̅ (18)
Within the domain, the divergence of constant axial magnetization is zero. A volume of air is considered around
the permanent magnet. There is discontinuity in parallel component of 𝑀̅ at the surface of the permanent magnet
between magnet and air. The finite element analysis is performed using commercial package ANSYS [13]. A
quadratic tetrahedral solid element SOLID98 is used for this analysis. SOLID98 employs the scalar
magnetostatics formulation for determination of magnetic fields.

Only one quarter of the domain is analyzed using appropriate symmetry conditions. Since the air volume is large
enough, the magnetic flux density at the outer surface of the volume is assumed to be zero.

3. Results
A cylindrical trap within two 6-segment ACAB magnets is shown in Fig.3a. The radius of the Penning trap is
taken as 𝜌 = 10.085𝑚𝑚. The gap between two electrodes is0.5𝑚𝑚. Considering these two as basic
dimensions, the sizes of the other electrodes are determined [6]. The total axial length of the trap is 𝐿𝑝 .The
dimensions of the magnets in the radial direction are 𝑎 = 1.5𝜌 and 𝑏 = 5𝜌 (Fig.3). The dimension 𝑏 is so
selected that the magnetic flux density almost zero in the radial direction inside the trap. The lower end of the
top end-cap or upper end of the bottom end-cap is at the middle of the ACAB magnets, so that the flux density
vector is never in the outward direction. The length of the magnet 𝐿𝑚 is varied to obtain a uniform magnetic flux
density in the axial direction at the center of the trap. Fig.6 shows the distribution of the axial flux density
𝐵𝑧 along the centerline of the trap. The values for a 4-segment, 6-segment, 9-segment and an ideal radially
polarized magnet are compared. It is found that a ratio of 𝐿𝑚 ⁄𝜌 = 8.3 produces a uniform axial magnetic flux
density 𝐵𝑧 at the center of the trap. Fig.7 shows the variation of 𝐵𝑧 along the trap centerline for different number
of sectors. It is observed that for an ideal radially polarized magnet the uniform magnetic field at the center of
the trap is obtained for the same 𝐿𝑚 ⁄𝜌 ratio. A 9-sector magnet generates approximately the same value of field
as an ideal radially polarized magnet. Fig.8 plots the values of flux density 𝐵𝑧 at the central radial plane of the
trap. This shows the uniformity of the magnetic flux density in the central radial plane. In Fig.9 the axial
magnetic field computed using the expressions (7) and (8) is compared to that computed using finite elements.
For finite element analysis the standard commercial software ANSYS APDL is used. The results computed
using both the methods are found to be in close agreement. In Fig.10 a contour plot is presented for the axial
magnetic flux density component. It clearly shows how the magnetic field gradually becomes uniform in a
region at the center of the trap. It has also been observed that the optimum value of 𝐿𝑚 ⁄𝜌 ratio depends on the
ratio 𝐿𝑝 ⁄𝜌 . For other values of 𝐿𝑝 ⁄𝜌 one should make a few analyses with varying values of 𝐿𝑚 ⁄𝜌 and
determine a suitable value for the latter.
4. Conclusion
The present work proposes a simple configuration of permanent standard block magnets for a cylindrical
Penning trap and attempts a magnetostatics analysis. Finally a suitable dimension is suggested for a high value
of magnetic flux density with sufficient uniformity over 10% of the trap length.

Acknowledgement
This work is funded by Board of Research in Nuclear Sciences (BRNS 2012/34/8/BRNS/No 129)

Figure 6.The z-component of the magnetic flux density along the centre-line of the trap for different lengths of the magnets

Figure 7.The z-component of the magnetic flux density along the centre-line of the trap for different number of sectors in the proposed
configuration
Figure 8.The z-component of magnetic flux density at the central transverse plane of the trap

Figure 9.The z-component of the magnetic flux density along the centre-line of the trap computed using fine elements
Figure 10 Finite element analysis of the proposed arrangement of permanent magnet with a cylindrical volume of air around it using
ANSYS

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[11] https://www.kjmagnetics.com/custom.asp
[12] Griffiths, D. J., (2003), Introduction to Electrodynamics, Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi
[13] ANSYS® Theory Reference - Electromagnetics, Release 16.0, ANSYS, Inc