Professional Documents
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to Cellular Telephones:
A System-Level Study
Hayat Abdulla and Renny E. Badra
Caracas, Venezuela
Why a system-level study?
It can be stated that the question of potential risks
associated to the use of cell phones close to users’
heads is still open.
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Link Budget Parameters
PARAMETER GSM CDMA2000 1X UMTS
(Eb/No)req N/A 3.0 dB 5.0 dB
SNRreq 9.0 dB N/A N/A
Receiver Noise Figure 5.0 dB
Receiver Sensitivity -107.0 dBm -126.6 dBm -123.1 dBm
BS Antenna Type Sectorized, 90° beamwidth
BS Antenna Max Gain 15.1 dBi
BS Cable losses 2 dB
Co-channel interference 2.0 dB N/A N/A
Uplink Load Factor N/A 3.0 dB (50% load)
10log(ß) N/A 1.5 dB 1.8 dB
MS ant. gain + cable loss 0 dB
BS ant. diversity gain 3.0 dB Included in (Eb/No)req
Voice Activity Factor 70% 67% 67%
Soft Handoff Gain N/A Random variable between 0 and 5 dB
Radio Channel Model
COMPONENT MODEL
Distance-dependent propagation loss Walfisch-Ikegami model for
LOS and NLOS locations
Shadowing loss Zero-mean log-normal random variable with
8 dB standard deviation
Small scale fading Rayleigh (NLOS) or Rician (LOS) amplitude
distributions
Structure penetration loss Random Variable uniformly distributed
between 0 and 12 dB (NLOS locations only)
Human body loss Constant value of 3 dB
LOS/NLOS discrimination Random variable with standard probability
distribution as a function of distance
Power Control Parameters
1X 3% 3% 4% 4%
UMTS 3% 3% 6% 7%
Conclusions
We have quantified the level of head emissions from
cellular phones operating under the three major
technologies, as a function of system parameters.
Novel methodology based on linearly relating SAR and
transmit power.
Caracas, Venezuela