Mercedes Macarena-Galloway 1

Annotated Bibliography

How much influence do parents have on the development of their children, given their parenting

styles?

Mercedes Macarena-Galloway

Professor Malcolm Campbell

UWRT 1103

22 October 2019
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Annotated Bibliography

Aubrey, Allison. “Parenting Style Plays Key Role in Teen Drinking.” Morning Edition, National

Public Radio, 27 Dec. 2010, www.npr.org/2010/12/27/132288846/parenting-style-plays-

key-role-in-teen-drinking. Accessed 17 Oct. 2019.

This radio show says it is obvious that friends of teenagers have a huge impact on the

likelihood of a teen drinking. What may not be as obvious is that parents also play a role

in that likelihood; this show examines the parent’s influence rather than the influence a

teen may receive from their peers/friends, when it comes to drinking. In the radio show, a

study is discussed in which 5000, 7th through 12th graders were asked a series of

questions about their alcohol use. These questions typically asked how much alcohol a

particular teen drinks in a given week and how much alcohol is consumed at one time.

Also, questions consisted of the rules enforced by the teen’s parents, if the parents of the

teens know where they are and how often these parents check on their child. It was found

that the parents of teens who had the lowest level of drinking fell somewhere in between

the extremes of parenting styles. The extremes hold strict parents at one end and place

indulgent parents at the other end. I believe this source is not bias because the reporter,

Allison Aubrey, is simply giving a summary of a study conducted by Stephen Bahr. Also,

Aubrey most likely has no prior knowledge about teen drug usage; therefore, she does not

have enough information to be bias about the topic. Furthermore, Aubrey’s profile states

that the only topic she has covered in-depth is environmental policy which does not relate

to teens or drugs. The audience of this radio show is NPR listeners as well as first-time

parents who want to receive many different opinions about the best way to parent their

children. The radio show is reliable because it uses a study conducted from a professor of
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sociology, Stephen Bahr, at Brigham Young University (BYU). Bahr earned his BS and

MA from BYU and his Ph.D. from Washington State University. In addition to this

study, Bahr has written several books and articles centered around drug abuse in teens.

Also, this study was published in the Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs (JSAD), in

1992. The JSAD is a multidisciplinary journal, established in 1940, in which research

surrounding the misuse of alcohol and other drugs is published. This radio show will be

useful in my final paper because it discusses a study recently conducted that examines the

likelihood of teens taking part in “reckless” behavior due to the way their parents treat

them and how the parents enforce rules. Although I will be focusing on children in my

final product, and this source focuses on teens; I can use this data to briefly discuss the

influence parenting styles have on age groups after childhood. From this article I learned

that parents continue to have a significant impact on their children, even after childhood

and well into their teens.

Morin, Amy. “4 Types of Parenting Styles and Their Effects on Kids.” Verywell Family,

Verywell Family, 12 July 2019, www.verywellfamily.com/types-of-parenting-styles-

1095045. Accessed 14 Oct. 2019.

This reliable website discusses the four different types of parenting styles (authoritarian,

authoritative, permissive and uninvolved) and the effect each one has on children. The

website states that the authoritarian parenting style tends to punish their children rather

than discipling them. These parents make their children feel bad for their mistakes. Next,

authoritative parents set rules for their children but will also offer help in correcting their

children’s behavior rather than punishing them. These parents invest more time in
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preventing behavior problems before they have the chance to start. On the other hand,

permissive parents often sit back and let their child do what they please. They set little

rules for their children and rarely punish bad behavior. Lastly, uninvolved parents do not

spend much time with their children and do not offer much guidance in life. These

parents often expect children to raise themselves. In addition to describing each parenting

style, this article also includes the effects of each style. Children of authoritative parents

may become hostile because they focus on the anger they have towards their parents.

Also, they are at higher risk of developing self-esteem problems because their opinions

are not valued. Next, children with authoritarian parents children tend to be successful

and happy as adults. They know how to make good decisions and evaluate their

circumstances. Children of permissive parents are at a higher risk of struggling

academically. They may not want to follow rules since their parents did not enforce them.

Lastly, children of uninvolved parents often struggle with self-esteem and may have

behavioral issues. The audience of this article is parents who want to develop a better

parenting style in order to raise their children “correctly” or simply first-time parents who

are curious about the way their children should be raised. This is a reliable source

because it is on a family website. The publisher, Verywell Family, is a source that offers

advice during pregnancy and while raising children. I do not believe there is bias in this

article because it is simply stating the overall agreed upon definitions of parenting styles

by psychologist and therapist, such as the author of the article, Amy Morin. Morin, has

worked as a psychotherapist since 2002. Also, she has starred in her own TEDx talk; this

video is one of the most view TEDx talks of all time. Schools often reach out to Amy for

aid in behavioral issues among children. Morin obtained her Master of Social Work
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Degree from the University of New England. This reliable website will be used in my

final product because it gives a great description of the four types of parenting styles.

This article helped me better understand what exactly each parenting style is and the

common effects each one has on a child.

Wittig, Shannon M. O., and Christina M. Rodriguez. “Emerging Behavior Problems:

Bidirectional Relations Between Maternal and Parenting Styles with Infant

Temperament.” Developmental Psychology, vol. 55, no. 6, June 2019, pp. 1199-1210.

EBSCOhost, doi:10.1037/dev0000707. Accessed 11 Oct. 2019.

This scholarly article examines the relationship between maternal and paternal parenting

styles with the temperament of infants and vice versa. In this study, a random sample of

203 mothers and 151 fathers were studied. The article focuses on three main ideas. First,

whether maternal and paternal parenting styles yield the predicted infant temperament.

To test this, the researchers had the parents complete an assessment of how they will

parent their child via the Parental Authority Questionnaire. Second, whether mother and

father reported infant temperament predicted parenting styles at 18 months. To test this,

parents were to report their child’s temperament via a shorter form of the Infant Behavior

Questionnaire. Lastly, whether infant temperament and parenting styles at 6 months

predicted parent reported externalizing and internalizing problem behaviors at 18 months.

To test this, parents completed the Infant Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment. All

of the tests used number scale to gather information. Many studies involving parents and

children make the parenting styles the predictors and the children the variables. Instead,

in this study, it is suggested that parenting style and child temperament concurrently
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influence one another. The researchers in this experiment statistically evaluate parenting

styles and compares them side by side in an attempt to find the unique effects of each

parenting style. It was concluded that mothers’ prenatal perceptions of parenting style

predict infant temperament as well as parenting. There was not enough evidence to draw

conclusions about the father’s effects on the child and how the child in turn affects the

fathers parenting style. The journal article is credible because both authors have obtained

a Ph.D. degree in psychology. Author Shannon Wittig earned her bachelor’s degree in

psychology from Henderson State University. She later attended the University of

Alabama at Birmingham where she obtained her Ph.D. in lifespan developmental

psychology. On the other hand, author Christina Rodriguez received her Ph.D. in clinical

psychology from the University of Tennessee at Memphis. Also, she has published 20+

journal articles. These journal articles covered abusive and dysfunctional parenting, child

emotional well-being and their interaction. The authors are objective to the study because

they did not propose a hypothesis at the beginning of this experiment. The audience is

mostly directed towards other psychologists conducting research on the effects of

parenting styles on children. In the discussion section of the journal, the authors state they

have studied other experiments in the same area. To which they respond that their study

extends the research already conducted by other psychologists. This source will be useful

in my research because it delves into the relationship between parenting styles and how it

affects children in terms of internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors as well as

the temperament of infants. The data collected in this study further helps me understand

the unique effects of each parenting style in terms of problem behaviors. This source will

appear in my final paper due to the carefully conducted, objective research. Also, this
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study found the fathers influence on children to be inconclusive, this may or may not be a

pattern. Using further research, I may want to use this as well as other sources to argue

that mothers have more of a distinct influence on the development of their children.