DECSCI REVIEWER

CHAPTER 1: Statistics and Data

Statistics – the art and science of collecting, analyzing, presenting and interpreting
data
Data – the facts and figures collected, analyzed and summarized for presentation
and interpretation
Data Set – all the data collected in a particular study
Elements – the entities on which data are collected
Variable – characteristic of interest for the elements
Observation – the set of measurements obtained for a particular element

Scales Of Measurements
-Nominal Scale
-Ordinal Scale
-Interval Scale
-Ratio Scale

Categorical Data
Quantitative Data
Categorical Variable
Quantitative Variable

Cross Sectional Data – are data collected at the same (or approximately) point in
time.
Time Series Data – are data collected over several time periods.

Descriptive Statistics – uses tabular, graphical, numerical summaries of data

Statistical Inference – the process of using data obtained from a sample to make
estimates or test hypotheses about the characteristics of a population
Population
Sample
Census
Sample Survey

Types of Data
-Primary
-Secondary

Probability Sampling Techniques

Simple Random Sampling
Systematic Random Sampling
Stratified Sampling
Cluster Sampling
Non-probability Sampling
Convenience Sampling (Accidental)
Snowball Sampling
Judgmental Sampling
Deviant Case
Ad Hoc quotas

Chapter 2: Descriptive Statistics

Frequency Distribution
-Relative
-Percent
Qualitative Data
Bar Graph
Pie Chart
Quantitative Data
Dot Plot
Histogram
Ogive
Exploratory Data Analysis
Stem and Leaf Display
Two Variables
Cross Tabulation
Scatter Diagram
 Chapter 3: Descriptive Statistics Numerical Method

Measures of Location
Mean – Average
Median – Middle Location
Mode – most number of occurrences
Percentile – I = (p/100)/n
Quartile – 1st = 25% 2nd = 50% 3rd = 75%

Measures of Variability
Range = Largest Value – Smallest Value
Interquartile Range = Third Quartile – Second Quartile
Variance - s2=∑(xi−x)2
n−1
Standard Deviation – s = √𝑠 2
Coefficient of Variation – (s/mean)(100)

Detecting Outliers
Exploratory Data Analysis
-Five number Summary
*Smallest Value
*First Quartile
*Median
*Third Quartile
*Largest Value
Box Plot
Upper Limit: Q3 + 1.5(IQR) =
Lower Limit: Q1 - 1.5(IQR) =

Chapter 4: Introduction to Probability

Probability – is a numerical measure of the likelihood that an event will occur.

Experiment – is a process in statistics that generates well-defined outcomes.
Sample Space – is the set of all experimental outcomes.
Sample Point or Experimental Outcome – is an element of the sample space.
Event – is a collection of sample points or a subset of the sample space.
Tree Diagram – is a graphical representation that helps in visualizing a multiple step
experiment.

Combination – No Order
Permutation - Has Order

3 Methods of assigning probability

-Classical, Relative Frequency, Subjective
Event - is a collection of sample points

Venn Diagram – John Venn

Complement of an Event
Union of two Events – “or”
Intersection of two Events – “and”
Mutually Exclusive Events -

Addition Law – “or”

P(A U B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A  B)
Multiplication Law – “and” both will occur
P( A  B)  P( A)  P( A B) or

Independent Events
-Two events A and B are independent if
P (A  B) = P (A)
or
P (B  A) = P (B)
Multiplication Law
• P (A  B) = P (A)  P (B)

Joint Probabilities – Uses Classical Method

Chapter 5: Discrete Probability Distributions

Random Variables – is a numerical description of the outcome of an experiment.

Two Classifications of Random Variables
Discrete Random Variable – A random variable that may assume either a finite
number of values or an infinite sequence of values.
Continuous Random Variable – A random variable that may assume any numerical
value in an interval or collection of intervals

Types of Discrete Probability Distribution

-DISCRETE UNIFORM PROBABILTY DISTRIBUTION
Equally Likely Outcomes
f (x) = 1/n
Mean = E(x) = µ = ∑ x  f (x)
Variance = Var(x) = 2 = ∑(x - µ)2  f(x)
- HYPERGEOMETRIC PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION (HPD)
Population vs. Sample
 r  N  r 
  
x n  x 
f ( x)   
N f ( x) 
 r Cx  N r Cn x 
 
n or
 N Cn 

- POISSON PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION (PPD)

Occurrences of an event over a specified interval of time or space.
m x e- m
f (x) =
x!

- BINOMIAL PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION (BPD)

x successes in n trials of a binomial experiment
n!
f (x) = p x (1- p)(n-x ) or Combination x p x (1- p)(n-x)
x!(n - x)!

Chapter 6: Continuous Probability Distribution

-Uniform Probability Distribution

f (x) = 1/(b – a)
E(x) = (a + b)/2
Var(x) = (b - a)2/12

-Normal Probability Distribution – Bell Shape

1 2 2
f (x)  e ( x   ) /2
 2
x
z

*Use Z-Score Table

-Exponential Probability Distribution

*Deins gagamitin sa exam.

Chapter 7: Sampling and Sampling Distributions

Summary of Point Estimates

-Population Parameter
µ = population mean
 = population standard deviation
p = population proportion
-Point Estimator
x = sample mean
s = sample standard deviation
p = sample proportion

Sxi
x=
n
S(xi - x)2
s= (Sci Cal short cut)
n -1
x
p=
n

getting Standard Deviation

Finite Infinite
Ox N -n s s
N -1 n n
Op N -n p(1- p) p(1- p)
N -1 n n

Then find Z = (x-u)/o

Use Z-table
Bell Shape shading…

Chapter 8: Confidence Interval

*If mean is more or equal to 30 or σ is unkown

Common Levels of Confidence
90% = + 1.645
95% = + 1.96
99% = + 2.575
find Error =
zc s
n
then find interval answer x -E < m < x +E
*If mean is less than 30 use t-table

t x μ
s
n
or find in table using these info.
d.f. = n-1
c = confidence level

then find error

E  tc s
n
then find interval answer x -E < m < x +E
FOR POPULATION

pˆ  x
n
then find error

E  z c pq
ˆ ˆ.
n
then find interval answer

pˆ  E  p  pˆ  E