PP300-Review questions Exam 2

Viruses
1. What is a virus? How big are viruses and what shapes are they?
2. How do we tell viruses apart?
3. What kind of symptoms do viruses cause?
4. Do viruses live (exist) outside cells?
5. How do viruses get around? Transmitted?
6. What is the difference between persistent and nonpersistent transmission?
7. How do we control viruses?
8. How do viruses multiply?
9. How do viruses move within a plant?
10. Distinguish between multipartite and single particle viruses?
11. Why would spraying an insecticide make virus disease worse?
12. How do plants defend themselves from viruses?
Nematodes
1. What types of symptoms and signs do nematodes cause?
2. How are nematodes dispersed over long distances?
3. What strategies do nematodes deploy to overwinter and avoid unfavorable
environmental conditions?
4. What morphological feature is characteristic of plant parasitic nematodes?
5. How do nematodes feed on and modify plant cells to their benefit?
6. Describe two ways by which nematodes can multiply/reproduce.
7. Why are plant diseases caused by nematodes difficult to a) detect, b) diagnose,
and c) control?
8. Compare and contrast control strategies for plant diseases caused by nematodes
vs. those caused by bacteria.
9. Compare and contrast signs/symptoms, life cycles (the feeding and overwintering
strategies, reproduction mechanisms), and ways to control plant diseases caused
by the following nematodes:
 Ectoparasitic nematodes, give an example
 Meloidogyne hapla
 Heterodera glycines
 Pratylenchus penetrans
Bacteria
1. What are phytoplasmas? What symptoms do they cause? How are they spread
from plant to plant?
2. What are typical signs and symptoms of bacterial diseases of plants?
3. What distinguishes gram-positive from gram-negative bacteria?
4. How big are plant pathogenic bacteria?
5. Name 4 important concepts in phytobacteriology.
6. How do bacteria typically enter plant cells and how does this compare or differ
from strategies used by fungi or viruses?
7. How are bacterial diseases diagnosed?
8. How do bacteria exchange genes? Know about transduction, transformation and
conjugation.
9. How do bacteria multiply/reproduce?
 10. What is the Ti plasmid? What does it do? What genes does it have?
11. What is quorum sensing and why is it important?
12. What is the relationship between number of bacteria at an infection site and
disease expression?
13. Be familiar with secretion systems that bacteria use related to virulence factors
such as CWDE’s, toxins, Ti plasmid, etc.
14. What is coronetine, what role does it play in pathogenesis?
15. Compare and contrast ways in which the following pathogens can alter/damage
host cells and cause disease:
 Pectobacterium carotovorum
 Agrobacterium tumifaciens
 Ralstonia solanacearum
 Pseudomonas syringae
 Xanthomonas campesteris
 Erwinia amylovera
 Clavibacter michiganensis
 Streptomyces scabies
 Phytoplasma
Parasitic Seed Plants
1. What is the difference between a hemi parasitic and holo parasitic seed plant? Give
examples of each. (holoparasitic versus hemiparasitic)
2. How do parasitic seed plants obtain nutrients?
3. What is Striga? And Where is Striga a big problem?
4. How is dwarf mistletoe disseminated?
5. What is the difference between leafy mistletoe and dwarf mistletoe?
6. How do you control parasitic seed plants?
7. What is dodder? How does it find its host?
8. What is the role of strigolactone in disease caused by Striga?
Diagnosis
1. What are the steps in diagnosis? What questions do you ask?
2. Why is it important to know about abiotic stresses on plants?
Epidemiology
1. What is the apparent infection rate?
2. What does the theoretical disease progress curve look like for monocyclic and
polycyclic diseases?
3. What is the logistic model? What is a logit?
4. What implicit and explicit assumptions does the logistic model make as applied to
plant disease progression?
5. What is the difference between a disease gradient and a dispersal gradient?
6. What might cause a primary disease gradient to flatten?
7. What steps are involved in dispersal?
8. What is microclimate and how is microclimate important in epidemiology?
9. What are the epidemiological components of disease progression?