Artificial Intelligence (A.I.

A Seminar submitted in partial

Fulfillment of requirements for the degree of

B. C. A.
In

4th – Semester

By

VAIBHAV BARANWAL

(Enroll. No. 1702600086)

(Roll No. 1726018092)

UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF

MR. SARVESH KUMAR SINGH

To The

Faculty of Computer Application

I.U. EXTENDED CENTRE VARANASI (15)

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Artificial Intelligent (A.I.)
 DECLARATION

We hereby declare that this submission is our own work and that, to the best of my
knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously submitted or written by
another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the
award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher
learning, except where due acknowledgment has been made in the text.

Signature:-………….

Name: - Vaibhav Baranwal

Roll No. : - 1726018092

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Artificial Intelligent (A.I.)
 Certificate

Certified that VAIBHAV BARANWAL(1726018092) has carried out the

research work presented in this document entitled “Artificial Intelligence” for

the award of Bachelor of Computer Application from INTEGRAL

UNIVERSITY under my supervision. The mini project embodies results of

original work, and studies as are carried out by the student himself and the

contents of the mini project do not form the basis for the award of any other degree

to the candidate or to anybody else from this or any other University/Institution.

Internal examiner-
Name-

Signature-

External examiner-
Name-

Signature-

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Artificial Intelligent (A.I.)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Perseverance, inspiration and motivation have always played a key role in success
of any venture. A successful and satisfactory completion of any project is the
outcome of invaluable aggregate contribution of different personal fully in radial
direction, explicitly or implicitly.
Whereas vast, varied and valuable reading efforts lead to substantial acquisition of
knowledge via books and allied information sources, true expertise from collateral
practical works and experience.

World have never seemed as inadequate as now when I am endeavoring to express

my gratitude at the culmination of my project, to all those who have made it
possible. Even the best efforts are waste without proper gU. idance and advice.

I am very much indebted to the honorable MR. SARVESH KUMAR SINGH for
his constant gU. idance, cooperation, inspiration, keen supervision and the practical
approach he gave me to the project. I whole heartily acknowledge my greatest
sincerity and convey my thanks to him.
My special thanks to my family and friends all those who helped me directly or
indirectly and whose sincere and timely assistance has helped me to materialize this
project.

Name: VAIBHAV BARANWAL

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Artificial Intelligent (A.I.)
 Preface

I have made this report file on the topic Artificial Intelligence; I have tried my best
to elucidate all the relevant detail to the topic to be included in the report. While in
the beginning I have tried to give a general view about this topic. My efforts and
wholehearted co-corporation of each and everyone has ended on a successful note. I
express my sincere gratitude to …………..who assisting me throughout the
preparation of this topic. I thank him for providing me the reinforcement, confidence
and most importantly the track for the topic whenever I needed it.

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Artificial Intelligent (A.I.)
 Introduction

The most common answer that one expects is “to make computers intelligent so that
they can act intelligently!”, but the question is how much intelligent? How can one
judge the intelligence?
as intelligent as humans. If the computers can, somehow, solve real-world problems,
by improving on their own from the past experiences, they would be called
“intelligent”.
Thus, the AI systems are more generic(rather than specific), have the ability to
“think” and are more flexible.
Intelligence, as we know, is the ability to acquire and apply the knowledge.
Knowledge is the information acquired through experience. Experience is the
knowledge gained through exposure(training). Summing the terms up, we
get artificial intelligence as the “copy of something natural(i.e., human beings)
‘WHO’ is capable of acquiring and applying the information it has gained through
exposure.”
Intelligence is composed of:
 Looking
 Listening
 Thinking
 Remembering
 Working

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Artificial Intelligent (A.I.)
 Approaches

There is no established unifying theory or paradigm that guides AI research.

Researchers disagree about many issues. A few of the most long standing
questions that have remained unanswered are these: should artificial intelligence
simulate natural intelligence, by studying psychology or neurology? Or is human
biology as irrelevant to AI research as bird biology is to aeronautical
engineering? Can intelligent behavior be described using simple, elegant
principles (such as logic or optimization)? Or does it necessarily require solving a
large number of completely unrelated problems? Can intelligence be reproduced
using high-level symbols, similar to words and ideas? Or does it require "sub-
symbolic" processing? Cybernetics and brain simulation There is no consensus
on how closely the brain should be simulated. In the 1940s and 1950s, a number
of researchers explored the connection between neurology, information theory,
and cybernetics. Some of them built machines that used electronic networks to
exhibit rudimentary intelligence, such as W. Grey Walter's turtles and the Johns
Hopkins Beast. Many of these researchers gathered for meetings of the
Teleological Society at Princeton University and the Ratio Club in England. By
1960, this approach was largely abandoned, although elements of it would be
revived in the 1980s

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Artificial Intelligent (A.I.)
 Power Point Presentation

Artificial
Intelligence(A.I.)
By Vaibhav Baranwal
B.C.A. 2nd Year

Content

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Artificial Intelligent (A.I.)
 9
Artificial Intelligent (A.I.)
 The Intelligence

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Artificial Intelligent (A.I.)
 History
Origin of A.I.
• So in 1956 scientist decided
“yes, Machine can be
created (coded) to think or
make decision itself.
• In that way the term
Artificial Intelligence was
introduced.

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Artificial Intelligent (A.I.)
 Current Status of A.I.
• In our Daily life we
using A.I. in very large
amount. And A.I. is also
playing a great role in
shaping our day and our
future also.

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Artificial Intelligent (A.I.)
 Some more use

Some more use

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Artificial Intelligent (A.I.)
 Goals of A.I.
• To Create Expert
Systems − The systems
which exhibit intelligent
behaviour, learn,
demonstrate, explain, and
advice its users.
• To Implement Human
Intelligence in
Machines − Creating
systems that understand,
think, learn, and behave
like humans.

Applications of AI
• Gaming − AI plays important role in strategic games
such as chess, poker, tic-tac-toe, etc.

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Artificial Intelligent (A.I.)
 Applications
• Natural Language
Processing − It is
possible to interact with
the computer that
understands natural
language spoken by
humans.

Applications
• Expert Systems − There
are some applications
which integrate
machine, software, and
special information to
impart reasoning and
advising. They provide
explanation and advice
to the users

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Artificial Intelligent (A.I.)
 Applications
• Intelligent Robots − Robots
are able to perform any
types of task given by a
human. They have sensors
to detect physical data from
the real world such as light,
heat, temperature,
movement, sound, pressure
etc.
• In addition, they are
capable of learning from
their mistakes and they can
adapt to the new
environment.

Advantage & Disadvantage

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Artificial Intelligent (A.I.)
 Advantages
• A.I. can solve
math/science problems
without error in less
time then human.
• A.I. Is very helpful in
hospitality.
• When emergency
occurs A.I. could be
saviour of human life.

Advantages
Let’s Talk about Movies

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Artificial Intelligent (A.I.)
 Disadvantages
• High Cost
• The Storage and Access
are not as effective as
humans.
• Decrease in demand
because of human
labour.
• Watch over and
maintenance.

• AI may be programmed to do something destroying.

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Artificial Intelligent (A.I.)
 Future Scope
• Before Future Scope let’s talk about some Facts
of AI.
• In 2012, Google made a breakthrough: It trained
its AI to recognize cats in YouTube videos.
Google’s neural network, software which uses
statistics to approximate how the brain learns,
taught itself to detect the shapes of cats and
humans with more than 70% accuracy. It was a
70% improvement over any other machine
learning at the time

And this AI detect more then 10 Million cats from

YouTube and draw a cat by itself.

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Artificial Intelligent (A.I.)
 • Five years later, Google decide, Instead of
finding cats, researchers will be required to
train an AI to identify more than 5000
different species of plants and animals. The
contest called iNat.
• the AI team achieved up to 60% accuracy
when given one chance to predict the answer,
and more than 80% when given five chances.
• In that way Facebook also tried something.

• The AI incident of Facebook: In 2017 facebook think about

how will two AI reacts when they come together
• For testing they get two AI named Bob & Alice.
• Facebook shut down that artificial intelligence engine after
developers discovered that the AI had created its own
unique language that humans can’t understand.

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Artificial Intelligent (A.I.)
 • So, yes their is Great future of AI for user and
developers both because AI could be work as servant
for users and AI is not better condition yet so it need
good developer to create it.

Conclusion
• AI is the Future of Technology and Society.

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Artificial Intelligent (A.I.)
 • But wait, Don’t be happy...!
• This is because ever since there is an advantage in
technology, it attract anti social elements this is true for AI
too.
• If they will have full power to think as human, they could do
it even as of anti-social element.

Bibliography
• https://www.forbes.com/sites/tonybradley/2017/07/31/fac
ebook-ai-creates-its-own-language-in-creepy-preview-of-
our-potential-future/
• https://qz.com/954530/five-years-ago-ai-was-struggling-to-
identify-cats-now-its-trying-to-tackle-5000-species/
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_hea
lthcare
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence
• https://beebom.com/examples-of-artificial-intelligence/
• https://www.slideshare.net/AnushkaGhosh5/ppt-
presentation-on-artificial-intelligence
• https://www.tutorialspoint.com/artificial_intelligence/artifi
cial_intelligence_overview.htm

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Artificial Intelligent (A.I.)
 References
• https://www.google.com/
• https://youtu.be/skEILdakHVc
• https://en.wikipedia.org

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Artificial Intelligent (A.I.)
 Thank You...!!

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Artificial Intelligent (A.I.)
 Tools

In the course of 50 years of research, AI has developed a large number of tools to

solve the most difficult problems in computer science. A few of the most general
of these methods are discussed below.

Search and optimization: Many problems in AI can be solved in theory

by intelligently searching through many possible solutions: Reasoning can be
reduced to performing a search. For example, logical proof can be viewed as
searching for a path that leads from premises to conclusions, where each step is
the application of an inference rule. Planning algorithms search through trees of
goals and subgoals, attempting to find a path to a target goal, a process called
means-ends analysis. Robotics algorithms for moving limbs and grasping objects
use local searches in configuration space. Many learning algorithms use search
algorithms based on optimization. Simple exhaustive searches are rarely
sufficient for most real world problems: the search space (the number of places to
search) quickly grows to astronomical numbers. The result is a search that is too
slow or never completes. The solution, for many problems, is to use "heuristics"
or "rules of thumb" that eliminate choices that are unlikely to lead to the goal
(called "pruning the search tree"). Heuristics supply the program with a "best
guess" for what path the solution lies on.

Logic: Logic is used for knowledge representation and problem solving, but it
can be applied to other problems as well. For example, the satplan algorithm uses
logic for planning and inductive logic programming is a method for learning.

Neural networks: A neural network is an interconnected group of nodes,

akin to the vast network of neurons in the human brain. The study of artificial

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Artificial Intelligent (A.I.)
 neural networks began in the decade before the field AI research was founded, in
the work of Walter Pitts and Warren McCullough. Other important early
researchers were Frank Rosenblatt, who invented the perception and Paul Werbos
who developed the back propagation algorithm. The main categories of networks
are acyclic or feed forward neural networks (where the signal passes in only one
direction) and recurrent neural networks (which allow feedback). Among the
most popular feed forward networks are perceptions, multi-layer perceptions and
radial basis networks. Among recurrent networks, the most famous is the
Hopfield net, a form of attractor network, which was first described by John
Hopfield in 1982. Neural networks can be applied to the problem of intelligent
control (for robotics) or learning, using such techniques as Hebbian learning and
competitive learning. Jeff Hawkins argues that research in neural networks has
stalled because it has failed to model the essential properties of the neocortex,
and has suggested a model (Hierarchical Temporal Memory) that is loosely based
on neurological research

Control theory: Control theory, the grandchild of cybernetics, has many

important applications, especially in robotics.

Languages AI researchers have developed several specialized languages for

AI research, including Lisp and Prolog

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Artificial Intelligent (A.I.)
 Applications of AI
Game playing: You can buy machines that can play master level chess for a
few hundred dollars. There is some AI in them, but they play well against people
mainly through brute force computation--looking at hundreds of thousands of
positions. To beat a world champion by brute force and known reliable heuristics
requires being able to look at 200 million positions per second.

Speech recognition: In the 1990s, computer speech recognition reached a

practical level for limited purposes. Thus United Airlines has replaced its
keyboard tree for flight information by a system using speech recognition of
flight numbers and city names. It is quite convenient. On the the other hand,
while it is possible to instruct some computers using speech, most users have
gone back to the keyboard and the mouse as still more convenient.

Understanding natural language: Just getting a sequence of words

into a computer is not enough. Parsing sentences is not enough either. The
computer has to be provided with an understanding of the domain the text is
about, and this is presently possible only for very limited domains.

Computer vision: The world is composed of three-dimensional objects,

but the inputs to the human eye and computers' TV cameras are two dimensional.
Some useful programs can work solely in two dimensions, but full computer
vision requires partial three-dimensional information that is not just a set of two-
dimensional views. At present there are only limited ways of representing three-
dimensional information directly, and they are not as good as what humans
evidently use.

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Artificial Intelligent (A.I.)
 Expert systems: A ``knowledge engineer'' interviews experts in a certain
domain and tries to embody their knowledge in a computer program for carrying
out some task. How well this works depends on whether the intellectual
mechanisms required for the task are within the present state of AI. When this
turned out not to be so, there were many disappointing results.

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Artificial Intelligent (A.I.)
 Advantages and Disadvantages

Advantages for Artificial Intelligence (AI):

Jobs – depending on the level and type of intelligence these machines receive
in the future, it will obviously have an effect on the type of work they can do, and
how well they can do it (they can become more efficient). As the level of AI
increases so will their competency to deal with difficult, complex even dangerous
tasks that are currently done by humans, a form of applied artificial intelligence.

They don’t stop – as they are machines there is no need for sleep, they
don’t get ill , there is no need for breaks or Facebook, they are able to go, go, go!
There obviously may be the need for them to be charged or refueled, however the
point is, they are definitely going to get a lot more work done than we can. Take
the Finance industry for example, there are constant stories arising of artificial
intelligence in finance and that stock traders are soon to be a thing of the past.

No risk of harm – when we are exploring new undiscovered land or even

planets, when a machine gets broken or dies, there is no harm done as they don’t
feel, they don’t have emotions. Whereas going on the same type of expeditions a
machine does, may simply not be possible or they are exposing themselves to
high risk situations.

Act as aids – they can act as 24/7 aids to children with disabilities or the
elderly, they could even act as a source for learning and teaching. They could

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Artificial Intelligent (A.I.)
 even be part of security alerting you to possible fires that you are in threat of, or
fending off crime.

Their function is almost limitless – as the machines will be able to

do everything (but just better) essentially their use, pretty much doesn’t have any
boundaries. They will make fewer mistakes, they are emotionless, they are more
efficient, they are basically giving us more free time to do as we please.

Disadvantages for Artificial Intelligence (AI):

Over reliance on AI – as you may have seen in many films such as The
Matrix, iRobot or even kids films such as WALL.E, if we rely on machines to do
almost everything for us we become very dependent, so much so they have the
potential to ruin our lives if something were to go wrong. Although the films are
essentially just fiction, it wouldn’t be too smart not to have some sort of backup
plan to potential issues on our part.

Human Feel – as they are are machines they obviously can’t provide you
with that ‘human touch and quality’, the feeling of a togetherness and emotional
understanding, that machines will lack the ability to sympathies and empathies
with your situations, and may act irrationally as a consequence.

Inferior – as machines will be able to perform almost every task better than us
in practically all respects, they will take up many of our jobs, which will then
result in masses of people who are then jobless and as a result feel essentially

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Artificial Intelligent (A.I.)
 useless. This could then lead us to issues of mental illness and obesity problems
etc.

Misuse – there is no doubt that this level of technology in the wrong hands can
cause mass destruction, where robot armies could be formed, or they could
perhaps malfunction or be corrupted which then we could be facing a similar
scene to that of terminator ( hey, you never know).

Ethically Wrong? – People say that the gift of intuition and intelligence
was God’s gift to mankind, and so to replicate that would be then to kind of ‘play
God’. Therefore not right to even attempt to clone our intelligence.

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Artificial Intelligent (A.I.)
 Conclusion

AI is at the centre of a new enterprise to build computational models of

intelligence. The main assumption is that intelligence (human or otherwise) can
be represented in terms of symbol structures and symbolic operations which can
be programmed in a digital computer. There is much debate as to whether such
an appropriately programmed computer would be a mind, or would
merely simulate one, but AI researchers need not wait for the conclusion to that
debate, nor for the hypothetical computer that could model all of human
intelligence. Aspects of intelligent behavior, such as solving problems, making
inferences, learning, and understanding language, have already been coded as
computer programs, and within very limited domains, such as identifying
diseases of soybean plants, AI programs can outperform human experts. Now the
great challenge of AI is to find ways of representing the commonsense
knowledge and experience that enable people to carry out everyday activities
such as holding a wide-ranging conversation, or finding their way along a busy
street. Conventional digital computers may be capable of running such programs,
or we may need to develop new machines that can support the complexity of
human thought.

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Artificial Intelligent (A.I.)
 Bibliography

• https://www.forbes.com/sites/tonybradley/2017/07/31/f
acebook-ai-creates-its-own-language-in-creepy-
preview-of-our-potential-future/
• https://qz.com/954530/five-years-ago-ai-was-
struggling-to-identify-cats-now-its-trying-to-tackle-
5000-species/
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in
_healthcare
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence
• https://beebom.com/examples-of-artificial-
intelligence/
• https://www.slideshare.net/AnushkaGhosh5/ppt-
presentation-on-artificial-intelligence
• https://www.tutorialspoint.com/artificial_intelligence/
artificial_intelligence_overview.htm
• https://youtu.be/skEILdakHVc

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Artificial Intelligent (A.I.)