VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

BELGAUM

FATIGUE ANALYSIS OF ARTIFICIAL HIP JOINT

CANDIDATE: SYED ZAMEER

GUIDE: Dr.MOHAMED HANEEF

RESEARCH CENTER: DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL

ENGINEERING

GHOUSIA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERINR,

RAMANAGARAM
 Fatigue Analysis of Artificial Hip Joints
Finite element analysis (FEA) has become common place in recent years. Numerical
solutions to even very complicated stress problems can now be obtained routinely using
FEA, and the method is so important that even introductory treatments of Mechanics of
Materials.
The fatigue analysis is used to compute the fatigue life at one location in a structure. For
multiple locations the process is repeated using geometry information applicable for each
locations. Necessary inputs for the fatigue analysis are shown in Fig. The three input
information boxes are descriptions of the material properties, loading history and local
geometry. All of these inputs are discussed in following sections.

FIG-1.FATIGUE ANALYSIS PREDICTION STRATEGY

Material information-cycle or repeated material data based on constants amplitude

testing.
Load histories information-measured or simulated load histories applied to a
component. The term loads is used to represent forces, displacements, accelerations, etc.
Geometry information-relates the applied load histories to the local stresses and
strains at the location of interest. The geometry information is usually derived from finite
element results.
An integrated Finite Element based durability analysis is considered as complete analysis
of an entire component. Fatigue life can be estimated for every element in the finite
element model and contour plots of life. Geometry information is provided by Finite
element results for each load case applied independently ,i.e., the Finite element results
define how an applied load is transformed into a stress or strain at a particular location in
the component. Appropriate material data are also provided for the desired fatigue
analysis method. The schematic diagram of the integrated finite element based fatigue
life prediction analysis is shown in Fig.2.

FIG-2. INTEGRATED FINITE ELEMENT BASED FATIGUE LIFE

PREDICTION ANALYSIS
Total hip replacement (THR), is a surgical procedure in which the diseased parts of the
hip joint are removed and replaced with new artificial parts, which is known as the
prosthesis. Metallic alloys and composite materials are used for preparing the prosthesis.
Both metal matrix and fiber reinforced composite materials have been in use these days
due to their more durability, less weight and better biocompatibility. In the following
paragraphs a brief review of the hip prosthesis under fatigue loading is presented.
The endoprosthesis of hip joint and knee joint are among the most popular implants. The
titanium alloys have been applied for replacements of these two joints at early eighties
but in clinical conditions an aseptic loosening of implants has been observed. As a result
of this, the functional distributions of bone – implant connections have occurred. This
problem is still far from to be resolved and includes degradation of the implant,
inflammation and degeneration of body surrounding implant, bone destruction, autolysis
and osteoporosis, aseptic loosening, improper biomechanical operation conditions.
Hip joint is one of the most stable joint in the bdy, its stability is provided by the rigid
ball-and socket configuration. It is composed of the head of the femur, of the acetabulum
of the pelvis and of the trochanteric sector. When the hipjoint is partly or totally
damaged, it is possible to implant the total hip replacement in order to allow the patient to
return to normal daily activities and to provide relief from pain. The design criteria of an
implant for joint replacement be based on both the kinematics and the dynamic load
transfer characteristics of the joint, which depends on the material properties , shape, and
methods used for fixation o fthe implant to the patient. This is one of the most important
element that determine long –term survival of the implant, since bone respond to changes
in the load transfer with a remodeling process. Bone is able to undergo spontaneous
regeneration and to remodel its micro-and macro structures. If larger stress than the
physiological one is applied. The equilibrium tilts towards more ostegenic activity,
conversely, if smaller stress is applied the equilibrium tilts towards osteoclastic activity.
Many specific stimuli for bone remodeling have been recently proposed as important
regulators of fuctional adaptation namely, strain which a primary and directly measurable
physicl quantityis representing local deformation, and strain energy density, which is
proportional to square of the strain tensor. In addition to these strain based measures, the
Von mises equivalent setress has been used as a mechanical stimulus for some bone
adaptation models, it is a scalar measure of the stress at a point and, for isotropic
materials , is proportional to the portion of the strain energy density associated with
distorsion. Failure of total hip replacement may arise from excessive motion at the
prosthesis bone or cement-bone interface under weight –bearing loads. Micro motion of
more than 100 m-150 m can separate a stem from a bone and prevent bony adhesion to
the stem surface. The better biocompatibility needs better both understanding of the
processes occurring in human body in neighborhood of the implant and implantation of
special surface-structured endoprosthesis. The implant of the hip joint or knee joint must
possess sufficient mechanical properties and chemical resistance and simultaneously to
secure the efficient and fast biological binding of the implant, and bone and tissues, and
appropriate biomechanical fitting. The possible solution may be an use of bio composite
implant with porous (scaffold) surface layer. The fabrication of such implant has not been
successfully achieved yet and a number of possibilities is to be investigated.

The standard requirements for Hip joints include: mechanical properties (yield stress,
plasticity, Young modulus, fatigue strength etc.), physical properties (density, magnetic
properties etc.), chemical properties (resistance to different forms of corrosion and wear
degradation), biological properties (biocompatibility), and price. Thus, all the time one
must take into account each of properties, and their interrelations. This problem is also
unresolved, usually all properties are considered separately, no expert systems have been
proposed to optimize the implant design and materials. The investigations of all possible
factors which may affect the lifetime, together with response of human body, bone parts,
tissues, and muscles, changing itself with increasing age, cannot be performed by normal
procedures, but needs more sophisticated approach such as neural networks approach.
 In the present work, considering Ti-6Al-4Vand Al2O3 Ceramic Composites as
the materials for the cemented type hip prosthesis, the fatigue life of these hip prosthesis
will be determined for five different daily living activities viz., slow walking, fast
walking, normal walking, sitting and standing. Fatigue calculations have been carried out
using Goodman, Soderberg, and Gerber fatigue theories. The stress analysis for different
activities will be carried out using finite element software ANSYS and then the fatigue
analysis is performed using residual degradation model.

Bergmann et al. [1] measured the hip contact forces for different activities like slow
walking, normal walking, fast walking, climbing upstairs and downstairs, standing on 2-
1-2 legs, knee bend, standing up and sitting down. For five different patients they took
the data. Sheikh et al., [2] analyzed a hip joint subjected to a dynamic load due to
stumbling and the peak static load during different patient activity and concluded that it
was not the peak stress but rather the proportion of the stressed elements which should be
the indicator for a precise analysis of the load transfer mechanism.
Sivasankar et al.,[3, 4] did a stress analysis and a design optimization on a conical stem
hip prosthesis, using Ti6Al4V and UHMWPE materials and they had assessed that the
failure occurred in most of the cases at the interface of the bone cement to the bone. They
also had found even though the results were showing the UHMWPE material is having
high static strength, it was more prone to fatigue failure and prosthesis with Ti6Al4V was
more resistant to fatigue failure.
Styles et al., [5] conducted a fatigue test of a hip model with different activities, like sit to
stand movements and upstairs, downstairs climbing and they provided a novel
methodology for the dynamic testing of load bearing implants.
McCormack et al., [6] did a three dimensional stress analysis to determine the stress
distribution in the cement mantle cross-section of the hip prosthesis. They also did a
fatigue analysis of the prosthesis and found that under torsional loading, fatigue failure of
PMA fixed implants originated from pores located on the interfaces.
Li et al,[7] , developed a neumerical method for predicting the progressive failure of
thick laminated composite femoral components for efficiently and accurately predicting
damage initiation and propagation. Kim et al [8] determined the fatigue damage response
for cement bone constructs subjected to shear fatigue loading and observed a three phase
fatigue response with substantial early damage, followed by a long constant damage rate
region and a final abrupt increase in damage to fracture. They concluded that a
combination of the creep damage model with a constant final equivalent strain could be
used to assess the cement bone failure response of cemented implant systems.
Kayabasi and Erzincanli [9] designed and analyzed four different shaped hip prostheses
to find an optimum stem shape. They have carried out static as well as dynamic analysis
on the models and did fatigue analysis using Goodman, Soderberg and Gerber fatigue
theories. Also they have verified their results using Charnley’s model.
In the present work, considering Ti6Al4Vand Co-Cr alloy as the materials for the
cemented type hip prosthesis, the fatigue life of these hip prosthesis are determined for
five different daily living activities viz., slow walking, fast walking, normal walking,
sitting and standing. The stress analysis for different activities is carried out using finite
element software ANSYS and then the fatigue analysis is performed using residual
degradation model.
REFRENCES
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N.Duda, 2001, Hip contact forces and gait patterns from routine activities, Journal of
Biomechanics 34, 859-871.
2. H. F. Sheikh, B. J. MacDonald, M. S. J. Hashmi, 2003, Finite element simulation of
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of Materials Processing Technology, 143-144, 249-255.
3. M. Sivasankar, D. Chakraborty, S. K. Dwivedy, 2004, Finite element analysis of
composite hip prosthesis, Proceedings of National Conference on Biomechanics held on
th st
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