Carlos Hilado Memorial State College

Alijis Campus | Binalbagan Campus | Fortune Towne Campus | Talisay Campus

To be a leading GREEN institution of higher learning in the global community by 2030

(Good governance, Research-oriented, Extension-driven, Education for Sustainable Development & Nation-building)

Jay Amoguis

Joey Jay Villanueva

Topics:

- Importance of logic
- Deductive and inductive logic

Logic is defined as a reasoning conducted or assessed according to strict principles. In these topics we can
learn about the importance of logic as its advantages. We can also discover and learn about the deductive
and inductive logic that we can use as our principle or guide in the future for reasoning.

Importance of logic

 Reasoning is a natural ability every rational person possesses. But just like any other natural skill,
it needs to be refined , developed, and nurtured. Clearly, the sportsman who works under the eye
of a knowing teacher has the better chance of developing good skills and avoiding bad
techniques. The same holds true of logic. Peoplre who know the rules and procedures for correct
reasoning are more likely to be right in thinking than those who do not.
 As rational beings, we need to realize that it is very important to hone this natural skills as it is the
accepted and legitimate means which we use in convincing other people to accept whatever we
claim to be true or false. Through debates and arguments using our reasoning skills ,
disagreements are resolved.
 The importance of reasoning is undeniable since reasoning is the only accepted means to
convince people in this civilized world. Logic therefore teaches us the "art of convincing" and to
become all the more civilized.
 Through the study of logic,we develop better appreciation of the value of resolving conficts and
disagreements rationally. We learn ways to improve our presentation of ideas. We realize the
importance of making our judgments consistent. We apply practical techniques in making our
manner of convincing effective.
 Convincing is everybody's business. Lawyers do a great deal of convincing in courts in defense of
their clients. Teachers likewise have to present their lessons well and argue rationally in order to
convince their students. Salesmen have to be convincing enough to make their products attractive
 Carlos Hilado Memorial State College
Alijis Campus | Binalbagan Campus | Fortune Towne Campus | Talisay Campus

To be a leading GREEN institution of higher learning in the global community by 2030

(Good governance, Research-oriented, Extension-driven, Education for Sustainable Development & Nation-building)

to buyers. Accountants have to be logical in their financial reports to make them believable and
acceptable. And we must be armed with the necessary skill and knowledge on how to detect
faulty and misleading arguments sobwe won't fall prey to people who make us of their reasoning
skill to fool other people.

Deductive and inductive logic

Deductive-a system of reasoning whereby the process is from general to less general truth.

- Starts with a general rule which we know to be true. Then , from that rule, we make true
conclusion about something specific.
- The process of reasoning from known facts to conclusions. When you reason deductively you can
say” therefore” with certainty. If your facts were firm to begin with, then tour conclusions will
also be firm.

Examples:

all apples are fruit.

all fruits grow on trees.

therefore, all apples grow on trees.

Smith owns only blue pants and brown pants.

Smith is wearing a pair of pants today.

So smith is wearing either blue or brown pants today

Deductive reasoning was developed by Aristotle, thales , Pythagoras and other greek philosophers of the
classical period.

A DEDUCTIVE ARGUMENT

-is one in which it is impossible for the premises to be true but the conclusion false.
 Carlos Hilado Memorial State College
Alijis Campus | Binalbagan Campus | Fortune Towne Campus | Talisay Campus

To be a leading GREEN institution of higher learning in the global community by 2030

(Good governance, Research-oriented, Extension-driven, Education for Sustainable Development & Nation-building)

- it is supposed to be definitive proof of the truth of the claim(conclusion)

 Premise- all men are mortal

 Premise- Socrates was a man
 Conclusion- Socrates was mortal
- If the premise are true( and they are),then its simply isn’t possible for the conclusion to be false.
- If you have a deductive argument and you accept the truth of the premises, then you must also
accept the truth of the conclusion.

Inductive -a system of reasoning from less general truth to a general truth.

- The process of going from observation to conclusions.

- This type of conclusion is sometimes called an inference.
- Observing that something is true many times, then concluding that it will be true in all instances.
- Using the data to make predictions

Example:

all observed crows are black.

Therefore:

all crows are black.

AN INDUCTIVE ARGUMENT

- Is one which the premises are supposed to support the conclusion

- If the premises are true, it is unlikely that the conclusion is false.
- The conclusion probably follows from the premises.
 Premise- Socrates was greek
 Premise-most greek eat fish
 Conclusion- Socrates ate fish
- Even if both premises are true, it is still possible for the conclusion to be false(maybe Socrates
was allergic to fish)
- Words which tend to mark an argument as inductive include probably likely possibly and
reasonably.
 Carlos Hilado Memorial State College
Alijis Campus | Binalbagan Campus | Fortune Towne Campus | Talisay Campus

To be a leading GREEN institution of higher learning in the global community by 2030

(Good governance, Research-oriented, Extension-driven, Education for Sustainable Development & Nation-building)

INDUCTIVE/DEDUCTIVE REASONING QUIZ

1. No mayten tree is deciduous, and all nondeciduous tree are evergreen. It follows that all mayten
tree are evergreens.
A. Deductive
B. Inductive
2. Mike must belong to the Bartenders and Beverage Union Local 165, since almost every Los
Vegas bartender does.
A. Deductive
B. Inductive
3. Either Colonel Mustard or Reverend Green killed Professor Plum. But whoever ran off with Mrs.
White did not kill the professor. Since Reverend Green ran off with Mrs. White, Colonel Mustard
killed Professor Plum.
A. Deductive
B. Inductive
4. I’ve never met a golden retriever with a nasty disposition. I bet there aren’t any.
A. Deductive
B. Inductive
5. Since some grapes are purple, and all grapes are fruit, some fruit is purple.
A. Deductive
B. Inductive
6. Why is Sarah so mean to Janice? The only thing I can think of is that she’s jealous. Jealousy is
what’s making her mean.
A. Deductive
B. Inductive
7. Obama will make a fine president. After all, he made a fine senator.
A. Deductive
B. Inductive
8. The figure he drew has only three sides, so it isn’t a square.
A. Deductive
B. Inductive
9. It was the pizza that made my stomach churn. What else could it be? I was fine until I ate it.
A. Deductive
B. Inductive
10. It’s wrong to hurt someone’s feelings,, and that is exactly what you are doing when you speak to
me like that.
A. Deductive
B. Inductive
 Carlos Hilado Memorial State College
Alijis Campus | Binalbagan Campus | Fortune Towne Campus | Talisay Campus

To be a leading GREEN institution of higher learning in the global community by 2030

(Good governance, Research-oriented, Extension-driven, Education for Sustainable Development & Nation-building)
 Carlos Hilado Memorial State College
Alijis Campus | Binalbagan Campus | Fortune Towne Campus | Talisay Campus

To be a leading GREEN institution of higher learning in the global community by 2030

(Good governance, Research-oriented, Extension-driven, Education for Sustainable Development & Nation-building)