Problem 6.

70 [Difficulty: 3]

Given: Flow nozzle

Find: Mass flow rate in terms of ∆p, T1 and D 1 and D 2

Solution:
2
p V
Basic equation + + g ⋅ z = const Q = V⋅ A
ρ 2
Assumptions: 1) Incompressible flow 2) Inviscid 3) Steady 4) Along a streamline

Hence, applying Bernoulli between the inlet (1) and exit (2)
2 2
p1 V1 p2 V2
+ = + where we ignore gravity effects
ρ 2 ρ 2
2 2 2
π⋅ D1 π⋅ D2 ⎛ D2 ⎞
But we have Q = V1 ⋅ A1 = V1 ⋅ = V2 ⋅ so V1 = V2 ⋅ ⎜
4 4
⎝ D1 ⎠
Note that we assume the flow at D 2 is at the same pressure as the entire section 2; this will be true if there is turbulent mixing

2⋅ (p2 − p1) ( )
4
2 ⎛ D2 ⎞ 2
2⋅ p1 − p2
Hence V2 − V2 ⋅ ⎜ = or V2 =
⎝ D1 ⎠ ρ ⎡ 4⎤
⎢ ⎛ D2 ⎞ ⎥
ρ⋅ 1 − ⎜
⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎝ D1 ⎠ ⎦

π⋅ D2
2
(
2⋅ p1 − p2 ) π⋅ D2
2
∆p⋅ ρ
Then the mass flow rate is mflow = ρ⋅ V2 ⋅ A2 = ρ⋅ ⋅ = ⋅
4 ⎡ 4⎤ 2⋅ 2 ⎡ 4⎤
⎢ ⎛ D2 ⎞ ⎥ ⎢ ⎛ D2 ⎞ ⎥
ρ⋅ 1 −
⎢ ⎜ ⎥ ⎢1 − ⎜ ⎥
⎣ ⎝ D1 ⎠ ⎦ ⎣ ⎝ D1 ⎠ ⎦
2
π⋅ D2 ∆p⋅ p 1
Using p = ρ⋅ R⋅ T mflow = ⋅
2⋅ 2 ⎡ 4⎤
⎢ ⎛ D2 ⎞ ⎥
R ⋅ T1 ⋅ 1 − ⎜
⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎝ D1 ⎠ ⎦
2
π⋅ D2 p1
For a flow nozzle mflow = k ⋅ ∆p where k= ⋅
2⋅ 2 ⎡ 4⎤
⎢ ⎛ D2 ⎞ ⎥
R ⋅ T1 ⋅ 1 − ⎜
⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎝ D1 ⎠ ⎦
We can expect the actual flow will be less because there is actually significant loss in the device. Also the flow will experience a
vena contracta so that the minimum diameter is actually smaller than D 2. We will discuss this device in Chapter 8.