Appendix

7. Appendix

7.1 Qualitative Analysis Notes

Tests for anions
anion test test result
carbonate (CO32–) add dilute acid effervescence,
carbon dioxide produced
chloride (Cl –) acidify with dilute nitric acid, then add white ppt.
[in solution] aqueous silver nitrate
iodide (I –) acidify with dilute nitric acid, then add yellow ppt.
[in solution] aqueous silver nitrate
nitrate (NO3–) add aqueous sodium hydroxide, then ammonia produced
[in solution] add aluminium foil; warm carefully
sulfate (SO42–) acidify with dilute nitric acid, then add white ppt., insoluble in excess dilute
[in solution] aqueous barium nitrate nitric acid

Tests for aqueous cations

cation effect of aqueous sodium hydroxide effect of aqueous ammonia
aluminium (Al 3+) white ppt., soluble in excess giving a white ppt., insoluble in excess
colourless solution
ammonium (NH4+) ammonia produced on warming –
2+
calcium (Ca ) white ppt., insoluble in excess no ppt.
chromium(III) (Cr3+) green ppt., soluble in excess, giving a green ppt., insoluble in excess
green solution
copper(II) (Cu2+) light blue ppt., insoluble in excess light blue ppt., soluble in excess,
giving a dark blue solution
iron(II) (Fe2+) green ppt., insoluble in excess green ppt., insoluble in excess
3+
iron(III) (Fe ) red-brown ppt., insoluble in excess red-brown ppt., insoluble in excess
zinc (Zn2+) white ppt., soluble in excess, white ppt., soluble in excess,
giving a colourless solution giving a colourless solution

Cambridge O Level Chemistry 5070. Syllabus for examination in 2017, 2018 and 2019. 31
Appendix

Tests for gases

gas test and test result
ammonia (NH3) turns damp red litmus paper blue
carbon dioxide (CO2) turns limewater milky
chlorine (Cl2) bleaches damp litmus paper
hydrogen (H2) ‘pops’ with a lighted splint
oxygen (O2) relights a glowing splint

32 Cambridge O Level Chemistry 5070. Syllabus for examination in 2017, 2018 and 2019.