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    Maroukis PDF

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    Justin

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    of 22
    The Peyote Road RELIGIOUS FREEDOM AND THE NATIVE AMERICAN CHURCH ‘THOMAS CONSTANTINE MAROUKIS ‘Unwrasr aF Ostrow Past: Nowa Als Thoms Constantine Maki ‘cane eon Se Te Lien Tc of Sam Mine (Noeman, 2) ‘Thisbok pie wth she ners stan of The Kee Foto nc ‘ary of ngs Can Rn De ecm i: a tenn he Nae en Chas hat SBN Hes haronel pe) sige hina rey, oat, aint ‘Ania Riera cenaonins& Ian Nah ter Content 97 —te Theo a Ri Fs an be rion hh aan 45 The Chianti oe se ion See erro nah Ueno, na, ai De of Agha me No ar oh pn may rpc eed iret rca. aa bys tons mse oi ‘es cerwse—taperitl a eon ten taal hprigh tn ih etn oh ea fh “Tomy detest wif Cosas for her love and support daring the time-conaming paces atch and wei Ad 380 toh many mers ofthe Native American Charch ‘who give thes ine, ep and sggetons. Contents Ihstrations ‘Acknowledgments Tnuoduction he Origins nd Development ofthe eyteRlgon athe nine American Chard 2 Ralpios Beli, Ceremony and inal 2 The Ault on Pym 41 The Fapansion af eytin| 5 Peyote Art and Masie 6 TheStcogglFor Constr Protection Condon Epilogue Selced Bibliography and Discogranhy Index ° Is ass the about a white couple a North Dakota whe ws members ofa Peyote congregation This ws rublesome Pints 0 another contentious ae abot the eis or otal Feotsts support = loo quantun reaitement” OREGON V SMITH:A CHURCH CRISIS “The yar 1990 was a waterbed fr gous aor ts, Whi the US. Congres ase tio protect human rains burl ses and sr jes the US. Sopreme Gur arrowed the ie ees of igo else ‘ofthe Fist Amendment regan nthe screen we of ete by Ame ica indians. Ara considerable lobbying for by American lian ver several decades Congres psd the Native Arca Genes Protection and Repatriation Ac. Thea roe eal agencies and priate muses and universes esving federal funds wo entry thi election of human romans asocited fanerary objec, sired objets, and obs of cura patrimony. noify the bes of erg, and tur the resins and bets if requested. Meanie the Supreme Court da owt the NAC by el ‘ring decison tht some peopl consider one of the courts mt infamous rulings: the marrovwing af the fe exerci of raion principle ofthe Fit Amendment Ths devon cated sek and dina and let Frio of post culointing i nee eral egilatn in 1993 an 194 With he ssp of AIR in 1978 the eos wa i concer shout elerlierenc thant aye het. The atl one on ‘het evel beat ome at i iered fo federal relations The fearthat minor incident could lead oa rij crs was ela in 1983-84, ‘shen two men Ale Sit (Klamath) and Galen Blick (onan), woe Fro drug ad len abe coum for ving an agen Ply sist ‘asf sbsances” Both men bad tend NAC servis ad ad ingee Peyote They werd in 98 by Dap County (Pan Oregon) Coun ‘Alcs and Dr Abe Prevention ai Teme When hy spl for employe compensation fam the Orson Employment Dio, they ‘weet down cause he haben terminated or isco” sing neg rug, Organ, he posession of Peyote wa ony posable ty upto ten yas in prison. Sith na Bc ied voit int the Employment Divison ciming hat they were pected by he ree eerie clase ofthe Fist Amendment: tus, they sould waive unemployment compensation. The Crt of Appeals eer the decison of Employment ‘Apps Board and anarded Boh ren unemplayrnt compensation, The st of Oren pttoned the Ono Spree Court ese the Appeal (Court dc, which they afm in ne 1985. The rey ateey gen cra, David Fohmaye. unhappy wth this ring ptione the Oregon Supreme Court osecoasir is deci, The ptiton was denied: however, thecave di ot nd thera frfnmaner appealed tothe US. Supreme Ct, AL his point the NAC leneship cme ine Svea asics bl were fled supporting Smith and Black, One was ed by attorneys Walter Echo Hak nd Sever Moore af the Native Amescan Rigs Fund (SARE) on eblfo the NACoF North Americ andthe NACo Navan Brits were slo led bythe Americ evs Congres and the ACLU in supe of the religious ry ses ioe. In December 1997 the IS Sapreme Court head the cise” -ethe desiton ws pening. an rc ee a tle an anther in ition. Eg Nts Idi Contry Pete Asie 988), jor slg Fredo ee was when the US Supreme Ca aloe the US Foret Seve cnaeuct highway through the Chimney Rack re in Calon Si Rr Nina ot. Acme sth of hanes caeered ‘sacred se by thee Arerkan Indian tations Tey calmed the aes was ‘verti o thei ceremonies ad the rod thresten thei ight the Fee ‘exerci of lion. Inthe other ae st id by he Pye Wy Church of God estengng the pei xemption for NAC mens was ending in the ith GreuitCourtof Appeals Te enor would eventually spect the DEAS «xemysion fase on the eel gerne’ esponstly to proetAmerian Indian tigre ad cle trully AIRBA anda pt ofthe federal rennet esponnbiiy uth oem ws ote on the Lydon, Smith andthe NAC ered the worst se coe would ot roca acres, wit poet he sacrament we ofa cred er and ‘vad employment commpenstion to Sith aed Bll? One wee ate the ‘oursen te cae back he Oregon Supreme Coutkingthem to dterine \ftoscramentliagstione Ryote asa crime Ongo.® ‘cr beating ames fom Bath sds the Onsgon Supreme Court ecient trae on he eyo th ise ana one a beh resend indicted. They conclude, bomee that ia ern were eee fo the ond Sih gestion of sacrament iso her art woul ote the Fist Ann ret The court cel AIRE an point ot that twety-teter an the Seder goverment ha such earptons. The jade one he ply ment Appeal Hour sward unemployment compensition Finny sa some weakness in the rlng ad veel wi the US. Supreme Cour wich agred to eer te cis. The stk forthe NAC cold nt have bee higher {Avs 1988 anal erento, the NAC of North Ameria wed te ga help fom NAR and o eto prevent de cae fom reaching the Spree {Court The atorneys dase with Sth the psy af withdrnng the se and ot risking neat decison by dhe cout Thee was teens ‘rewureon Smith tin theend he wel oo ra his case” Af mith ha ad fa wth childhood tru and kl po lemsbain miifehe hada jb. boamea member ofthe NAC ws ings soe ile Now he wasn uni for practi ith He i Isasborn on the Klamath reservation an by teage of eg ws ten fiom my home end pot ina parchi schoo The serine my tscaton ws boating choo. 1 wa sepa fre fy tnd sipped of my lngue, my clr, and my Meni Evel came ay alcool At he =ge of thi opps inking aed began aif of raver. Tht es the Belang of my trtion tothe way my ancestors ed and to thie day receive spiral pide ‘hugh Nive Ameria ceremonies. ws Nate spit that ‘ought mie int tally mee perpetv {ered owt fie and how to understand te Creator ina mata ay In November 1989, when the US, Sypreme Court bin to hear angie mens inthe se, severl hundred Peyts aveled to Wnthington, Do ‘apport Smit hold publi prayer igs and sing een ae siti n the hangs Vipin ete dS Posts sported Sith, ‘others hd hoped he woul witha ae of he ack fut, Sri ri vhs rend and sports Seveal dys before the cours desson Ihe sent a eter to many acquaintances i the Peyote conmty uling isreasns for at signing witha cement Hes 1 sae hy sging this document, tm sccm om gious From well athe interity ad frelon of the Native Aeron CChach-fove tit we have ight to oe creo and spi tua ways. Tee dt iis woagto deny anya wou cosea peta ath We hate bees ped too og to (aad 0 once ed with ‘hethzet to myelin rooms. took stand” (On Apr 17, 199,672 63 vos the Cour kd sin Sih and Blak, enying them waemploymentcrmpenation and upholding Orspne ate prohibiting al we of Peyote The dion mean tht ait i m9 po Serb the te frag ese ft probit lg practice, vk that {he aw neta an api t al einem, mesa tte co sepa issues ha mde amt excrpton forthe snr of Peyote eth ating the Fs Ameen rghs of NAC members This avd he feces af rlgioncime nd koed the"somping tat intr” ‘hats pid nach ces Tie a erin sty col be po ied i cul! Be detonated Ut the vty shar othe gr up Smitha Court id ot arg that Peyote was arf or dem State Ut terion te of Peyote wuld harm the circ of ng, The ‘Cars dared shat Oxon he gh to ent Pye, een ft died thee eee a lig 1 ao tise Aer he dessin byte US Supreme Coat 3 coson of riius and ci Hoar up equ 3 rehearing, The request was dvi” “THE PEYOTE COMMUNITY FIGHTS BACK. “The Snithese provost fom many quires a8 ssh tht sigs ear wi thereto apply the compelng intr dotine a ‘he mang thee exc tof dhe st Aedes. As NAR storey Wile xho-Hlek points out the lng wae het al ions rts pin Sith cme fn the kad the igh. Ht the Wing ‘Pusan the Nata Reve eric the decison, Toschai woe: Unie Sse zens whn ae members of he Nate American Church, the Blof Rights dead” The nly eure to 2 Supreme Cat decison we itive le nthe or federal hat would ester tne compeling “sae street and arn the reek of egon to NAC mem hers hers sates would have a otework of atts some eemping Peyote nd others prosecting for posasion of Peyote. This was an inp ‘be snation renting lel quagnefor the Nate American Church. The nse wast opti, ble eae colons, andlor Congres for legate rei. bipartin ff was launched In Cones sme of _members had tw concen: the weakening ofthe compling sate interest testhen applied oa First Amnment i and the wesking othe right tothe fe exrce of eign, Outskleof Congres, Ren Sak, ook the leadership role and erate coslion tn oseurn Sith, In aditon a bing member ofthe NAC and Roadman, he wantonly Kao ae Fight pete American Indian lar He ha sre at caiman of the \Winnchgo Tribe of Neri and at present ofthe National Congres of ‘merc nian, He had sre ia th IS. Army eth the Green Bets He ‘bceme a polisclaranine inthe Ie 19636 he sme cmd ‘lpia eam and pli se-termiation or merci ion tons, He hasten clled"one ofthe rete Native American lar ofthis ven tak) century® Is pit fbi asomplisiments he rerained modest ad own tocar, ethane of hun to carey hin through fel ines He sometimes signed his ame"tauen She, Your Hamble Serpent! With {allsupport om the NAC nership crete national colion of moe ‘hina hundrdorganations ht inde elisa envionment rn Amer Inn argnations, and tal porerents The can le ‘the Ameriin Indian Rfgous Fresdonn Poel, bane the obtying arn | the Native American Church. They fa aeademie conferees and medi vents uid suppor A corto ws pt ogra lation th ‘ould spell poet the stcrumetl of Pot In 99, Seat Dai Ine (D-H), char of Native Arian Afr obcommite, ali ar CCongesonlheings.* The previous yr, in ne, the reg legate hd pas 3 il permitng 2 elpou ene ane were area or ng Peyote. Although this brought be 1 Peyote groups i Oregon i dad not ifthe Super Cours Sith decison [As pat ofthe flr to yan Iepiatte rei fam te Sith as the Ameria nla Religious Freedom Projet mae out infers packets to wake jrnalin nd scholars te 199, The pach onan locuments on the try ofthe ceremonial wi of Peyatsumary ofthe rf eatin, and copies of newspaper ates ad eter, Iced 36 ssl wee sateen Rel Ske and Sesto Inoye an ees ort For ne eisai bythe iain ofthe Drog Enero _Aminstron an he detrei Heit Servic. Cop of es from nv joralsand retains of sup fom sroas oni, sch tthe National Coun of Church, the AmecanAnthepploiat As ‘ton andthe Arran atl New Meso egies were inde. Tee ‘ho gts pol eter from Raber. Whicorse pein ofthe Nate ‘Aman Church of Navan, to Ch Justice Wim ngs and the soit justices ating the pial signieance of Pete and summa ‘sng the ot org sara ofthe ine. ins kgthy information pack ‘hat ped ite ping sppont for dene sation Ahoagh quite Bat the tine, eben Ske wor elon this kegion Tnanatiemptnflenc pul pinon and dct ivrnaers, Reuben Snake and the cnlition prducd wo documentary fms. Oe wa. shoet ‘cenit ideo, The Taian Us of Poe Aer an inaction by Senator nous, Sake expsine the eon for holing eye services 2nd the faou eign scolar Huston Sth pine out that “Peyote nat ‘mind altering dep” The second le, Te Poe Rol Anco Rego i Conteponry Cit can appeal the pai and wo Congres pas he ecsay legato w prot the Pt ith, The fin anases the eis Inout om by the Sth ave I ines a erie with Al Sih, aad “immatnes the hry of yt wth 4 fee om Pepe ean ancent ‘Scrament comparable to bread and wine fn Christan. There ae Moric ogra wl as irons wih me feral mbes fhe Nae ‘mercan Church. Thee descrip ofa Peau sevice and 34 ‘splaaton ofthe cranial tems threw. Th lm eds wih edi tine theses ho psd his wa of worship crop he pecans ‘en tmp times of reli prosetion” The Rin dete he smersry of arbapoogt Dre Seva who died in 19, oye Rad an exe eke tore proach by nese ing the declan of the church witht amp tm probit Feet td et chlasuch at Vine Delori e, 10 dere the sor The hisoee ‘ee inland a ana of contemporary sce The im ie one the sense of rss ad explores the actions needed rect eps eed, “This wor ining in sigan asp f the tg or ele ius eedom athe fort pomot ne legion, demons ‘cis, moiaston, ad caliion bung can afc pe poi. The Tinian important xn ori document. Thora npn interes with Ppt nd anes of Poe creme and ymin, macho ‘state by historic ad cermorary footage." Sad Reue Saake sl way fore heel see the fit hi bor. He ot oni et Inport fms but io beg tog» olin tha ied csp far nw isto. Sensor nye dled seh onthe Dow of he ete ibis meron” The Sith dco le oo pies feito, each ome ding wth iret aspect af theese cue: eft pi the comping ste Inet doctrine w he Peo case word any sts el ear nd egiousopiations Without the appiaton ofthis ecrine,t would be pele for ae egw o ola apc sgins pate wit hvingn demonstrate scone a state interes Mero bth hoes ‘of Congres inode and pase the Relighus Fedor Reston Act of 199%, which equine the applet of he compel einer test to faye Fist Amendinent cas tl gerne ev that ima he ie ‘sec ofelgon As important shi eiaton was in rms felis Freedom concer did not pclae the Pete ie = Bie an bil the Amen Indian esd ct Amend mens a 1984 ys subita Congass oaks thee ene on pet ofthe Smith desion a treated t Pee. The gel mas «ior ‘ation lae io prvie fr the tational we of pote by nda or se sos purposes"The ew sation od fal suppor om the Deparment of | sce sn the DEA, which sae in congress besrngs tatty pected fede sttuory exemption athe hen the repay xin tht had bee in place sine 1968 I would inate th sae ytate ptcvork of lava where went sats an esenpton ain weit ay session of Feyote masa floy- Tell ems th "ie ue, posession, oF transportation of peyote by a Indian for toma de taona cena! Purposes in cannection wth the practise faa! Ind lion "aad shall ot be pro y the United Sates ny Sate" The bil reached the Bor of Congres ony afer de years of hard wok by the NAC {hc atone and her supporter There wt stack nd unceain,bu wih the suport of ey cngresnl ees the las the House athe Sn by voice ve and ws sgned by Present il Clinton on October 6, 1994. The bill overturned the Supreme Cove Sh dion by ging fall lel proecton forthe scamentl use of Peete" This prtcton cme members nan Tribes” which are recogni bythe United States and ‘who ae prtipating in an"ndian Region or in othr wor preston for memes Flea egies ot sy member the eyo {ht doer nt mention te NAC of Noth Amery name. any Nod quantum einen The pec exerpon pli onto Area Inde Sn hw not pened he Ages forthe same exrption for nonin frupe. The sours have suport ths by ruling thatthe esempvions are Tse the historic nd pti elainship heer the United Sites an erally egies Pe wing the il ex deg poet the asin rom ea cg ose dhe Deparment of sie ad the ply stands sod coal pour, Suen th estan ew ring giving American Ine inthe lary who ae mons of the Native Ameriin Church he ight owe Reo erament witout ‘of court mci dni of promotion. the Aud Foes Capa Bo thew up the ply to confor tothe 194 leptin. This ended another taper inthe ng history othe sgl ofthe Nive Americn Cc fo theconsttutonal right tthe rs exe of con, [NATIVE AMERICAN CHURCH ORGANIZATIONS, “The several handed thousand Pets elo to number of interns ‘onal sats, couty, aa and reservation hoe ongniation- The NAC of ‘North Amer and the NAC Nevin now Ace Bee Nahaghs ae the Target, ut here other mportant amps sich the NAC of lao ‘snd South Dak Mos ser aor ave creed Begonia “comprising smal ante gap or chapters. Theeare ore ee iis ot afte withthe rer groups. This has bee alle Toone ‘confederation? sorte contentious but on eal sacs such consi Tina protection an potcing the Peyote cactas here ie coeration ad tniy-One dosnt hate te a “ica member of RNC group bain the exemption forthe eof Pee Ones hea mee af fedeally reeopized ibe and use Reo a5 pr of 2 reins ceremony Te rg rpms et have thvlogal org conta ver eerie gop India The do at esn or snctin Rasen, no talline Thay have the power of persion, then of aidating aed stats “Te ns rune prefer the local oup ow thir as ad ee tins, bat sone ops it on # dp ffl. Fllong the “Sth decison more crate let was ace to sport hele for congesonl blo gurantee the right se Poe a ramen Frank Day (Din then presen of the NAC of No America, propel 4 National Coun of Nite American Churches o provide adrship and te coorinae flo with Reuben Snake's csition The coun consis nf the presidents af the NAC of Noth Ameri he An’ Be alga the [NAGS of Obshoma an South Dabs Past pases ae ao ited 5 te memes ofthe excuse council ofthe fur organizins. spares 0 hans communzation table eal with ts tht fet the entre ete ‘community ant develop a common aged to clos ites. Aste churches grew in membership and nde del with yin ses ‘hey sho grew bureaveracly nation to fl patiaton in Tete ‘evi, women have taken on atonal response athe organi "nse gown, Women a evoked inthe planning and organization of ‘church evs They have been lected taint possi ea | ‘he church orgnzations, as wel bing lst serve a ating kgs at sate and national noua onfnces where they ae ate pa ‘iiansinpliy diseasions, [NATIVE AMERICAN CHURCH OF NORTH AMERICA, INC. ‘The NAC of Noth America acslton of church argpiations that case osc the Unite Stites Canad, and Mex however mame of Peyote communities do not beans this group an some donot us the name Dative American Church, Asa comport entity he NAC of North America| trace is origin 1918 in Olson an ie pcsely incepta in Ole toms Asa corporation with ax cae i oper er of yes "sale! by he membership ver the yr. The peas etait the Purpose ofthe church"the ree exerci of teens band in the unmolested practic of he ta” The sin ithe same sit was 1918 “he rotation ofthe seramenil use of Peyote” The chaes fiaed hupter members are icaeporated in th hore sales The anal rem bership fe is 2500 per chap nr meme must be one guar for more "Nae Ameicn fin Blood” and either blog vo a federally recognize Indian ration, be2 member othe Fret Nations of Canada be 8 mumber of «tational Indian peopl of Mes. The blod qantas requrent isnot in er abu ta NAC require The eae ody ism up of deat chosen by thes conttvens Deleges es the president, vee president, seetary an ree other ers ww compensation The dee Fm ch i pen apo imal twenty to wen ve drs fs the United Sots a Cama. “heme as by who th eon end espace ons The pies ey yee ping nnd rom ring the tel crn and ccna the meebo fs eno ‘a arene The NAC Noh rer abn th oe roma teste or igs dom Teed aren ova sly rey ee iaing Rae They arene sre vie {sper mona ab rt te ors Fo eagle he raged ‘Gronhrpsags Over Svat aneper its tro Tey Pre al fn hing cone te Nava ia Gr w onde Tetons on the eo eyo, When Ten cman he posson of Pepin 7 he NAC sn epee oe wth pas nd ate ‘otc onl heen ora cl ene orth gion eo Peo “hey ie ae nth i 7D with Congr wen oer an ‘men non fed go LAB Sith econ, thy wok Seely with Reon Soleo. They ainsi aos ad hp inlet wher Pte rp loc a with Ge Deparment of ube isn Ten ch ep he sl of Foye The NACo" Nh Area ask eal nth gle oman ce gh {ca Pepto fener ft ees The NAC anna conn are he HL of Ue oration (te lade alo mes seman) es rom North Arpt 0 Tel! fil bane mesg sha infront ee ld end san onc nd jemand payer gy eee ‘ex A al grap srs thence 27, Shoe Bannock ofthe NAC Fr Ha a pone the yh nal cake “Tey povided enero end youth as an wp eno toll ete sv The 2 confer te on he Rocky By aera ‘nese that as oben aoe byte NAC ithe 25 pect bd qt they a preouy mean Thelen belles {sree or member etl othe lang em pccton of the che Ov te cho meres hee oppo ting biod quit recent fl ny pape The ie aware ent Sing thc ata tthe NAC hey dot een min the NAC. The ote on hsb greens qi perc lod quant lo bl ies, Sts Shown Haj (CgemeNnge hs prominent ‘thor and patesrman on Ameren Ins srs eo the open ‘rts fhe Hod quantum equieren. Her word rama at bal gv ements there no federal relations ein ban quantur nor ‘ation, hc the 170 tel nema ave erin tr own cet for emp, Haro and others rg thatthe se of bod gant ata «a ed toa dato inthe numberof feral rxngizd individ o> the children and gronhiden of present member my ary oud hit up with subscen apring na eng ible fr tral aes since hey coud be bow the quite od -gunt lee. Een though el ernment arthe target of hit ttc, sal ped thaw the US. govement tha orginally impo the bod-quatur require on Ameri nde Ameria dan Rell redom Act Aedes 1894 thers n0 mention of Mood quantum a eit fo the se ‘metal wef Poe, pee thst on the agenda the NAC utc become anise the ft” [NATIVE AMERICAN CHURCH, STATE OF OKLAHOMA (Odaon is thecal of Poa othe Unie Sts, From the Comanches ‘Kiwi ear lenders sodas Quan Pres the mdr Pe ‘eremon wih is variants developed in what was then Known Ion “Terry. Building 09 ancient rigious tations fom Mexin, Pym pred throughout the Ws. acing ater by Congreso imine the oseion of Prot Indes in Oahoma sought protection by corporting in 118 ander the mame Nate American Chath, For several devas as ‘he mother cure providing lender and serving aa ek mol as the Peyote conus inceporated sing the OMahoms charter a a mel ‘The Olahoms Pept st the stedard by poling the pri ha "hr ih and al serament was protect by the Fit Amendment As Py ‘tm expandeda movement erg to eabih rational oraization. bs 194th Oblahoms charter wav amended and new ame the Native Aer. «an Church ofthe Unie Sates. adopted A hema Kadeahip ws ier in a orange of el attics may af the Ochoa Pees ‘ante io et to theists oraizton ad oes on ttn ses 194, the orignal 1918 carte was amend ning the ore rae, Nae rmerisi Church venuly adopting the name Nate Amen Church Site of OMahoaThey dd not opposes rain boy they wanted a state zation to maintain and prot th satonony. This dno lec he Sos ofthe NAC ofthe Unie tte each group Pais carer and Corp sas, As # ste ngnsion, the NAC of Okara i aioe withthe lnger oy ad isin thea ea useing Peyote “They work wth the ORsboma State Bares of Nacois and Dangerous ray Com to develop » Spal Exe ron alton ha pected [NAC memes sing Pajtei“bona ide regions eee ofthe Natie merc Church In 1868 hey pro erate he olen aniversary of Ah orga hte “The ste ganization consists of more than twenty fae groups oe hapers most eh based rics Cheyenne AAC Chapter #1. Te ae toup hal ann conferences tat repr buss abd Prt ayer seve. “The hopes run tt own ls but ordinates rode concen such {sega protons withthe ste and ational oxannation For example, he Shih cae unified Pye rom acid the couse, inclding Osher eyo wh were prt ofthe tragle or constitutional protection, They wamtd hi ews 4 be herd and sabe poston paper to Congres ‘akin for kisntve protection, More recent he were eed in discs Sion wth the DEA onthe ste of wording and he feral eemption as avy ues and eatin do te cient guage morn his Tel) Atte 300 ann confrne.the membership vd supe ete by Raa Hag, Se. (Cheyer) state chairperson ofthe NAC of Olahoms tothe DEA, urging them ep the sme Nie American Church in thet reptions, A more ascent example Archie Hainan’ (Cheyenne) te be sition paper “Peyote ar the Native American Chur Heine {eres of resummendatons hae to make the language of he exemptions Consistent yt sl inn src othe NAC names thes iss ows hee Oahom Pett ade ilar ha moter rbup speaks foe them. They ae affliated n spit ad sare concerns wih ther groups ht want theo es AZEEY BE NAHAGHA OF DINE NATION (FORMER NATIVE AMERICAN CHURCH OF NAVAJOLAND) From the Neji (Din bal Coun’ proton of Pays in 194,106 ‘verbling suppor forthe ost-Sit ition preting Peyote Dine Nation eaership as come « long wy concerning the Reet ath, ‘The Peyote Rd has hee dicult for Dine PeyostsThey had oppotion| fom missions cational, balay thie st pveranete aed {he fea nce. Tidy ls o half the 225 0 Ding ae Peete and are accepted by ge majority of non-PeatsPeyaio n onger controversial: Harry Walters, a Diné tain cholate gpd tet {he NAC sath Blesingwy othe people As Peyotam panded inthe 1940s and 19505 Pee communits oinal tothe ly» ron {sist eas orgaiains and efor incorporation Indiv eve {vn withthe national NAC andatended he anal conferees fhe ‘mi 1940s Din ete rman incorporated in Ut New escmnd Arann nthe ext decade, the NAC of Nejad emerged a import ‘niin, Is mereship was psy om the southern ptf the ‘servation although here are mers fr lpn nthe 1950 they rsoscesily challegs th Navajo Tl Cau ered the pion of Pye: n 1966, NAC of Nj cine ofa cerca ogi tion though esningindependentofthe NACoF North Amen. The Novo aot beer charted in Arona New eve Ua and ae eer ontinid lobby the tbl coun and, with apport fam otis Rye commanitis ad Present Raymon Naka they ete ale to convince the unc to dcriminalize he religous we of Peat ard a be recogni ty the goverment ofthe Naso Nason Meni inthe natn pat ofthe ‘servation Peat exablhel ond chartered the Native American Church ofthe Four Corners. Thy became fined withthe NAC of Noein, “There ae other props such athe Northern Nesjoland Rate Aneto {Church Assocation. and oe smller group, srtimes isd wager Eup. sometine inden. rom te 1979 trough the 190, Din Pye contin i nce umber: Their onpnzatons worked in cortnton wih her ogee "for federal poecton of Pye They ere at of te maine a ‘swe theimpt fhe Sit decison. Tey alate Din pols. Then Presiden Peron Za, not a Poti ae fl supporto Rein acs ‘alton aed belove Congres Other Din epi ete we some sent eter tS sara eres The Din Raton Coane suthorzed fod fra hundred NAC member wo teva a Wangs loi fr the ego. Ler inthe 19905 the NAC a Nevjland trned ‘© other caners such 2 the ila sale and ronetemonia at of Peon, Faerie! vio cing oe aera Te apes ‘Suh The epee omar wend rome om te ceed ab eee eee ‘Sune The recommendation vaso enone Peer cmt See rot pon ses Then it woul net eee “Tere are re corsa bw and tog eters above al sn nly to member of eerily rend tbe, Part of the roles is the Peo ng the coe tp ‘The ABNDN alo recommended th the criminal code revs that let that the se ofthe pee he pro anal Baie Dine enon” This ws ed onthe view cat hee of Peyote shld ot be ena pr of spec "tharch-eion organ’ uta ana {eremany” in compance with RFR. The wl sw thespperans af ring spect protectin one egous pation It el tat he egal eter withstand cosine etry "sconized groups sought the exemsion. The ABNDN propaed ne lee on: the ete Cron Act of 08, which the ing Nao Chal eed, setking more information, The bil was then reintodaced in October 2004 in awa prt The Fist Pr revs the Navajo Naton riminl Ce Soton ‘TRelising of pee (ore commonly own asain Subsection A) doesnot spy tthe we of ze’ by an ena member ofa nd tne for bons fide ceremonial purposs in connection with nahh, ndvdals who ws poses or anspor afr us In akg ae ‘wen em this prolibiin Aze lal the Nevo Nats ‘The scon pat ofthe leptin oun the ate Ceremony ne dines it as2 "Dine talon ceremony and tats ha the purpose "tn cy, ze honor and espe the Are’ Be Nahas (Peyote Ceremony sr De {Naa Tatonl eeemony phe Ase’ Pye as one ofthe Din sed ‘sas desire y the Hal ep tn ato al efecto the are Native American Church wee dled and wplaced ith Ace Bes Naha Not all ine Rye aged with heme cage: neve n h the ine Nation Cove pase th bi 1 This suites ean dtp ‘ments ey no roel bythe Dinéasa aon erry ‘Uke the NAC of North Ameri, Ae’ Be Nahagh is elf foal 04Rs or chaps 1966» cosiaton and bylaws wee cert tg the purpose ofthe organization and dexibng its administers ‘The purpose “fos, promot at serv the ue af ops acramen through onside rigs cetemones” The ents oer prcdens ee preside rere and secretary sre fr yor tema dhe bord ‘fico who ate ect by theo hope Alsce withcompen sation. Tey hold ana comenton fr the members and quarry cng for the ofes i the Sabri ar apie an sr rg nd resolutions o be wted upon. Ech chapter fs its own fies a ah ol a por sh into Tho fon he ransrson heres Cle rio They ae te pe “Eccping cod mangeen ae hs dc an ave hae ‘brome ne erin fps ote erat” “ann comer lot thi Si Gr ae bh light they The tenn nn omen 28 a eyes teow Chappe owner eer seen en 8 Di Tose arnt oth no pen Covent ire truss and wrpand plc's ae he mt pein a bon thesute ath ot fh he De Non nd er Ano Inn Soe. Therein ith era igh ie Natio a slog fie he US Sor nd Se dining th hg song. These speca ‘tse fm oth Apion Dw orgs on io “sam rigor ee! ge Ont sien ie senate onmies ert red nae ted pes elon etd igh lw bye Sn any Than cn seo tthe conten Ng th tit and iene opin hae corns we tres te ath Tog he core oe sen tern ie her pring wt am and ate Once bear er pol eng ‘insti comping bn! th oth bo sek Eghi ‘Th coments panel ty nghen oc Hey 3 Din nda Po NATIVE AMERICAN CHURCH OF SOUTH DAKOTA ‘he wars Ss pup Noth Seth ls nil tom ih fi a ef be eh ey, ee comm tort on fe Pee et kin Se er tetraammine oe cnmonotporsea rt onal a Ino ese he st een ord yh Maem ge pte the ope then! wid oS ws tne a rein fnfrr ecg Un hse scunnanc eo ie ap Sunn he Ouon oma ewer Wt nA Chor of Alen {Te mtn he on neers teNAGet Chats Cnty nth Bs ‘yste cimied heposnion of ope: Te ratios one ae inarorton In 124 eC alntpred Th pee 4 Ph Raging erp postin ne ste se ee ees in owt #2 he tse A of Sh ane Shc iether mene Reo Nee cd ee commun ei ee ‘the early incorporation papers. There she he ‘es aici ome oe chars sun the we Chisan cuca alos 214 ic npn. nthe el ondrten seine cc ssa thas "the ee crc ft eo ee mental we of Poe he il ena he cer sed the sats th wing Bsn hag The kts change es ‘tn nae oth ae Amen Ch Ch Ca etl frees Poin he cane "app ne ero nan pm he Cn gs ea ong described as a sucrament, a itis today.” Mvmt TheNACof Sth Dl era ether sch with {ral administration and an executive council The rind rl Theatr ned independ eatin NAC nation rr es he 189th NACo South Dales oral aie ih ie NACo Noa Aten and ean align ace lina ee ans Fe Sy new hve car ee insu, The se pp a Promotion of mori. bly ste, hari gh tag ad te ulation of Spit sree, brtty lw and nian song its membership. and bet ih an Almighty COD and dete a, pete and een ait nr church through whch we woh ‘oregon andthe protection of the sacraenl tea eye ‘The ys ate dvd inv we parts aminisaive dts and powers, and church ofc’ dics and powers. Theater come from the "Chara {Canons for Native American Church of 1948 very detailed deesipon of the responsi ofthe church offi ot found in many the le, The bylaws ouine the dies ofthe member ofthe exc coun whe serve tes yer ens without compensa Thee sana bard of deco {stoi by South Pas a. Maberip res low the ARF Arend nents of 19%, rering mers ing 0 earned be In “ton. fng de esueren of he NACof North Americ 1 member ‘mat be ‘one quarter Nate Aner ndian be” The afte haps ‘ich et ones exc unt eles hoot fhe re, vie present ery and eure Ree Sadar on Rope {gh Lakea and Ceonad Cre Doge (Sang Tat shave bon ected [rsidet and vce preset respec. 2006 the NAC of Sth Dak ets cph-sich sma comenion “The 1948 Church Canons ae almost etn inthe 2006 bylaws. They wine asc hur ules andthe dir and powers church ais rom High pitt local church lendss (Roamer. Thee we oly Den fou igh prints se 1922, The fit he re Fo he ame Pine Rid family WitimBlck Bea, Pl Ole Spider and Emerson Spider, Se who served From 1964s 200, The grset high pests Burnt ron Sal. The high rit isthe spirit ede the Soh Dake Peyote emmaniy Duts Flue running Peyote series, conduc marrige pm, funeral Caring for hess and generally eng responsible fr thesia ean of thechurh- The byl dese he tes of the hi drama car tanya freman The se of Peyote presides be bese before taking ican be se only 1 sterment. Theil ston ofthe yaw Tats the eeremons onder of Peyote vie Flom opening announcements toa clsing Lands Prayer Ones are provided fora Peyote sevice ina tee ‘ora Pyoe sericea hose” ‘One of the slid groupe of the statewide organization isthe Nae American Church ets Chis how members are ml ey he | ‘of Poreupin o the Pine Rie Reservation. It has rev motor rom lis leader, Fern Spe, Sr. (gl aka), who was athe igh priest ofthe NAC of South Dako for fot ers (se ge 16) Hi pou. which Practices the Crows Fre Wy every ety prod isl» Cheatin ‘hur, yet minanng the prinncy of Peyote. Spier eid that Peyote twp om caro ead ope to fess Chit nd to prepare for the"second Coming” He agus tht mo ane shold be ead fom Peyote evs. “The majority of South Dats Peyetssdisgred with him, but he argued «fom a theological perspective In 1999 terse he iGo sve, ‘fy ede, bow do yo cll our a church el anyone in einy Her ome. Shapeingaf Nar Ann Curl Soh as bs het batho ih permis WA dom {Pee A ne ine cd Sin alos c 2 radon ceremonies by saying nt pty he pee pk the Tat he lec Sy en on ods is Fi srs whan Poo” ped og Be The maori fhe Slow he Cm Fr Wy a ay do surest Spe vw on ini Tay th as othe Wer soe Dai poh son Indes fom themenal eat eye ‘TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY; PROTECTION OF PEYOTE AND PEYOISM. ‘The Peyote ith has come a ong way since emerpsnce inthe Uke ‘States. has gone rom pariah owes! span fom poem temps rminaize the possesion of Peyote to aera preetion fo it reise. As the church enereanecentry.thee areal ren snd coves no the let being ear of» haggle pat envionment {hat eould threaten the cue preset ts Tere an a concern that onan groups could eu the exmpion trough a ator federal our ruling With addon groope sing Peyote the fare soppy of i Wonk he concern To thisend flotsre under way to coon the lan eof eral at ultons wih the law of ncorporatal Peyote frou The one se tas sens set em 3 heh oi of ww isthe ssf of Pye Tn the fest reports by eewation employs ithe 18805 Peete was el dang substan. The asst vs bythe wo opposed eyotm mas tlabel tg” or ania” and desert he supposed Fea efits. There were aay advdunls sch a fmes Money eho ‘Sit wos no haf wll ge mer f Areca idan Wh id ives benef nd led moan tm he sco half ofthe ment “erty Aeatire opinions wee mis a ene cence demonstrated thar Peyote was no an adie nee del a rode witha ym tems ane dil pot erg ean Hever since Peyote onan ‘mal se feeling wea othe eral conta sane Torin 48 The Depatnent of se added exrpson othe Fal Ray ‘nef ote elise by NAC nner Thee stl ningormation Song he public some sein align i etgory wth LSD. In fetal. amount of mesaine ia Ryo brton is minimal, Only 103 pert its dry weight mica In ema potency it has 200 the Prency af tS One ofthe pbs in ting eye hat ti arin {ered outside the context of» rls ceremony. One laboratory sul of Peyote anasoiated withthe NAC, reported hat some subjects ont is ‘tlhe With oso thousand examples of he sacramena we of Feyote mo oe has eportd ilar "Th nicht fey sc as ery ee sete bya eye stay complain 30ers af MeLean Heit pit acy fed with she Harv Madi Schoo: The tal wes pri urd by the Natio astute on Drug As, agency The sty was conc ‘on the Diné Resa wth the apr frail and church ears led Dx Ton Halpern phn ie arin Gop ite fhe Blog Phsr Laboratory McLean The pent conser tie tesco, presenting he pla conising car dean nding tiling participants rhe ay, The sacs ie he pric ge iene it heros The et camp Mat ho aint ey ese pal oso te afer dup The te! gap es ong toes sos ‘tht es yeh of hte ring mow be stn ‘he aw mah nd i copron pf mero inl ofl rd ans un tne The es ene er anteater of acpi te He ts "eld nota nes cpp and enpron pn syns hse fer lp she re per Therese he grat Re oni ‘wahmtaencae hate ata peng cet itr wots mo rth Sue Ham sl ee cnn hems ts Thy a par fe rs Prac of uh er ple gma a i ‘toy quaon ad hemp esac coos, “fhe pe the Pepin om fae onl le lens nf sande ay crn te ngugeothe sap ‘sou lw nl replat Te pape tle pse pasOy ‘ha court en snd th pon whch elite ‘xno e-ndan eps th Dea eo Aera Inn adeno an oe enag ef cmp the oat Rie Th og wr DEA alec ste poo ‘cg ith ld ch eden st nee Fora hanes The DEA dane tron sete te ptt pey {ong in 196 The DEA elton, ws fry ol xeon ene te Nahe Aten Cha Te DBA op init leer hat the ia et wa Yo poet il meio ly resis NC sl ne Sieconpon sib DEA pn ler gee ofthe Ait Ameen of 199 This mad sto swe drone Indian poup who wean NAC rch ashgpenain te Mey in Ul (xen) ean ding eae he Nae hog hr a ting ey tpi be The ngewe Siinne orate dere que epg ecto he [th glint ested lon a heed on-pca tr onan th NAC mo ana prea en Indian cae bd othe DEA ate sees he spl op Fexween the United Sines andthe nin tion The ference the ow tne ofthe exemptions has cused eofson, The changes woul protect the txmpfion fem 2 Fst Amendment challenge that "Congres shall make to hw roping an exablhed cgi” and Fourteenth Amendment holes om el pocton under hela A regulation hat seems favor one church group souk be changed elo proectng American Inn cures aa praciss woul be es Not all Pye groups agree vith the propose changes Both the VCs of laos and South Dakota refer to bes the ae Native Ameria Church in the eatin. The name fas strc meaning to many Snidil who strato exp thee ath, ‘One argument is that ering te ert of erly egress 10 parrove For evap exudes Canadian aud Mexican Peotiss and Amer ican Inns who for one ream a anater ae ot ena ia federally ‘eeognine ibe Hal ech the nm-ndian apoio NAC meres tnd poss their een” As 209th seas ot been ee "There ae «mame court ess tha srengthen he argument infor of he hangs nthe wording, Am older ease revant othe present bat is US. Boyd 1990 gud fry 9 New Mexico ited Rober Boy 2 ‘on ndn membre NAC rhe lel possesion of ete. sera jude dsm he chars the grounds hat Peyote a2 contol dance was exenped when wd by NAC meriber and Bh though not an ‘American nin ata meme ofthe ech The mis ofthe charges tra notes fvorable 1 the NAC ait ook ae opened the door for ‘her aon-ndinn ndviio rop to se Pee "A mae vexing cs ht offen Lins Noone f Uh, who were reste ye aorein 200d caged wih wee see eons forse 12900 Peo btn Tey ate Founders he Oklesucha arth Nave American Church of Utah Me Money elim member ‘ip in the Okleruehs Bnd of Yams Seminoles, which isnot Krall fexngived. The powsomen chin the membership as obtained fa Jenyand the group issn revo his meri Te Mecnes ed ‘couterteiming thir home vas ete ep. The NAC of North ‘America opposed the Moneys and disown connection 1 them. In 2a the ce each the Usk Supreme Cart whi led in he Mooners favors much oth sarpie ofthe Pye community and eral oficial ‘The cout rule that Lah oe had inept the DEAS exemption forthe reliius use of Peo by ment ofthe Naive American Church and he “Moneys were using the mame Native Amis Church This a sous impatons since i mean that non-ndan menibos ened not be pre, {es Te NAC of North Americ ants atone eps an atin caro 'o hae the ahead hah, Char ois weno es to meet wih stateegsoor this pon theDeertment of iste became wore and ater the sa charges Were void, eer fcr he ‘Monneys and charged them with eng er law in he sriton of Peyote as they were not mers of eel rized te. Depart fuse fis gv with the Noone in 2006 and fee te doy al charges hy agreed one acquis eo rt Peyote On ebay 2 26, seen ws signal Thi a get concer oth NAC ai three thee pal esmption In addon, the Mooney wee ay secs nea cour this col open up wkend of Peyote ed further teen the spp Iter the er th the ap of NAC present ton Miles he Uh eure amend conti ance eatin ' bring iin tn wih feral aw making memberships a ely wd rib the sole rei fan engin. Anarene wok made ye sah fc th isso st Amendment ss at the esposy ‘he ste to prot the sighs of Americ Unda This the se argue sal bythe DEA in is 201 keer to NAC fics, Ths repent # movi "sy fom 2 Fist Amenimen deme of Peyote we the gamer ht he ‘exemption comes fom he nique ast tionship been Ameria in| "atoms andthe eal prem ronal js the diy before the Mooney semen, the US. Sapre Court sue rting concerning pou that ns nice fo imptiog hallucinogen foro in elios series. The cur aed 0m Gnas 0 Gate Biri Henfente Unit de Vea phon he ro ight to impor the te, ele awe US, Customs had eal he tno cn tolled substance tht was to Be se for amnion by abou 30 mene 4 Sactan-base ith. The plain argued that an exempts had bec made forthe ligous sof Pete and hat he exemsion ha ben apse Sar forty years The cou rele tthe 1993 Rligous Freedom Restrton Act 1 sport is desion. Tat bil robs the fal gveramont Eos "etricing egos festom unlsit can demonsrte compen inert los Chi atic Rens wrote tha he goverment ied demonste ‘ompeing ines annie. The sine wn the rs sed the 1995 epson bu tir argument fo the apliation of th eq pmstion he Forth el ptson de to be appa he wo ous ‘Toes sts ictal thay ee tis ‘Thane aie psd poll resins the tech sates eratand roe An [Sess her sees to a ee ‘emcee aw eee ng Sng tcnpton for the as ne Peat The NAC al mi ‘oimssou pote The ih nan oti fra caneted - ‘cen pl ut scan Be geste his ks {oct eC oman npn lon esp see te ha po Tne Ie emg US ary gut i wo Menino Pst ial es i acs CEC DERL elon nthe mio se oo heen be the NA ‘ceed ang ete apo fom an Cony Tor spt Thee NAC ncn ht sng the ee Ph pec pitt ccs ofthe Rope carn Com nang se eon en ee PH ‘Tehuecmenbeshp nerd sip dere Pes rac siting omc on Pye oni eke money Peta als Tevet Tess "simple of pies forthe pas iy years state tence + 1955—380-150 por 100 eyo attons 5 194681500 per La 11981198 an spot) —$0.0 por 00 98 -Sion per .b00 1 99551506170 per 1.000 1999 sta0 pr 108 + 2m —5280 per 1.000 $7290 pe Lon0| + 20nt-S350 per 000 1 a7 2008555 per 100% Prices have ince! yes fess vale nd roan wh 0 saret eyo swell asthe cogil deroration of he Pye els With fewer tts. some at arsed ore maturiy which ht epi ton| ‘he aby oepneateThesupplof Peas tpi debra vital al [NACanmensons. In soee ples it hat el to bying star amounts bene thigh price. hale acer he concen abt onan hang seo Peyote in prayer meeting tying to etal septate che AE ‘hi pint heigl ise not dash: more thelial s mentioned ‘in cscussng Emerson Spider e Head ths bv that Peo of| ‘God tsar with al humanity 9 0 ape soll eed Aceoring oder athe poem th anyon ating Peo svi theingeston of Feyoe that isthe sue. penoe nots mero erally ‘econ rb he or sh can Be arsed forthe wf eet Te eae ff the NAC of North Ame ksh cot sin hiss eth byl of sate NAC nganiatons Fo example the Utah NAC by ary ‘pestis One must hea member faa recghizn! re Nt fling he a could jeri the char, The NAC uneivoclsbout this

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