Internet Based Smart Home Automation System

INTERNET BASED SMART HOME AUTOMATION SYSTEM
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
As time is very important for everyone, being busy and engage to lots of work and human
behavior is that task should be completed on time as fast as possible. The completion of
task on time from away i.e. remote is a bit difficult manually own self and may need
assistant to complete that task so to remove such assistant we need a solution for that is
obtained by internet globally and must surfing internet to control and monitor the home
based devices.
Being the era of technology and Internet is being common for everyone. Besides
communicating to person over internet now it’s time to interface and engage the various
electronic equipment, electrical devices, hardware devices over internet and control,
monitor and operate via internet. On remotely it is most flexible and easily control and
monitor the various devices by browsing the specified web page or web site. The status of
devices can also be monitored easily. Impart from that the status of home temperature ,
light intensity, fire sparking, LPG Gas leakage, Automatic water level indicator, Automatic
fan speed and may Automatic windows/door close/open can be also be embedded along
with the our Project entitled “ INTERNET BASED SMART HOME AUTOMATION
SYSTEM”.
Smartest and intelligent system is the demand of modern society which are directly
interrelated to the technology. The time and desire go side by side with the help of
technology which makes life a bit easier and convenient. Convergence of technology with
the environment and human beings may also plays vital roles for the encouragement of
development of new system which reliably changes the life style of human being and
society. World completely moving towards the technology without which none can exist
normally because everyone knowingly or unknowingly a part of technology which plays
role in daily life. This is technology era so must living with technology makes a bit comfort
in life.
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
Element Description
The problem of modern, To control and monitor home based devices remotely within said
luxury, handicapped and time.
disable people
Affects The controlling and monitoring of home based devices from remote
may need assistant and extra charges and security cost too because
modern family can’t remain in home, all of family members engage
to the work or other Purposes none of them are free.
And results in Due to unavailability of family members less security to home and
huge electricity bill may occur respective to improper controlling and
monitoring of home based devices.
Benefits of a Internet based home automation can be used to control and monitor
Solution home based devices remotely.
1.3 Background
This proposed project presents a design and prototype implementation of new home
automation system that uses Wi-Fi technology as a network infrastructure connecting its
parts. The proposed system consists of two main components; the first part is the server
(web server), which presents system core that manages, controls, and monitors users’ home.
Users and system administrator can locally (LAN)/RF remote or remotely (internet)
manage and control system code. Second part is hardware interface module, which provides
appropriate interface to sensors and actuator of home automation system.
Unlike most of available home automation system in the market, the proposed system
is scalable that one server can manage many hardware interface modules as long as it exists
on Wi-Fi network coverage. System supports a wide range of home automation devices
like power management components, and security components.
The proposed system is better from the scalability and flexibility point of view than the
commercially available home automation systems.
An IOT (Internet of thing) is the ground concept of this proposed project. The
controlling and monitoring of home based devices or any hardware devices of any
organization or relevant cases from internet using Wi-Fi technology is the main themes of
this proposed project.
1.4 NEED OF STATEMENTS

Modernization and Revolutionization of human society is the main theme of this
proposed project. The living standard of human being changes day by day and need
upgrading system to perform same type of work using technology, changeable manner and
need to have easiest , flexible and efficient system. The controlling of various devices like
electrical equipment, electronic devices used in daily life from remotely must need assistant
and extra demands for next person to do that and may have burden because he/she may not
perform as we wish and how we wish to do.
Traditionally we operate different electrical and electronic devices using switches or
particular remote to control, monitor and operate. Web page or Web site shows the virtual
representation of various electrical/electronic or hardware devices and the status of various
equipment shown in the Web page and used to control, monitor and operate the various
devices.
The present smart home automation system are not well equipped but are highly smart
home automation systems which are available for high cost cannot be afforded by people
with average life style. Another aspect of great importance with regard to the design was
that the final prototype should be economically priced for its later manufacture and
commercialization. Those all we came up with the ideas to build “INTERNET BASED
SMART HOME AUTOMATION SYSTEM” with average cost and average technology
which can be afforded by general people too.
1.5 OBJECTIVES
The current and recent home automation system can be modified to the smart home
automation system by designing it as embedded system controlled application using
internet by Wi-Fi technology. The internet is used to control, monitor and operate the
various electrical and electronic or hardware devices.
The main objective of this project is to provide the convenient and easy way for busy and
modern and handicapped /disabled people for controlling, monitoring and operating the
various devices from remotely in efficient manner.
Some of its objective can be listed below:

1. Support for long distance i.e. remote operationable.
2. Reduction of physical Labor.
3. Can be operated with wireless remote and LAN (for Indoor operation) and Internet for
outdoor operation.
4. Reduce the complexity of traditional life style.
5. To make the system easily configurable, on basis of needs of user; activating and
deactivating various sensors and modes.
6. Easy, comfortable, flexible and efficient controlling and monitor system.
7. Low power consumption and long life system.
8. Control low and high voltage devices.
9. Lower time consumption i.e. saves time efficiently.
10. Useful for handicapped and disable persons.
1.6 LITERATURE REVIEW

Before starting project work, an initial or preliminary research work is must to accompany
the relevant literature which is going on. During the initial research phase we were looking
many research paper based on this project or related project such that it can be modified to
generate new one. Modification and generation of new revolutionized system is the nature
of human being.
Several research paper were provides us ground idea for the project to carry out project
entitled “INTERNET BASED SMART HOME AUTOMATION SYSTEM”. Although
various research paper shows the use of different technology. We had chosen such
technology and platform which could easily be manifest and manipulated as accordingly.
Not only that the recovery of various limitations of our 7th semester project work
entitled “AN IR REMOTE CONTROLLED HOME AUTOMATION SYSTEM”
results us to carry present Final Year Project Work as named above.
CHAPTER 2
SYSTEM MODEL
2.1 ARCHITECTRAL DESIGN
The architectural design consists of two portion, one is the RF remote device and the other is
main board. It also contains two operation mode i.e. Indoor mode and outdoor mode as
explained below.
Indoor mode
The RF remote device is used for signaling radio frequency to the main board. The RF receiver
present with in the mainboard gets signal decodes and works as per the instruction of the
microcontroller. It can also be operated by LAN in the indoor mode via internet.
Outdoor mode
The Wi-Fi module is used for signaling to the main board via MAX-232 IC. The MAX-232
driver/receiver reduces RS 232 inputs which may be as high as + 25 volt to standard 5v TTL
levels.
The other components used here are the ULN IC and Relays for controlling various loads.
The display unit/device (i.e. LCD) is used for displaying the instructions as per the
microcontroller. The Buzzer is used to provide the siren/sound that indicate the status of the
current instructions as provided by the microcontroller.
Smart home automation system is the partial solution to the physically challenged, busiest and
modern people. The smart home automation system has following features:
1. Can be controlled with RF remote and LAN in indoor mode.

2. It can be controlled with the internet from remote distance (i.e. during outdoor mode).
3. The temperature sensor shows the temperature reading on the LCD screen and also in
the webpage during internet access, status updates as the changes occurs as per
instruction of microcontroller provides.
4. Buzzer denote the emergency signal by producing sound.
5. LCD will display the different instruction or task as per the microcontroller.
1. TRANSMITTER SECTION
User RF Remote
Fig.2.1 Indoor Mode
PC/Mobile Internet
Phone
Fig.2.2 Outdoor Mode

2. RECEIVER SECTION
RF Remote RF
Receiver
Wi-Fi Sensor
Wi-Fi
Module I/O Board
Module Relay
Driver
Processing
Unit
Temperature
sensor Display
Unit
Buzzer
Fig.2.3 Master Board
3. Regulated power Supply
AC Step Down
Rectifier Filter
SUPPLY Transformer
DC
Regulator
Voltage
Fig.2.4 Power Supply Board
2.2 IMPLEMENTATION DESIGN
Switch RF
RF
Encoder Antenna
Transmitter
Board
HT12E
Fig.2.5 Implementation Design for RF remote

Wi-Fi Relay Driver Load
Module ULN 2003A Load
ESP8266 Load
MAX-232 Load
12v Power
RF Supply
Receiver MCU
Sensor Board
ATMEGA32
RF
Decoder
LCD 16X2
HT12E
5v Power supply Buzzer
Analog
Temperature
Sensor
Fig.2.6 Implementation Design for Master Board

220v AC Transformer Bridge Voltage DC
Rectifier Voltage
Regulator
Battery
Fig.2.7 Implementation Design for Power Supply Board
2.3 WORKING OF PROJECT
The different house hold devices, hardware devices, electrical and electronic equipment which
is to be controlled and monitored must be interfaced or connected to the Master Board as a
Load. The various sensors are accumulated as a sensor board, which senses the physical
parameters. The parameters which is to be controlled and monitored must be programmed in
to the microcontroller. The different notification components like LCD and Buzzer are used
for the notification different task and signaling the task as prescribed by the microcontroller.
As the system is working on two mode i.e. Indoor and Outdoor mode, it must be operated
synchronously as user demands.
In case of indoor mode, the user is provided with the RF remote or LAN network of the
controlling and monitoring different equipment. The RF remote with the switch board provides
user facility of operation of various devices, which is first encoded by encoder like HT12E and
then the encoded signal passed through the RF transmitter which modulates the signal to RF
and then send via Antenna. In the receiving side, the RF receiver can receives the RF signal
and is decoded via HT12D decoder and the sends to the microcontroller, which decides what
is to do as signal provided by the user.
While in outdoor mode it has only one option i.e. internet for carry out the various
operation. The user is provided with the web page or web browser which is the virtual
representation of the different equipment i.e. physical objects in the internet. The status of
different equipment and physical things can also be monitored by the web browser at the can
be operated by the option provided in the web page. The signal is transmitted via TCP/IP
protocol and which received by the microcontroller through Wi-Fi module via MAX-232 IC
and the desired operation of user can be carried out.
2.4 REQUIREMENTS
The requirement of various electronic components and material required for the project
development can be listed below:
1. RF Remote
i. Switches
ii. RF encoder
iii. RF transmitter
iv. Battery(3-5-12V)
v. Antenna
2. Main Board(Mother/Master Board) or web server
i. Antenna
ii. RF receiver
iii. RF decoder
iv. Microcontroller
v. Wi-Fi module
vi. MAX 232 (RS 232)
vii. ULN IC
viii. Temperature sensors
ix. LPG sensors
x. Light sensors
xi. Fire sensors
xii. LCD
xiii. Relays
xiv. Batteries
xv. CPU fan
xvi. Buzzer
xvii. Power Supply unit
xviii. Transformer: Step down transformer(220/12), 500mA
xix. Diode: IN 4007
xx. Voltage regulator: LM 7805, LM7806, LM7812
xxi. LEDs
xxii. Resistors
xxiii. Capacitors
xxiv. Potentiometer
CHAPTER 3
HARDWARE DESCRIPTION
3.1 POWER SUPPLY UNIT
3.1.1 STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER
A transformer is an electrical device that transfers electrical energy between two or more
circuits through electromagnetic induction. Electromagnetic induction produces an
electromotive force across a conductor which is exposed to time varying magnetic fields. A
varying current in the transformer's primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the
transformer core and a varying magnetic field impinging on the transformer's secondary
winding. This varying magnetic field at the secondary winding induces a varying electromotive
force (EMF) or voltage in the secondary winding due to electromagnetic induction.
Commonly, transformers are used to increase or decrease the voltages of alternating

current in electric power applications, Therefore transformer are of two types i.e. step up and
step down transformer respectively.
On a step-up transformer there are more turns on the secondary coil than the primary coil.
The induced voltage across the secondary coil is greater than the applied voltage across the
primary coil or in other words the voltage has been “stepped-up”.
Fig.3.1 Step up transformer
A step down transformer has less turns on the secondary coil that the primary coil. The
induced voltage across the secondary coil is less than the applied voltage across the primary
coil or in other words the voltage is “stepped-down”.
Fig.3.2 Step down transformer
Fig.3.3 Both Step down/up transformer
In our design 12 volt 500ma step down transformer have been used to provide 12v for
ULN2003A and relay. Further regulator is used to obtain 5v DC for microcontroller, LCD and
sensors, 6v DC for relay and 3v DC for the Wi-Fi module.
Fig.3.4 View of transformer
3.1.2 DIODE
A diode is an electrical device allowing current to move through it in one direction with far
greater ease than in the other. Moreover, a diode is a simple electrical device that allows the
flow of current only in one direction. So it can be said to act somewhat like a switch. A specific
arrangement of diodes can convert AC to pulsating DC, hence it is sometimes also called as a
rectifier. It is derived from "di-ode" which means a device having two electrodes i.e. cathode
and anode. The symbol of diode is as shown in figure below:-
Fig.3.5 Diode orientation and symbol
The symbol of P-N junction diode is shown below:-
Fig.3.6 Various representation of P-N junction diode

Diodes are used in various applications like rectification, clipper, clamper, voltage multiplier,
comparator, sampling gates and filters etc.
In our design diode is used for the purpose of rectification and protection of MCU. The
rectification means converting AC voltage into DC voltage. The common rectification circuits
are half wave rectifier (HWR), Full wave rectifier (FWR) and bridge wave rectifier and each
have own merits and demerits.
1. Half wave rectifier(HWR)

The half wave rectifier is a type of rectifier that rectifies only half cycle of the
waveform. A simple Half Wave Rectifier is nothing more than a single p-n junction
diode connected in series to the load resistor. The half rectifier consist a step down
transformer, a diode connected to the transformer and a load resistance connected to
the cathode end of the diode. The circuit diagram of half wave transformer is shown
below:
Fig.3.7 Half wave rectifier

2. Full wave rectifier(FWR)
The rectifier that converts alternating current into continuous direct current and that
utilizes both halves of each cycle of the alternating current. Moreover, Full wave
rectifier rectifies the full cycle in the waveform i.e. it rectifies both the positive and
negative cycles in the waveform. This Full wave rectifier has an advantage over the half
wave i.e. it has average output higher than that of half wave rectifier. The number of
AC components in the output is less than that of the input. It is of two types
A. Full wave centered tapped rectifier
B. Full wave bridge rectifier
A. Full wave centered tapped rectifier
A center tapped rectifier is a type of full wave rectifier that uses two diodes
connected to the secondary windings of a centered tapped transformer. The input
voltage is coupled through the transformer to the center tap and each of the
secondary winding
Fig. 3.8 Full wave centered tapped rectifier
Fig.3.9 Full wave center tapped rectifier with wave forms

3. Full wave Bridge rectifier
A bridge rectifier is an arrangement of four or more diodes in a bridge circuit
configuration which provides the same output polarity for either input polarity. It is
used for converting an alternating current (AC) input into a direct current (DC) output.
A bridge rectifier provides full-wave rectification from a two-wire AC input, therefore
resulting in lower weight and cost when compared to a rectifier with a 3-wire input
from a transformer with a center-tapped secondary winding.
Bridge rectifier circuit converts the entire AC signal into DC. So in our design, we have
used full-wave bridge rectifier.
Fig.3.10 Full Wave Bridge rectifier circuit
Fig.3.11 Full Wave Bridge rectifier with waveforms

The 1N4001-1N4007 series (or 1N4000 series) is a family of popular 1.0A (ampere)
general purpose silicon rectifier diodes commonly used in AC adapters for common
household appliances. Blocking voltage varies from 50 to 1000 volts. This diode is
made in an axial-lead DO-41 plastic package.
Fig.3.12 1N4007 Diode
3.1.3 CAPACITOR
A capacitor is a passive electronic component that stores energy in the form of an
electrostatic field. The forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at
least two electrical conductors (plates) separated by a dielectric (i.e. an insulator
that can store energy by becoming polarized. Capacitors are widely used as parts of
electrical circuits in many common electrical devices.
When there is a potential difference across the conductors (e.g., when a
capacitor is attached across a battery), an electric field develops across the
dielectric, causing positive charge +Q to collect on one plate and negative charge
−Q to collect on the other plate. Energy is stored electro statically in an electric
field. An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant value, its capacitance.
Capacitance is defined as the ratio of the electric charge Q on each conductor to the
potential difference V between them. The SI unit of capacitance is the farad (F),
which is equal to one coulomb per volt (1 C/V).
Capacitors are widely used in electronic circuits for blocking direct current
(DC) while allowing alternating current (AC) to pass. In analog filter networks, they
smooth the output of power supplies. In resonant circuits they tune radios to
particular frequencies. In electric power transmission systems, they stabilize
voltage and power flow.
Units of Capacitance
Microfarad (µF) = 1 µF = 1/1,000,000 = 0.000001 = 10-6 F
Nanofarad (nF) = 1 nF = 1/1,000,000,000 = 0.000000001 = 10-9F
Picofarad (pF) = 1 pF = 1/1,000,000,000,000 = 0.000000000001 = 10-12F
In our design we have used ceramic and electrolytic capacitors.
A ceramic capacitor is a fixed value capacitor in which ceramic material acts as the dielectric.
It is constructed of two or more alternating layers of ceramic and a metal layer acting as the
electrodes. The composition of the ceramic material defines the electrical behavior and
therefore applications of the capacitors.
Fig.3.13 Ceramic capacitors
An electrolytic capacitor is a type of capacitor that uses an electrolyte to achieve a

larger capacitance than other capacitor types. An electrolyte is a liquid or gel containing
a high concentration of ions. Almost all electrolytic capacitors are polarized, which
means that the voltage on the positive terminal must always be greater than the voltage
on the negative terminal. Moreover, an electrolytic capacitor is a capacitor that uses
an electrolyte (an ionic conducting liquid) as one of its plates to achieve a larger
capacitance per unit volume than other types, but with performance disadvantages. All
capacitors conduct alternating current (AC) and block direct current (DC) and can be
used, amongst other applications, to couple circuit blocks allowing AC signals to be
transferred while blocking DC power, to store energy, and to filter signals according to
their frequency. Most electrolytic capacitors are polarized; hence, they can only be
operated with a lower voltage on the terminal marked "-" without damaging the
capacitor. This generally limits electrolytic capacitors to supply-decoupling and bias-
decoupling, since signal coupling usually involves both positive and negative voltages
across the capacitor. The large capacitance of electrolytic capacitors makes them
particularly suitable for passing or bypassing low-frequency signals and storing large
amounts of energy. They are widely used in power supplies and for decoupling
unwanted AC components from DC power connections.
Fig.3.14 Electrolytic capacitor
3.1.4 Voltage Regulator IC 7833, 7805, 7806, 7812

The 78xx (sometimes L78xx, LM78xx, MC78xx...) is a family of self-contained
fixed linear voltage regulator integrated circuits. The 78xx family is commonly used
in electronic circuits requiring a regulated power supply due to their ease-of-use and
low cost.
78xx ICs have three terminals and are commonly found in the TO220 form
factor, although smaller surface-mount and larger TO3 packages are available.
These devices support an input voltage anywhere from a few volts over the intended
output voltage, up to a maximum of 35 to 40 volts depending on the make, and
typically provide 1 or 1.5 amperes of current (though smaller or larger packages
may have a lower or higher current rating).
Fig.3.15 78xx IC configuration

1. LM 7833 IC
Fig.3.16 LM 7833 IC
Table No. 3.1 7833 Pin Description
Pin No. Function Name

1 Input Voltage (3.3-18 V) Input
2 Ground (0 V) Ground
3 Regulated Output: 3.3V(3.1V- Output

3.5V
In our design we have used LM 7833 IC for power supply of 3.3V in Wi-Fi module. It has
output current of 1A. It has many features like, Thermal overload shutdown protection, Short
circuit current limiting, Output transistor SOA (service oriented architecture) protection and
RoHS (Restriction of the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances) Compliance.
2. LM 7805 IC
Fig.3.16LM7805IC
Table No. 3.2 LM7805 Pin Description
1 Input Voltage (5V-18 V) Input

3 Regulated Output: 5V(4.8V-5.2V Output
In our design LM 7805 IC is used in power supply for microcontroller unit, reset circuit and
LM 35 analog temperature sensor etc. This is most common voltage regulator that is still used
in embedded designs. With proper heat sink these LM 78xx types can handle even more than
1A current. They also have thermal overload protection, short circuit protection.
3. LM 7806 IC
Fig.3.17 LM 7806 IC

3 Regulated Output: 6V(5.75V- Output
6.25V
In our design LM 7806 IC have been used for regulated power supply in relay of 6V.
4. LM 7812 IC
Fig.3.18 LM7812 IC

3 Regulated Output: 12V(11.5V- Output
12.5V
In our design LM7812 IC have been used for regulated power supply in ULN2003A IC and
Relay of 12V etc.
3.1.5 LED
A light–emitting diode (LED) is semiconductor devices that produce visible light
when an electrical current passed through it. Moreover, a light-emitting diode
(LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source. It is a p–n junction diode, which
emits light when activated. When a suitable voltage is applied to the leads, electrons
are able to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the
form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence, and the color of the light
(corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy band gap
of the semiconductor.
An LED is often small in area (less than 1 mm2) and integrated optical
components may be used to shape its radiation pattern. The light is not particularly
bright, but in most LEDs it is monochromatic, occurring at a single wavelength.
The output from an LED can range from red (at a wavelength of approximately 700
nanometers) to blue violet (about 400 nanometers). Some LEDs emit infrared (IR)
energy (830 nm or longer); such a device is known as an infrared-emitting diode
(IRED).
The structure of the LED is completely different than that of the light bulb.
Amazingly, the LED has a simple and strong structure. The beauty of the structure
is that it is designed to be versatile, allowing for assembly into many different
shapes. The light-emitting semiconductor material is what determines the LEDs
color. LEDs have many advantages over incandescent light sources including lower
energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved physical robustness, smaller size,
and faster switching. Light-emitting diodes are now used in applications as diverse
as aviation lighting, automotive headlamps, advertising, general lighting, traffic
signals, and camera flashes and lighted wallpaper.
In our design LEDs are used in circuit for different purposes like mode of operation,
and status of operation and notification and signaling purposes.
Benefits of LEDs and IREDs, compared with incandescent and fluorescent
illuminating devices, include:
 Low power requirement: Most types can be operated with battery power
supplies.
 High efficiency: Most of the power supplied to an LED or IRED is converted
into radiation in the desired form, with minimal heat production.
 Long life: When properly installed, an LED or IRED can function for decades.
 Typical applications include:
 Indicator lights: These can be two-state (i.e., on/off), bar-graph, or alphabetic-
numeric readouts.
 LCD panel backlighting: Specialized white LEDs are used in flat-panel
computer displays.
 Fiber optic data transmission: Ease of modulation allows wide
communications bandwidth with minimal noise, resulting in high speed and
accuracy.
 Remote control: Most home-entertainment "remotes" use IREDs to transmit
data to the main unit.
 Optoisolator: Stages in an electronic system can be connected together without
unwanted interaction.
Fig.3.19 LED orientation and parts

3.1.6 Resistor
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical
resistance as a circuit element. A resistor is an electrical component that limits or
regulates the flow of electrical current in an electronic circuit. Resistors can also be
used to provide a specific voltage for an active device such as a transistor. All other
factors being equal, in a direct-current (DC) circuit, the current through a resistor is
inversely proportional to its resistance, and directly proportional to the voltage
across it. This is the well-known Ohm's Law. In alternating-current (AC) circuits,
this rule also applies as long as the resistor does not contain inductance or
capacitance. Resistors act to reduce current flow, and, at the same time, act to lower
voltage levels within circuits. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to limit
current flow, to adjust signal levels, bias active elements, and terminate
transmission lines among other uses. High-power resistors, that can dissipate many
watts of electrical power as heat, may be used as part of motor controls, in power
distribution systems, or as test loads for generators. Fixed resistors have resistances
that only change slightly with temperature, time or operating voltage. Variable
resistors can be used to adjust circuit elements (such as a volume control or a lamp
dimmer), or as sensing devices for heat, light, humidity, force, or chemical activity.
Symbol Images
Fig.3.20 Resistor symbol and images
Carbon-composition and carbon film resistors are too small to have the resistance value
printed on their housings. Therefore, bands of color are used to represent the resistance value.
Fig.3.21 Resistor color coding
The first and second band represent the numerical value of the resistor, and the color of
the third band specify the power-of-ten multiplier. The color bands are always read from left
to right starting with the side that has a band closer to the edge.
For carbon-composition and carbon film resistors, the common tolerances are 5%, 10%,
and 20%, indicating that the actual value of the resistor can vary from the nominal value by
±5%, ±10% and ±20%. If the band is gold, it specifies a 5% tolerance; silver specifies a 10%
tolerance; if no band is present, the tolerance is 20%.
Table No. 3.5 Resistance color coding
Color First-band Second-band Third-band Fourth-band

Digit Digit Multiplier Tolerance
Black 0 0 100 = 1
Brown 1 1 101 = 10 1%
Red 2 2 102 = 100 2%
Orange 3 3 103 = 1000 3%
Yellow 4 4 104 = 10000 4%
Green 5 5 105 = 100000 0.5%
Blue 6 6 106 = 1000000 0.25%
Violet 7 7 107 = 10000000 0.1%
Grey 8 8 108 = 100000000 0.05%
White 9 9 109 = 1000000000
Gold 10-1 = 0.1 5%
Silver 10-2 = 0.01 10%
None 20%
There are different types of resistors. Mainly resistors classified into two broad group i.e.
Linear and Non-linear resistors. Linear are also classified into two groups i.e. Fixed type and
variable type resistors. Carbon composition, thin film, thick film and wire wound are of fixed
type resistors whereas potentiometer, trimmer and wire wound are of variable type resistors.
However thermistor, LDR (Light Dependent Resistor), photo resistor and Varistor are of Non-
linear resistors.
Another special type of resistor is SIP resistor network. SIP means 'single in-line package',
so it is a pack of several resistors, often with one end common. The connections are a series of
pins like one side of a DIP (dual in-line package) as often seen in integrated circuits. The
resistors may be used for a variety of purposes, like bus terminators, resistor ladder networks,
pull-ups or pull-downs, but usually in microprocessor boards.
Fig.3.22 SIP resistor network

Fig.3.23 SIP 10K
A potentiometer is an adjustable resistor which consists of a wiper that slides across a resistive
strip to deliver an increase or decrease in resistance. The level of resistance will determine
output of current to the circuit. A potentiometer, informally a pot, is a three-terminal resistor
with a sliding or rotating contact that forms an adjustable voltage divider. If only two terminals
are used, one end and the wiper, it acts as a variable resistor or rheostat.
The measuring instrument called a potentiometer is essentially a voltage divider used for
measuring electric potential (voltage); the component is an implementation of the same
principle, hence its name.
Potentiometers are commonly used to control electrical devices such as volume controls on
audio equipment. Potentiometers operated by a mechanism can be used as position transducers,
for example, in a joystick. Potentiometers are rarely used to directly control significant power
(more than a watt), since the power dissipated in the potentiometer would be comparable to the
power in the controlled load.
In our design potentiometer is used in the interfacing of LCD with the microcontroller.
Fig.3.24 Variable resistor or POT symbol
Fig.3.25 Variable resistor or POT pin mapping
3.2 RF Remote controller

A RF remote controller is a component of an electronic device which uses radio
frequency (RF) signal to operate the various devices for which it is configured or other
home appliance, used to operate the device wirelessly from a short distance. Remote
control is a convenience feature for the consumer, and can allow operation of devices
that are out of convenient reach for direct operation of controls.
In our design RF remote controller is used for controlling the various devices in
indoor mode.
The RF remote controller composed of two modules i.e. one is RF transmitter module
and other is RF receiver module.
 RF transmitter module
An RF transmitter module is a small PCB sub-assembly capable of
transmitting a radio wave and modulating that wave to carry data.
Transmitter modules are usually implemented alongside a microcontroller
which will provide data to the module which can be transmitted. RF
transmitters are usually subject to regulatory requirements which dictate the
maximum allowable transmitter power output, harmonics, and band edge
requirements.
 RF receiver module
An RF receiver module receives the modulated RF signal, and demodulates
it. There are two types of RF receiver modules: super-heterodyne receivers
and super-regenerative receivers. Super-regenerative modules are usually
low cost and low power designs using a series of amplifiers to extract
modulated data from a carrier wave. Super-regenerative modules are
generally imprecise as their frequency of operation varies considerably with
temperature and power supply voltage. Super-heterodyne receivers have a
performance advantage over super-regenerative; they offer increased
accuracy and stability over a large voltage and temperature range. This
stability comes from a fixed crystal design which in turn leads to a
comparatively more expensive product.
3.2.1 Switches
The switches which has been used in RF remote controller are of SPST, which
means single pole single throw. SPST (single pole, single throw): A basic
on/off switch that turns a single circuit on or off. An SPST switch has two
terminals: one for the input and one for the output. More specifically, A Single
Pole Single Throw (SPST) switch is a switch that only has a single input and can
connect only to one output. This means it only has one input terminal and only
one output terminal. A Single Pole Single Throw switch serves in circuits as on-
off switches. When the switch is closed, the circuit is on. When the switch is
open, the circuit is off. SPST switches are, thus, very simple in nature.
Fig.3.26 Symbol of SPST switch Fig.3.27 Image of SPST switches
3.2.2 RF Encoder HT12E
The HT 12E Encoder ICs are series of CMOS LSIs for Remote Control system
applications. They are capable of Encoding 12 bit of information which consists
of N address bits and 12-N data bits. Each address/data input is externally trinary
programmable if bonded out.
HT12E is an encoder integrated circuit of 212 series of encoders. They are
paired with 212 series of decoders for use in remote control system applications.
It is mainly used in interfacing RF and infrared circuits. The chosen pair of
encoder/decoder should have same number of addresses and data format.
Simply put, HT12E converts the parallel inputs into serial output. It encodes
the 12 bit parallel data into serial for transmission through an RF transmitter.
These 12 bits are divided into 8 address bits and 4 data bits.
HT12E has a transmission enable pin which is active low. When a trigger
signal is received on TE pin, the programmed addresses/data are transmitted
together with the header bits via an RF or an infrared transmission medium.
HT12E begins a 4-word transmission cycle upon receipt of a transmission
enable. This cycle is repeated as long as TE is kept low. As soon as TE returns
to high, the encoder output completes its final cycle and then stops.
3.2.2.1 Pin Diagram
Fig.3.28 HT12E PIN Out

3.2.2.2 Pin Description
Table No. 3.6 Pin Description of HT12E Encoder IC
Pin Function Name

No
1 A0
2 A1
3 A2
4 A3
8 bit Address pins for input
5 A4
6 A5
7 A6
8 A7
9 Ground (0V) Ground
10 AD0
11 AD1
4 bit Data/Address pins for input
12 AD2
13 AD3
14 Transmission enable; active low TE
15 Oscillator input Osc2
16 Oscillator output Osc1
17 Serial data output Output
18 Supply voltage; 5V (2.4V-12V) Vcc
3.2.2.3 Block Diagram
Fig.3.29 Block Diagram of HT12E Encoder IC
 Features of RF Encoder HT12E IC
 18 PIN DIP
 Operating Voltage : 2.4V ~ 12V
 Low Power and High Noise Immunity CMOS Technology
 Low Standby Current and Minimum Transmission Word
 Built-in Oscillator needs only 5% Resistor
 Easy Interface with and RF or an Infrared transmission medium
 Minimal External Components
3.2.3 RF Transmitter Module
In our design HM-T REV: 3.0 have been used as RF Transmitter Module.
HM-T series FSK receiver module is specially designed for replacing those
applications that used ASK technology module already. It used together with
HM-R series FSK transmission module. Due to the benefits from FSK
technology, the module is robust to interference, and longer working distance
can be achieved. It modulates the frequency ranging from 315, 433, 858, and
915 MHz.
3.2.3.1 Pin Diagram
1 2 3 2 1
3
Fig.3.30 RF transmitter module HM-T
Table No. 3.7 HM-T Pin Description
1 Input Voltage VCC (2.5 V-5 V) Input VCC

2 Data out Data
3 Ground 0V GND
 Features:
 Highly integrated, small size

 High sensitivity, low power consumption
 FSK technology, suitable for replacing ask modules
 Less interference, longer working distance
 Can be used to replace ask module W/O the need of software change
 No tuning required during production
 Typical Application:
 Automobile Door Opener

 Garage Door Opener
 Anti-theft system
 Home Security
 Electrical Home Appliance Control
 wireless Toys
 Other wireless systems
3.2.4 Antenna
RF transmitter module i.e. HM-T has built in integrated antenna and has
connection for antenna if necessary and is optional in many cases. It is mainly
used increase the range of wireless connectivity.
3.3Master Board
The Master Board in our design is the heart circuit, it is the main board. It has various
interfacings of RF module and Wi-Fi module and consists of microcontroller unit,
display unit and sensor units.
3.3.1 ATmega32 Microcontroller
3.3.1.1 Description
The ATmega32 is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on the AVR
enhanced RISC architecture. By executing powerful instructions in a single clock
cycle, the ATmega32 achieves throughputs approaching 1 MIPS per MHz allowing
the system design to optimize power consumption versus processing speed. The
high-performance, low-power Atmel 8-bit AVR RISC-based microcontroller
combines 32KB of programmable flash memory, 2KB SRAM, 1KB EEPROM, an
8-channel 10-bit A/D converter, and a JTAG interface for on-chip debugging. The
device supports throughput of 16 MIPS at 16 MHz and operates between 4.5-5.5
volts.
By executing instructions in a single clock cycle, the device achieves throughputs
approaching 1 MIPS per MHz, balancing power consumption and processing speed.
 Features
 High-performance, Low-power AVR 8-bit Microcontroller
 Advanced RISC Architecture
- 131 Powerful Instructions – Most Single-clock Cycle Execution
- 32 × 8 General Purpose Working Registers
- Fully Static Operation
- Up to 16 MIPS Throughput at 16MHz
- On-chip 2-cycle Multiplier
 High Endurance Non-volatile Memory segments
- 32Kbytes of In-System Self-programmable Flash program memory
- 1024Bytes EEPROM
- 2Kbytes Internal SRAM
- Write/Erase Cycles: 10,000 Flash/100,000 EEPROM
- Data retention: 20 years at 85°C/100 years at 25°C
- Optional Boot Code Section with Independent Lock BitsIn-System
Programming by On-chip Boot Program True Read-While-Write Operation
- Programming Lock for Software Security
 JTAG (IEEE std. 1149.1 Compliant) Interface
- Boundary-scan Capabilities According to the JTAG Standard
- Extensive On-chip Debug Support
- Programming of Flash, EEPROM, Fuses, and Lock Bits through the JTAG
Interface
 Peripheral Features
- Two 8-bit Timer/Counters with Separate Prescalers and Compare Modes
- One 16-bit Timer/Counter with Separate Prescaler, Compare Mode, and
Capture Mode
- Real Time Counter with Separate Oscillator
- Four PWM Channels
- 8-channel, 10-bit ADC
8Single-ended Channels
7Differential Channels in TQFP Package Only
2 Channels with Programmable Gain at 1x, 10x, or 200x
- Byte-oriented Two-wire Serial Interface
- Programmable Serial USART
- Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface
- Programmable Watchdog Timer with Separate On-chip Oscillator
- On-chip Analog Comparator
 Special Microcontroller Features
- Power-on Reset and Programmable Brown-out Detection
- Internal Calibrated RC Oscillator
- External and Internal Interrupt Sources
- Six Sleep Modes: Idle, ADC Noise Reduction, Power-save, Power-down,
Standby and Extended Standby I/O and Packages
- 32 Programmable I/O Lines
- 40-pin PDIP, 44-lead TQFP, and 44-pad QFN/MLF
 Operating Voltages
- 4.5V - 5.5V for ATmega32
 Speed Grades
- 0 - 16MHz for ATmega32
 Power Consumption at 1MHz, 3V, 25°C
- Active: 1.1mA
- Idle Mode: 0.35mA
- Power-down Mode: < 1μA
3.3.1.2 PIN CONFIGURATION
Fig.3.31 ATmega32 Pin Configuration

3.3.1.3 BLOCK DIAGREAM
Fig.3.32 ATmega32 Block Diagram

3.3.1.4 PIN DESCRIPTION
VCC
Digital supply voltage, +5V
GND
Ground.
Port A (PA7…PA0)
Port A serves as the analog inputs to the A/D Converter. Port A also
serves as an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port, if the A/D Converter is not used. Port
pins can provide internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The Port A
output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and
source capability. When pins PA0 to PA7 are used as inputs and are externally
pulled low, they will source current if the internal pull-up resistors are activated.
The Port A pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the
clock is not running.
Port B (PB7...PB0)
Port B is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors
(selected for each bit). The Port B output buffers have symmetrical drive
characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port B pins
that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are
activated. The Port B pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active,
even if the clock is not running.
Port C (PC7...PC0)
Port C is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors
(selected for each bit). The Port C output buffers have symmetrical drive
characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port C pins
activated. The Port C pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active,
even if the clock is not running. If the JTAG interface is enabled, the pull-up
resistors on pins PC5 (TDI), PC3 (TMS) and PC2 (TCK) will be activated even
if a reset occurs. The TD0 pin is tri-stated unless TAP states that shift out data
are entered. Port C also serves the functions of the JTAG interfaces.
Port D (PD7…PD0)
Port D is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors
(selected for each bit). The Port D output buffers have symmetrical drive
characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port D pins
activated. The Port D pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active,
even if the clock is not running.
RESET
Reset Input. A low level on this pin for longer than the minimum pulse
length will generate a reset, even if the clock is not running. Shorter pulses are
not guaranteed to generate a reset.
XTAL1
Input to the inverting Oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock
operating circuit.
XTAL2
Output from the inverting Oscillator amplifier.
AVCC
AVCC is the supply voltage pin for Port A and the A/D Converter. It
should be externally connected to VCC, even if the ADC is not used. If the ADC
is used, it should be connected to VCC through a low-pass filter.
AREF
AREF is the analog reference pin for the A/D Converter.

3.3.1.5 ATmega32 Memories
This section describes the different memories in the ATmega32. The AVR
architecture has two main memory spaces, the Data Memory and the Program
Memory space. In addition, the ATmega32 features an EEPROM Memory for
data storage. All three memory spaces are linear and regular.
3.3.1.5.1 Flash Program Memory

The ATmega32 contains 32 Kbytes On-chip In-System Reprogrammable Flash
memory for program storage. Since all AVR instructions are 16 or 32 bits wide, the
Flash is organized as 16K ×16. For software security, the Flash Program memory
space is divided into two sections, Boot Program section and Application Program
section.
The Flash memory has an endurance of at least 10,000 write/erase cycles. The
ATmega32 Program Counter (PC) is 14 bits wide, thus addressing the 16K program
memory locations. The operation of Boot Program section and associated Boot Lock
bits for software protection.
3.3.1.5.2 SRAM Data Memory
The lower 2144 Data Memory locations address the Register File, the I/O Memory,
and the internal data SRAM. The first 96 locations address the Register File and I/O
Memory, and the next 2048 locations address the internal data SRAM.
The five different addressing modes for the data memory cover: Direct, Indirect with
Displacement, Indirect, Indirect with Pre-decrement, and Indirect with Post-
increment. In the Register File, registers R26 to R31 feature the indirect Addressing
Pointer Registers. The direct addressing reaches the entire data space.
The Indirect with Displacement mode reaches 63 address locations from the base
address given by the Y- or Z-register.
When using register indirect addressing modes with automatic pre-decrement and
post-increment, the address registers X, Y, and Z are decremented or incremented.
The 32 general purpose working registers, 64 I/O Registers, and the 2048 bytes of
internal data SRAM in the ATmega32 are all accessible through all these addressing
modes.
3.3.1.5.3 EEPROM Data Memory
The ATmega32 contains 1024 bytes of data EEPROM memory. It is
organized as a separate data space, in which single bytes can be read and
written. The EEPROM has an endurance of at least 100,000 write/erase
cycles. The access between the EEPROM and the CPU is described in the
following, specifying the EEPROM Address Registers, the EEPROM Data
register, and the EEPROM Control Register contains a detailed description
on EEPROM Programming in SPI, JTAG, or Parallel Programming mode.
3.3.1.5.4 EEPROM Read/Write Access

The EEPROM Access Registers are accessible in the I/O space. The write
access time for the EEPROM. A self-timing function, however, lets the user
software detect when the next byte can be written. If the user code contains
instructions that write the EEPROM, some precautions must be taken. In
heavily filtered power supplies, VCC is likely to rise or fall slowly on
Power-up/down. This causes the device for some period of time to run at a
voltage lower than specified as minimum for the clock frequency used for
details on how to avoid problems in these situations. In order to prevent
unintentional EEPROM writes, a specific write procedure must be followed.
Refer to the description of the EEPROM Control Register for details on this.
When the EEPROM is read, the CPU is halted for four clock cycles before
the next instruction is executed. When the EEPROM is written, the CPU is
halted for two clock cycles before the next instruction is executed.
3.3.1.5.5 EEPROM Write during Power-down Sleep Mode

When entering Power-down Sleep mode while an EEPROM write operation
is active, the EEPROM write operation will continue, and will complete
before the Write Access time has passed. However, when the write operation
is completed, the Oscillator continues running, and as a consequence, the
device does not enter Power-down entirely. It is therefore recommended to
verify that the EEPROM write operation is completed before entering
Power-down.
3.3.1.5.6 Preventing EEPROM Corruption
During periods of low VCC, the EEPROM data can be corrupted because
the supply voltage is too low for the CPU and the EEPROM to operate
properly. These issues are the same as for board level systems using
EEPROM, and the same design solutions should be applied. An EEPROM
data corruption can be caused by two situations when the voltage is too low.
First, a regular write sequence to the EEPROM requires a minimum voltage
to operate correctly. Secondly, the CPU itself can execute instructions
incorrectly, if the supply voltage is too low.
EEPROM data corruption can easily be avoided by following this

design recommendation: Keep the AVR RESET active (low) during periods
of insufficient power supply voltage. This can be done by enabling the
internal Brown-out Detector (BOD). If the detection level of the internal
BOD does not match the needed detection level, an external low VCC Reset
Protection circuit can be used. If a reset occurs while a write operation is in
progress, the write operation will be completed provided that the power
supply voltage is sufficient.
3.3.1.5.7 I/O Memory

The I/O space definition of the ATmega32. All ATmega32 I/Os and
peripherals are placed in the I/O space. The I/O locations are accessed by
the IN and OUT instructions, transferring data between the 32 general
purpose working registers and the I/O space. I/O Registers within the
address range $00 - $1F are directly bit accessible using the SBI and CBI
instructions. In these registers, the value of single bits can be checked by
using the SBIS and SBIC instructions. Refer to the Instruction Set section
for more details. When using the I/O specific commands IN and OUT, the
I/O addresses $00 - $3F must be used. When addressing I/O Registers as
data space using LD and ST instructions, $20 must be added to these
addresses. For compatibility with future devices, reserved bits should be
written to zero if accessed. Reserved I/O memory addresses should never be
written. Some of the Status Flags are cleared by writing a logical one to
them. Note that the CBI and SBI instructions will operate on all bits in the
I/O Register, writing a one back into any flag read asset, thus clearing the
flag. The CBI and SBI instructions work with registers $00 to $1F only. The
I/O and Peripherals Control Registers are explained in later sections.
3.3.1.6 Oscillator Characteristics
XTAL1 and XTAL2 are input and output, respectively, of an inverting amplifier
which can be configured for use as an On-chip Oscillator. Either a quartz crystal
or a ceramic resonator may be used. The CKOPT Fuse selects between two
different Oscillator amplifier modes. When CKOPT is programmed, the
Oscillator output will oscillate will a full rialto- rail swing on the output? This
mode is suitable when operating in a very noisy environment or when the output
from XTAL2 drives a second clock buffer. This mode has a wide frequency
range. When CKOPT is programmed, the Oscillator has a smaller output swing.
This reduces power consumption considerably. This mode has a limited
frequency range and it cannot be used to drive other clock buffers. For
resonators, the maximum frequency is 8MHz with CKOPT unprogrammed and
16 MHz with CKOPT programmed. C1 and C2 should always be equal for both
crystals and resonators. The optimal value of the capacitors depends on the
crystal or resonator in use, the amount of stray capacitance, and the
electromagnetic noise of the environment. Some initial guidelines for choosing
capacitors for use with crystals. For ceramic resonators, the capacitor values
given by the manufacturer should be used.
3.3.1.7 Reset Circuit
ATmega32 can be reset in two ways:
1. Power-on reset – which resets the ATmega32 when power is turned ON.
A power-on reset (PoR) generator is a microcontroller or microprocessor peripheral that

generates a reset signal when power is applied to the device. It ensures that the device starts
operating in a known state. A Power-on Reset (POR) pulse is generated by an On-chip detection
circuit. The POR is activated whenever VCC is below the detection level. The POR circuit can
be used to trigger the Start-up Reset, as well as to detect a failure in supply voltage. A Power-
on Reset (POR) circuit ensures that the device is reset from Power-on. Reaching the Power-on
Reset threshold voltage invokes the delay counter, which determines how long the device is
kept in RESET after VCC rise. The RESET signal is activated again, without any delay, when
VCC decreases below the detection level.
3. Manual reset – in which a reset happens only when a push button is pressed manually.
An External Reset is generated by a low level on the RESET pin. Reset pulses longer than the
minimum pulse width will generate a reset, even if the clock is not running.
Shorter pulses are not guaranteed to generate a reset. When the applied signal reaches the
Reset Threshold Voltage – VRST – on its positive edge, the delay counter starts the MCU after
the Time-out period TOUT has expired.
ATmega ATmega
10K 10K
ATmega32 MCU
Fig.3. Reset Circuit
3.3.2 Indoor mode
In our design for indoor mode it can be operated by RF remote or LAN network. It is
composed of RF remote controller and RF receiver module with Decoder and microcontroller
unit for its operation.
3.3.2.1 RF receiver Module
In our design HM-R REV: 3.0 have been used as RF Receiver Module.
HM-R series receiver module is specially designed for replacing those applications that used
ASK technology module already. It used together with HM-T/HM-TP series
FSK transmission module. Due to the benefits form FSK technology, the module is robust to
interference, and longer working range can be achieved. It demodulates the frequency ranging
from 315, 433, 858, and 915 MHz.
3.3.2.1.1 Pin Diagram

4 3 2 1
1 2 3 4
Fig.
3.3.2.2Pin Description
Table No. 3.7 HM-R Pin Description
1 Input Voltage VCC (2.5 V-5 V) Input VCC

2 Data In Data
4 Enable with short circuit to VCC Enable
FEATURES
1. Highly integrated, small size
2. High sensitivity, low power consumption
3. FSK technology, suitable for replacing ASK modules
4. Less interference, longer working range
5. Can be used to replace ASK module pair W/O software modification
6. No manual tuning required during production
 Typical Application:
4. Automobile Door Opener

5. Garage Door Opener
6. Anti-theft system
7. Home Security
8. Electrical Home Appliance Control
9. wireless Toys
10. Other wireless systems
3.3.2.2 RF Decoder
Overview
HT12D is a decoder integrated circuit that belongs to 212 series of decoders. This series
of decoders are mainly used for remote control system applications, like burglar alarm, car door
controller, security system etc. It is mainly provided to interface RF and infrared circuits. They
are paired with 212 series of encoders. The chosen pair of encoder/decoder should have same
number of addresses and data format.
General Description:
The 212 decoders are a series of CMOS LSIs for remote control system applications. They are
paired with Holteks 212 series of encoders (refer to the encoder/decoder cross reference table).
For proper operation, a pair of encoder/decoder with the same number of addresses and data
format should be chosen. The decoders receive serial addresses and data from a programmed
212 series of encoders that are transmitted by a carrier using an RF or an IR transmission
medium. They compare the serial input data three times continuously with their local addresses.
If no error or unmatched codes are found, the input data codes are
decoded and then transferred to the output pins. The VT pin also goes high to indicate a valid
transmission. The 212 series of decoders are capable of decoding information that consist of N
bits of address and 12_Nbits of data. Of this series, the HT12D is arranged to provide
8 address bits and 4 data bits, and HT12F is used to decode 12 bits of address information.
Features:
 Operating voltage: 2.4V~12V
 Low power and high noise immunity CMOS technology
 Low standby current
 Capable of decoding 12 bits of information
 Binary address setting
 Received codes are checked 3 times
 Address/Data number combination
 HT12D: 8 address bits and 4 data bits
 Built-in oscillator needs only 5% resistor
 Valid transmission indicator
 Easy interface with an RF or an infrared transmission medium
 Minimal external components
 Pair with Holteks 212 series of encoders
 18-pin DIP, 20-pin SOP package
Applications:
 Burglar alarm system
 Smoke and fire alarm system
 Garage door controllers
 Car door controllers
 Car alarm system
 Security system
 Cordless telephones
 Other remote control systems
Fig.3. Pin Diagram of HT12D

3.3.2.2.2 Pin Description
Table No. Pin Description HT12D
Pin No Function Name

1 A0
2 A1
3 A2
4 A3
8 bit Address pins for input
5 A4
6 A5
7 A6
8 A7
10 D0
11 D1
4 bit Data/Address pins for output
12 D2
13 D3
14 Serial data input Input
15 Oscillator output Osc2
16 Oscillator input Osc1
17 Valid transmission; active high VT
18 Supply voltage; 5V (2.4V-12V) Vcc
3.3.2.2.3 Block Diagram
3.3.2.3 Antenna
The antenna in our design for both transmitter and receiver has same use. RF
receiver module i.e. HM-R has built in integrated antenna and has connection for
antenna if necessary and is optional in many cases. It is mainly used to increase
the range of wireless connectivity.
3.3.3 Outdoor mode
In our design for outdoor operation which is main theme of our design and project too. The
accessing of various hardware devices from remote with internet is done in this mode. The
various interfacings are required to carried out this, which is Wi-Fi module interfacing with
MCU via MAX-232 IC and other internet connectivity is done through router by various
computer, network and internet protocols.
3.3.3.1 Wi-Fi Module ESP 8266
Description:
The ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module is a self-contained SOC with integrated TCP/IP protocol stack
that can give any microcontroller access to your Wi-Fi network. The ESP8266 is capable of
either hosting an application or offloading all Wi-Fi networking functions from another
application processor. Each ESP8266 module comes pre-programmed with an AT command
set firmware, and get about as much Wi-Fi-ability as a Wi-Fi Shield offers (and that’s just out
of the box)! The ESP8266 module is an extremely cost effective board with a huge, and ever
growing, community.
This module has a powerful enough on-board processing and storage capability that allows it
to be integrated with the sensors and other application specific devices through its GPIOs with
minimal development up-front and minimal loading during runtime. Its high degree of on-chip
integration allows for minimal external circuitry, including the front-end module, is designed
to occupy minimal PCB area. The ESP8266 supports APSD for VoIP applications and
Bluetooth co-existance interfaces, it contains a self-calibrated RF allowing it to work under all
operating conditions, and requires no external RF parts.
There is an almost limitless fountain of information available for the ESP8266, all of which
has been provided by amazing community support.
Features:
 802.11 b/g/n
 Integrated low power 32-bit MCU
 Integrated 10-bit ADC
 Integrated TCP/IP protocol stack
 Integrated TR switch, balun, LNA, power amplifier and matching network
 Integrated PLL, regulators, and power management units
 Supports antenna diversity
 Wi-Fi 2.4 GHz, support WPA/WPA2
 Support STA/AP/STA+AP operation modes
 Support Smart Link Function for both Android and IOS devices
 SDIO 2.0, (H) SPI, UART, I2C, I2S, IR Remote Control, PWM, GPIO
 STBC, 1x1 MIMO, 2x1 MIMO
 A-MPDU & A-MSDU aggregation & 0.4s guard interval
 Deep sleep power <10uA, Power down leakage current < 5uA
 Wake up and transmit packets in < 2ms
 Standby power consumption of < 1.0mW (DTIM3)
 +20 dBm output power in 802.11b mode
 Operating temperature range -40C ~ 125C
 FCC, CE, TELEC, WiFi Alliance, and SRRC certified
Fig.3. Images of Wi-Fi Module ESP8266
3.3.3.1.1 PIN DIAGRAM
Fig.3. Pin Diagram of ESP8266

Name Type Function Pin No.

UTXD I/O UART Transmit Data 1
GND P Ground 2
CH_PD I Chip Power Down 3
GPIO2 I/O UART Tx during flash programming; 4
GPIO2
RST I Reset 5
GPIO0 I GPIO0; SPI_CS2 6
VCC P Input Supply Voltage(3.3V) 7
URXD I/O UART Receive Data 8
3.3.3.2 MAX232
The MAX232 IC is used to convert the TTL/CMOS logic levels to RS232 logic levels
during serial communication of microcontrollers with PC. The controller operates at TTL logic
level (0-5V) whereas the serial communication in PC works on RS232 standards (-25 V to +
25V). This makes it difficult to establish a direct link between them to communicate with each
other.
The intermediate link is provided through MAX232. It is a dual driver/receiver that

includes a capacitive voltage generator to supply RS232 voltage levels from a single 5V supply.
Each receiver converts RS232 inputs to 5V TTL/CMOS levels. These receivers (R1 & R2) can
accept ±30V inputs. The drivers (T1 & T2), also called transmitters, convert the TTL/CMOS
input level into RS232 level.
The transmitters take input from controller’s serial transmission pin and send the output to
RS232’s receiver. The receivers, on the other hand, take input from transmission pin of RS232
serial port and give serial output to microcontroller’s receiver pin. MAX232 needs four external
capacitors whose value ranges from 1µF to 22µF.
Fig. 3. MAX232 Pin out
Fig.3. Pin Diagram of Max232

Table No.3. Pin Description of MAX232

3.3.4 Crystal Oscillator
A crystal oscillator is an electronic circuit or electronic device that is used to generate

periodically oscillating electronic signal is called as an electronic oscillator. The electronic
signal produced by an oscillator is typically a sine wave or square wave. An electronic oscillator
converts the direct current signal into an alternating current signal. The radio and television
transmitters are broadcasted using the signals generated by oscillators. The electronic beep
sounds and video game sounds are generated by the oscillator signals. These oscillators
generate signals using the principle of oscillation.
There are different types of oscillator electronic circuits such as Linear oscillators – Hartley
oscillator, Phase-shift oscillator, Armstrong oscillator, Clapp oscillator, Colpitts oscillator, and
so on, Relaxation oscillators – Royer oscillator, Ring oscillator, Multivibrator, and so on, and
Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO). In this article, let us discuss in detail about Crystal
oscillator like what is crystal oscillator, crystal oscillator circuit, working, and use of crystal
oscillator in electronic circuits.
A crystal oscillator is an electronic oscillator circuit that uses the mechanical resonance of a
vibrating crystal of piezoelectric material to create an electrical signal with a precise frequency.
This frequency is commonly used to keep track of time, as in quartz wristwatches, to provide
a stable clock signal for digital integrated circuits, and to stabilize frequencies for radio
transmitters and receivers. The most common type of piezoelectric resonator used is the quartz
crystal, so oscillator circuits incorporating them became known as crystal oscillators, but other
piezoelectric materials including polycrystalline ceramics are used in similar circuits.
Quartz crystals are manufactured for frequencies from a few tens of kilohertz to hundreds of
megahertz. More than two billion crystals are manufactured annually. Most are used for
consumer devices such as wristwatches, clocks, radios, computers, and cellphones. Quartz
crystals are also found inside test and measurement equipment, such as counters, signal
generators, and oscilloscopes.
In our design we have used 16MHz crystal oscillator for microcontroller.
Symbol Image
Fig. 3. Crystal oscillator

3.3.5 Transistor BC547, BC548
A transistor is a device that regulates current or voltage flow and acts as a switch or gate
for electronic signals. Transistors consist of three layers of a semiconductor material, each
capable of carrying a current.
The transistor was invented by three scientists at the Bell Laboratories in 1947, and
it rapidly replaced the vacuum tube as an electronic signal regulator. A transistor regulates
current or voltage flow and acts as a switch or gate for electronic signals. A transistor consists
of three layers of a semiconductor material, each capable of carrying a current. A
semiconductor is a material such as germanium and silicon that conducts electricity in a "semi-
enthusiastic" way. It's somewhere between a real conductor such as copper and an insulator
(like the plastic wrapped around wires).
The semiconductor material is given special properties by a chemical process called

doping. The doping results in a material that either adds extra electrons to the material (which
is then called N-type for the extra negative charge carriers) or creates "holes" in the material's
crystal structure (which is then called P-type because it results in more positive charge carriers).
The transistor's three-layer structure contains an N-type semiconductor layer sandwiched
between P-type layers (a PNP configuration) or a P-type layer between N-type layers (an NPN
configuration).A small change in the current or voltage at the inner semiconductor layer (which
acts as the control electrode) produces a large, rapid change in the current passing through the
entire component. The component can thus act as a switch, opening and closing an electronic
gate many times per second. Today's computers use circuitry made with complementary metal
oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology. CMOS uses two complementary transistors per gate
(one with N-type material; the other with P-type material). When one transistor is maintaining
a logic state, it requires almost no power.
The most common type of transistor is called bipolar and these are divided into NPN and
PNP types. Their construction-material is most commonly silicon (their marking has the letter
B) or germanium (their marking has the letter A).
Image
Symbol
Fig.3. Transistor images and orientation
3.3.6 LCD
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and find a wide
range of applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very commonly used
in various devices and circuits. These modules are preferred over seven segments and other
multi segment LEDs. The reasons being: LCDs are economical; easily programmable; have no
limitation of displaying special & even custom characters (unlike in seven segments),
animations and so on.
A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines. In this LCD
each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has two registers, namely, Command
and Data.
The command register stores the command instructions given to the LCD. A command is an
instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task like initializing it, clearing its screen, setting
the cursor position, controlling display etc. The data register stores the data to be displayed on
the LCD. The data is the ASCII value of the character to be displayed on the LCD. Click to
learn more about internal structure of a LCD.
Fig. LCD 16x2 Front View

3.3.6.1 Pin Diagram
Table No. Pin Description of LCD 16x2
Pin
Function Name
No
1 Ground (0V) VSS
2 Supply voltage; 5V (4.7V – 5.3V) VDD
3 Contrast adjustment; through a variable resistor VEE
4 Selects command register when low; and data register when Register
high Select(RS)
5 Low to write to the register; High to read from the register Read/write(R/W)
6 Sends data to data pins when a high to low pulse is given Enable(EN)
7 D0
8 D1
9 D2
10 D3
8-bit data pins
11 D4
12 D5
13 D6
14 D7
15 Backlight VCC (5V) Led+
16 Backlight Ground (0V) Led-
The voltage VDD and VSS are provided by +5V and ground respectively while VEE is used
for controlling LCD contrast.
RS (register select)
There are two important registers inside the LCD. The RS pin is used for their selection
as follows. If RS=0, the instruction command code register is selected, then allowing to user to
send a command such as clear display, cursor at home etc. if RS=1, the data register is selected,
allowing the user to send data to be displayed on the LCD.
R/W (read/write)
The R/W (read/write) input allowing the user to write information from it.
R/W = 1, when it read and R/W = 0, when it writing.
EN (enable)
The enable pin is used by the LCD to latch information presented to its data pins. When
data is supplied to data pins, a high power, a high-to –low pulse must be applied to this pin in
order, for the LCD to latch in the data presented at the data pins.
D0-D7 (data lines)
The 8-bit data pins, D0-D7, are used to send information to the LCD or read the contents
of the LCD internal registers. To displays the letters and numbers, we send ASCII codes for
the letters A-Z, a-z, and numbers 0-9 to these pins while making RS = 1. There are also
command codes that can be sent to clear the display or force the cursor to the home position or
blink the cursor. We also use RS = 0 to check the busy flag bit to see if the LCD is ready to
receive the information. The busy flag is D7 and can be read when R/W = 1 and RS = 0, as
follows:
If R/W =1 and RS =0, when D7 =1(busy flag =1), the LCD is busy taking care of internal
operations and will not accept any information. When D7 =0, the LCD is ready to receive new
information.
3.3.6.3 Data/Signal Execution of LCD
LCD accepts two types of signals, one is data, and another is control. These signals are
recognized by the LCD module from status of the RS pin. Now data can be read also from the
LCD display, by pulling the R/W pin high. As soon as the E pin is pulsed, LCD display reads
data at the falling edge of the pulse and executes it, same for the case of transmission.
LCD display takes a time of 39-43 µS to place a character or execute a command. Except for
clearing display and to seek cursor to home position it takes 1.53ms to 1.64ms. Any attempt to
send any data before this interval may lead to failure to read data or execution of the current
data in some devices. Some devices compensate the speed by storing the incoming data to some
temporary registers.
LCD displays have two RAMs, naming DDRAM and CGRAM. DDRAM registers in which
position which character in the ASCII chart would be displayed. Each byte of DDRAM
represents each unique position on the LCD display. The LCD controller reads the information
from the DDRAM and displays it on the LCD screen. CGRAM allows user to define their
custom characters. For that purpose, address space for first 16 ASCII characters are reserved
for users. After CGRAM has been setup to display characters, user can easily display their
custom characters on the LCD screen.
Fig.3. Block diagram of LCD display
Table No. 3. Codes Command to LCD instruction
No. Instruction Hex Decimal
1 Function Set: 8-bit, 1 Line, 5x7 Dots 0x30 48
5 Entry Mode 0x06 6
Display off Cursor off

6 0x08 8
(clearing display without clearing DDRAM content)
7 Display on Cursor on 0x0E 14
8 Display on Cursor off 0x0C 12
9 Display on Cursor blinking 0x0F 15
10 Shift entire display left 0x18 24
11 Shift entire display right 0x1C 30
12 Move cursor left by one character 0x10 16
13 Move cursor right by one character 0x14 20
14 Clear Display (also clear DDRAM content) 0x01 1
15 Set DDRAM address or cursor position on display 0x80 + address* 128 + address*
Set CGRAM address or set pointer to CGRAM

16 0x40 + address** 64 + address**
location
* DDRAM address given in LCD basics section see Figure 2,3,4

** CGRAM address from 0x00 to 0x3F, 0x00 to 0x07 for char1 and so on.
3.3.6.4 Interfacing of LCD in 8-bit and 4-bit modes
There is two modes of data transfer are supported by LCD displays. One is 4 bit mode,
another is 8 bit mode. To transfer data in 8 bit mode, first put your data in the 8 bit bus, then
put command bus and then pulse the enable signal.
To send data in 4 bit mode; first put upper 4 bit data bus connected to 4MSB pins of LCD
displays, then put control signals in the control bus, then pulse the E pin once. Next put the
lower 4 bit in the data bus and pulse the E pin again. Here is a flowchart simply describing it.
Character to send
Character to send
APut Upper 4 bit of
Data in 4 bit Data Bus
APut Data in 8 bit Data
Bus
APut Command in 2 bit
Command bus
APut Command in 2 bit

Pulse the E pin once
Command bus
Pulse the E pin once Put Lower 4 bit of
and wait Data in 4 bit Data bus
A Pulse the E pin once

Character Sent
and wait
Interfacing in 8 bit mode

A Character Sent
Interfacing in 4 bit mode
Fig. 3. Flowchart of interfacing LCD display
3.3.6.5 LCD Initialization
Before displaying characters on the LCD display, it must be configured first. To configure an
LCD display, four command words must be sent to LCD in either 4 bit mode, or in 8 bit mode.
The commands are:
10.2.1.1 Function set

10.2.1.2 Display On/Off control
10.2.1.3 Entry mode set
10.2.1.4 Display Clear
Fig. 3. LCD initialization Flowchart
3.3.7 Analog Temperature Sensor LM35
General Description
The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature sensors, whose output voltage is
linearly proportional to the Celsius (Centigrade) temperature. The LM35 thus has an advantage
over linear temperature sensors calibrated in ° Kelvin, as the user is not required to subtract a
large constant voltage from its output to obtain convenient Centigrade scaling. The LM35 does
not require any external calibration or trimming to provide typical accuracies of ±1⁄4°C
at room temperature and ±3⁄4°C over a full −55 to +150°C temperature range. Low cost is
assured by trimming and calibration at the wafer level. The LM35’s low output impedance,
linear output, and precise inherent calibration make interfacing to readout or control circuitry
especially easy. It can be used with single power supplies, or with plus and minus supplies.
LM35 is a precision IC temperature sensor with its output proportional to the temperature (in
oC). The sensor circuitry is sealed and therefore it is not subjected to oxidation and other
processes. With LM35, temperature can be measured more accurately than with a thermistor. It
also possess low self-heating and does not cause more than 0.1 oC temperature rise in still air.
The operating temperature range is from -55°C to 150°C. The output voltage varies by 10mV
in response to every oC rise/fall in ambient temperature, i.e., its scale factor is 0.01V/ oC.
Features
 Calibrated directly in ° Celsius (Centigrade)
 Linear + 10.0 mV/°C scale factor
 0.5°C accuracy guarantee able (at +25°C)
 Rated for full −55° to +150°C range
 Suitable for remote applications
 Low cost due to wafer-level trimming
 Operates from 4 to 30 volts
 Less than 60 μA current drain
 Low self-heating, 0.08°C in still air
 Nonlinearity only ±1⁄4°C typical
 Low impedance output, 0.1Ωfor 1 mA load
3.3.7.1 Pin Diagram
Symbol Image
Fig.3. Pin Diagram of LM 35


1 Supply voltage; 5V (+35V to -2V) Vcc
2 Output voltage (+6V to -1V) Output
3.3.9 Relay
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to mechanically

operate a switch, but other operating principles are also used, such as solid-state relays. Relays
are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal (with complete
electrical isolation between control and controlled circuits), or where several circuits must be
controlled by one signal. The first relays were used in long distance telegraph circuits as
amplifiers: they repeated the signal coming in from one circuit and re-transmitted it on another
circuit. Relays were used extensively in telephone exchanges and early computers to perform
logical operations.
A simple electromagnetic relay consists of a coil of wire wrapped around a soft iron core
to form an electromagnet. When an electric current is passed through the coil it generates a
magnetic field that activates the armature, and the consequent movement of the movable
contact(s) either makes or breaks (depending upon construction) a connection with a fixed
contact. If the set of contacts was closed when the relay was de-energized, then the movement
opens the contacts and breaks the connection, and vice versa if the contacts were open.
The electromagnetic relay consists of a multi-turn coil, wound on an iron core, to form an
electromagnet. When the coil is energized, by passing current through it, the core becomes
temporarily magnetized. The magnetized core attracts the iron armature. The armature is
pivoted which causes it to operate one or more sets of contacts. When the coil is de-energized
the armature and contacts can switch high powers such as the mains supply. The relay can also
be situated remotely from the control source. Relays can damage other components in the
circuit. To prevent this diode is connected across the coil. The relay’s switch connections are
usually labeled COM (POLE), NC and NO.
 COM/POLE: Common, NC and NO always connect to this; it is the moving

part of the switch.
 NC (Normally closed);
COM/POLE is connected to this when the relay coil is not magnetized.
 NO (Normally Open);
COM/POLE is connected to this when the relay coil is magnetized and vice
versa.
There are 5 pins in a relay. Two pins A and B are two ends of a coil that are kept inside the
relay. The coil is wound on a small rod that gets magnetized whenever current passes through
it.COM/POLE is always connected to NC (Normally connected) pin. As current is passed
through the coil A, B, the pole gets connected to NO (Normally open) pin of the relay.
Fig. 3. Five Pin SPDT relay
3.3.10 ULN2003A
The ULx200xA devices are high-voltage, high-current Darlington transistor arrays. Each
consists of seven .NPN Darlington pairs that feature high-voltage outputs with common-
cathode clamp diodes for Simplified Block Diagram switching inductive loads. The collector-
current rating of a single Darlington pair is 500 mA. The Darlington pairs can be paralleled for
higher current capability. Applications include relay drivers, hammer drivers, lamp drivers,
display drivers (LED and gas discharge), line drivers, and logic buffers. For 100-V (otherwise
interchangeable) versions of the ULx2003A devices. The ULN2002A device is designed
specifically for use with 14-V to 25-V PMOS devices. Each input of this device has a Zener
diode and resistor in series to control the input current to a safe limit. The ULx2003A devices
have a 2.7-kΩ series base resistor for each Darlington pair for operation directly with
TTL or 5-V CMOS devices.
The four versions interface to all common logic families.
 ULN2001A General Purpose, DTL, TTL, PMOS, CMOS

 ULN2002A 14-25V PMOS
 ULN2003A 5V TTL, CMOS
 ULN2004A 6-15V CMOS, PMOS
These versatile devices are useful for driving a wide range of loads including
solenoids, relays DC motors; LED displays filament lamps, thermal print
heads and high power buffers. The ULN2001A/2002A/2003A and 2004A
are supplied in 16 pin plastic DIP packages with a copper lead frame to
reduce thermal resistance. They are available also in small outline package
(SO-16) as ULN2001D/2002D/2003D/2004D.
3.3.10.1 Pin Diagram
Image
Symbol

1 Input for 1st channel Input 1
2 Input for 2nd channel Input 2
3 Input for 3rd channel Input 3
4 Input for 4th channel Input 4
9 Common freewheeling diodes Common
10 Output for 7th channel Output 7
14 Output for 3rd channel Output 3
15 Output for 2nd channel Output 2
16 Output for 1st channel Output 1
# Features
 Seven Darlington per package

 Output current 500ma per driver (600ma peak)
 Output voltage 50V
 Integrated suppression diodes for inductive loads
 Outputs can be paralleled for higher current
 CMOS/PMOS?DTL compatible inputs
 Inputs pinned opposite outputs to simplify layout
# Applications
 Relay Drivers PART NUMBER PACKAGE BODY SIZE (NOM)
 Stepper and DC Brushed Motor Drivers ULx200xD SOIC (16) 9.90 mm × 3.91 mm
 Lamp Drivers ULx200xN PDIP (16) 19.30 mm × 6.35 mm
 Display Drivers (LED and Gas Discharge) ULN200xNS SOP (16) 10.30 mm × 5.30
mm
 Line Drivers ULN200xPW TSSOP (16) 5.00 mm × 4.40 mm
 Logic Buffers
3.3.11 Router
A router is a networking device that forwards data from one network to another. This include
residential routers that also use Network Address Translation. A router is a networking device
that forwards data packets between computer networks. Routers perform the "traffic directing"
functions on the Internet. A data packet is typically forwarded from one router to another
through the networks that constitute the internetwork until it reaches its destination node.
A router is connected to two or more data lines from different networks (as opposed to a
network switch, which connects data lines from one single network). When a data packet comes
in on one of the lines, the router reads the address information in the packet to determine its
ultimate destination. Then, using information in its routing table or routing policy, it directs the
packet to the next network on its journey. This creates an overlay internetwork.
Fig. 3. Router
3.3.12 Circuit Diagram

CHAPTER 4
SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION
4.1 Atmel Studio Compiler

Atmel Studio is the integrated development platform from Atmel®. It provides
a modern and powerful environment for doing AVR® and ARM development.
Get started by exploring the included example projects. Run your solution on a
starter or evaluation kit. Program and debug your project with the included
simulator, or use one of the powerful on-chip debugging and programming tools
from Atmel. Get productive with the various navigate, refactor and intelligence
features in the included editor. With strong extension possibilities it is possible
for both designers and 3rd party to provide plug-ins and customize the
environment for best use and productivity.
Brief about Atmel studio 7.0

Atmel Studio 7.0
 Updated to Visual Studio Isolated Shell 2015.
 Integration with Atmel Start.
 This tool will help you select and configure software components, drivers, and
middleware and example projects to tailor your embedded application in a usable and
optimized manner.
 New device support system, CMSIS Pack compliant.
 Data Visualizer, used for processing and visualizing data.
 Updated help system, improved context sensitive help.
 Atmel Software Framework version 3.27.3. ASF is an extensive software library of
software stacks and examples.
 A major upgrade of the Visual Assist extension to Atmel Studio that assists with
reading, writing, refactoring, navigating code fast.
 Import arduino Sketch projects into Atmel Studio.
 Support for Flip-compatible bootloaders in atprogram and programming dialogue. The
connected device appears as a tool.
 AVR8 GCC Toolchain 3.5.0 with upstream versions1:
4.1.1 Steps involved in the Atmel Studio Compiler

1. Open Atmel Studio from the start menu or from the desktop icon.
2. Click “New” and select “project” from file menu or directly from
Start by selecting New project.
3. select suitable executable project type
4. Make a new folder in any drive.
5. Then create a new file from the file menu and save it with the
same name of project using extension .c
6. Name the project as ABC and then click save.
7. Right clicks on the GCC Application, then click on add option
to add existing item or add library if any and then close.
4.1.2 How to Run the Program
1. After writing the code, click on file menu and select save.
2. Click on project menu and build solution or click F7.
3. In build window, it should report as “ 0 Error(s), 0 Warning(s)”.
4.2 Proteus
Proteus ISIS is the best simulation software in the world for various designs with electronics
& microcontroller. It is mainly popular because of availability of almost all microcontrollers
in it. So it is a handy tool to test programs and embedded designs for electronics hobbyist &
expert. You can simulate your programming of microcontroller in Proteus 8 Simulation
Software. After simulating your circuit using Proteus Software you can directly make PCB
design with it so it could be an all in one package for students and hobbyists. So I think now
you have a little bit idea about what is proteus software.
Proteus is software for microprocessor simulation, schematic capture, and printed circuit board
(PCB) design. It is developed by Lab center Electronics.
Proteus PCB design combines the ISIS schematic capture and ARES PCB layout programs to
provide a powerful, integrated and easy to use suite of tools professional PCB design. All
Proteus PCB design products include an integrated shape based auto router and a basic SPICE
simulation capability as standard. More advanced routing modes are included in Proteus PCB
Design Level 2 and higher whilst simulation capabilities can be enhanced by purchasing the
advanced simulation option and/or micro-controller simulation capabilities.
It is fast, accurate, and flexible. It is one to two orders of magnitude faster than comparable
simulators. Proteus provides a modular structure that simplifies customization and independent
replacement of parts of architecture. There are typically multiple implementation of each
module that provide different combinations of accuracy and performance. Finally, Proteus
provides repeatability, nonintrusive monitoring and debugging, and integrated graphical
output.
System Components
 ISIS Schematic Capture - a tool for entering designs.

 PROSPICE Mixed mode SPICE simulation - industry standard
SPICE3F5 simulator combined with a digital simulator.
 ARES PCB layout – PCB design system with automatic component placer,
rip-up and retry auto-router and interactive design rule checking.
 VSM – Virtual System Modeling lets co-simulate embedded software for
popular micro-controllers alongside hardware design.
 System Benefits – Integrated package with common user interface and fully
context sensitive help.
# USB ASP Programmer
USBasp is a USB in-circuit programmer for Atmel AVR controllers. It

simply consists of an ATMega88 or an ATMega8 and a couple of passive
components. The programmer uses a firmware-only USB driver, no special
USB controller is needed.
Features
 Works under multiple platforms. Linux, Mac OS X and Windows are tested.
 No special controllers or smd components are needed.
 Programming speed is up to 5kBytes/sec.
 SCK option to support targets with low clock speed (< 1,5MHz).
 Planned: serial interface to target (e.g. for debugging).
Fig.4. USB-ASP programmer
4.3.1 Sinaprog Hex Downloader
Sinaprog is a Hex downloader application with AVR Dude and Fuse Bit Calculator. This is
used to download code/program and to set fuse bits of all AVR based microcontrollers.
Fig4. Sinaprog hex downloader
CHAPTER 5
MOUNTING COMPONENTS
5.1 Soldering Iron

A soldering iron is a hand tool used in soldering. There are many soldering irons
available on the market. They come in a variety of sizes and shapes. Which
soldering iron to choose for yourself depends on the soldering projects you are
planning to do, as well as how often you are planning on using it. This Instruct
able will cover choosing a soldering iron that will be used for projects in
electronics for soldering and de-soldering work on the circuit boards.
The four main factors to consider when choosing a soldering iron are:
1)wattage
2)type of the soldering iron
3)temperature control
4) tip size and shape
A soldering iron is a hand tool used in soldering. It supplies heat to melt solder
so that it can flow into the joint between two work pieces. A soldering iron is
composed of a heated metal tip and an insulated handle. Heating is often achieved
electrically, by passing an electric current (supplied through an electrical cord or
battery cables) through a resistive heating element. Cordless irons can be heated by
combustion of gas stored in a small tank, often using a catalytic heater rather than
a flame. Simple irons less commonly used than in the past were simply a large
copper bit on a handle, heated in a flame. Soldering irons are most often used for
installation, repairs, and limited production work in electronics assembly.
Fig.5.1 Soldering Iron Fig.5.2 Soldering Iron Stand
5.1.1 Solder Wire
Solder wire is a fusible metal alloy used to join together metal work pieces and having
a melting point below that of the work piece(s). For electrical and electronics work solder wire
is available in a range of thickness for hand-soldering, and with cores containing flux. It is also
available as paste or as a preformed foil shaped to match the work piece, more suitable for
mechanized mass-production. Alloys of lead and tin were universally used in the past, and are
still available; they are particularly convenient for hand-soldering. Lead-free solder, somewhat
less convenient for hand- soldering, is often to avoid the environmental effect of lead.
Fig.5. Soldering Wire
5.1.2 Disordering wire
This is simply the reverse process of soldering. In electronics, disordering is the removal of
solder and components from a circuit board for troubleshooting, repair, replacement, and
salvage. Specialized tools, materials, and techniques have been devised to aid in the disordering
process. We have used a soldering wick; the end of a length of braid is placed over the soldered
connections of a component being removed. The connections are heated with a soldering iron
until the solder melts and is wicked into the braid by capillary action. The braid is removed
while the solder is still molten, it’s used section cut off and discarded when cool. Short length
of cut braid will prevent heat being carried away by the braid instead of heating the joint.
5.1.3 Fluxes
A flux (derived from Latin fluxes meaning “flow”) is a chemical cleaning agent, flowing
agent, or purifying agent. Fluxes may have more than one function at a time. In high-
temperature metal joining processes (welding, brazing and soldering), the primary purpose of
flux is to prevent oxidation of the base and filler materials. Tin-lead solder (e.g.) attaches very
well to copper, but poorly to the various oxides of copper, which form quickly at soldering
temperatures. Flux is a substance which is nearly inert at room temperature, but which becomes
strongly reducing at elevated temperatures, preventing the formation of metal oxides.
Additionally, flux allows solder to flow easily on the working piece rather than forming beads
as it would otherwise.
The role of a flux in joining processes is typically dual: dissolving of the oxides on the metal
surface, which facilitates wetting by molten metal, and acting as an oxygen barrier by coating
the hot surface, preventing its oxidation. In some applications molten flux also serves as a heat
transfer medium, facilitating heating of the joint by the soldering tool or molten solder.
5.2Side-Cutting Plier
A side cutting plier will come in handy as one of the electronic tools when one need to trim off
excess components leads on the printed circuit board. It can also be used to cut shorter length
before being used. Diagonal pliers (or side cutters or wire cutters or diagonal cutting pliers or
diagonal cutters) are pliers intended for the cutting of wire (they are generally not used to grab
or turn anything). The plane defined by the cutting edges of the jaws intersects the joint rivet
at an angle or "on a diagonal", hence the name. Diagonal pliers are useful for cutting copper,
brass, iron, aluminum and steel wire. Lower quality versions are generally not suitable for
cutting tempered steel, such as piano wire, as the jaws are not hard enough. Attempting to cut
such material will usually cause indentations to be made in the jaws, or a piece to break out of
one or both jaws, thus ruining the tool. However higher quality side cutters can cut hardened
steel,
CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPES
6.1 Features and Advantages

 Support for long distance i.e. remote operationable.
 Reduction of physical Labor.
 Can be operated with wireless RF remote and LAN (for Indoor operation) and Internet
(for outdoor operation).
 Reduce the complexity of traditional life style.
 To make the system easily configurable, on basis of needs of user; activating and
deactivating various sensors and modes.
 Easy, comfortable, flexible and efficient controlling and monitoring system.
 Low power consumption and long life system.
 Control low and high voltage devices.
 Lower time consumption i.e. saves time efficiently.
 Useful for handicapped and disable persons.
 Can’t be a project work but can also be implemented in real world.
6.2 Applications
 Useful for modern building and somewhat useful for elderly and disable people.
 In hospital and offices.
 In industry for controlling and monitoring different devices.
 For Physically handicapped people to reduce dependency.
 For protection and security system.
 Control of Electrical, Electronics and Hardware devices.
 Feedback for computer science and IT Learning Environment.
6.3 Limitations
 Internet connectivity.
 Fastest or speed internet requirements.
 Should have technical knowledge to operate it.
 Needs hand to operate it. Useless if no hands presents.
 No power backup except Battery.
6.4 Future Scopes and Extensions

 This system can be implemented for Android and other platforms for more useful
interactive with smartphone in controlling and monitoring.
 For online job in future it may be enhanced to provide platform for industrial plants and
work by virtualization of plants.
 For online surgery in hospital by automating the certain equipment through
virtualization in the era of growing technology and it can be applied in all the field in
which the IoT works.
6.5 Conclusion
The growing technology and the convergence of technology with the environment provide
the real platform to achieve new thing in the world. The idea of IoT is not new at all but it
is growing very fast in the world. Many country in the world able to achieve success at top
level in the field of IoT. This project is able to prototype the ground idea of IoT in context
to the Nepal too, which is very back in the field of IoT. Impart from this ever growing
technology and modernization, IoT provide a better place in the world not for the purpose
of convenience and efficient but also for very much security purpose too. Often in the
production, manufacturing industries were banned the camera inside factory or plant site.
Even their staff may leak the privacy or some hidden secret. But IoT operate-able
device/machine has very much security for its operation and its mechanism of operation so
it is secured far away we think.
Ever-growing technology and it has lots of demand in future too. It provides easy living
and brought the world in the room and at a place when we are.
Hence, we can conclude that it will not make efficient and convenient living but provide
the modernization in all the field where it is implemented successfully.

Internet Based Smart Home Automation System

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Internet Based Smart Home Automation System

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INTERNET BASED SMART HOME AUTOMATION SYSTEM

1.4 NEED OF STATEMENTS

Some of its objective can be listed below:

1.6 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 ARCHITECTRAL DESIGN

1. Can be controlled with RF remote and LAN in indoor mode.

Fig.2.1 Indoor Mode

Fig.2.2 Outdoor Mode

3. Regulated power Supply

Fig.2.4 Power Supply Board

2.2 IMPLEMENTATION DESIGN

Fig.2.5 Implementation Design for RF remote

Module ULN 2003A Load

5v Power supply Buzzer

Fig.2.6 Implementation Design for Master Board

Fig.2.7 Implementation Design for Power Supply Board

2.3 WORKING OF PROJECT

3.1 POWER SUPPLY UNIT

3.1.1 STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER

Commonly, transformers are used to increase or decrease the voltages of alternating

Fig.3.2 Step down transformer

Fig.3.3 Both Step down/up transformer

Fig.3.5 Diode orientation and symbol

The symbol of P-N junction diode is shown below:-

Fig.3.6 Various representation of P-N junction diode

1. Half wave rectifier(HWR)

Fig.3.7 Half wave rectifier

Fig. 3.8 Full wave centered tapped rectifier

Fig.3.9 Full wave center tapped rectifier with wave forms

Fig.3.10 Full Wave Bridge rectifier circuit

Fig.3.11 Full Wave Bridge rectifier with waveforms

In our design we have used ceramic and electrolytic capacitors.

Fig.3.13 Ceramic capacitors

An electrolytic capacitor is a type of capacitor that uses an electrolyte to achieve a

3.1.4 Voltage Regulator IC 7833, 7805, 7806, 7812

Fig.3.15 78xx IC configuration

Table No. 3.1 7833 Pin Description

Pin No. Function Name

3 Regulated Output: 3.3V(3.1V- Output

Pin No. Function Name

1 Input Voltage (5V-18 V) Input

Pin No. Function Name

Table No. 3.4 LM7812 Pin Description

Pin No. Function Name

Fig.3.19 LED orientation and parts

Fig.3.20 Resistor symbol and images

Fig.3.21 Resistor color coding

Color First-band Second-band Third-band Fourth-band

Fig.3.22 SIP resistor network

3.2 RF Remote controller

Fig.3.26 Symbol of SPST switch Fig.3.27 Image of SPST switches

3.2.2 RF Encoder HT12E

3.2.2.1 Pin Diagram

Fig.3.28 HT12E PIN Out

Table No. 3.6 Pin Description of HT12E Encoder IC

Pin Function Name

Fig.3.29 Block Diagram of HT12E Encoder IC

 Features of RF Encoder HT12E IC

3.2.3 RF Transmitter Module

3.2.3.1 Pin Diagram

Fig.3.30 RF transmitter module HM-T

3.2.3.2 Pin Description

Table No. 3.7 HM-T Pin Description

Pin No. Function Name