Social Work Mental Health and Disability 1

SOCIAL WORK MENTAL HEALTH AND DISABILITY

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Social Work Mental Health and Disability

Introduction

Mental health problem has become a public health concern across the globe. Mental

illness has been a primary contributor to most of the complications amongst children and adults.

The disability has attributed to some common mental disorders, such as schizophrenia, dementia,

and bipolar disorder, among others (Al-Yahya, Raya, and El-Tantawy, 2011). Besides, some

social causes, such as stress and social status, have caused mental illness. It is worth noting that

the mental health conditions have continued to rise amongst the children and adults; thus,

increasing the risk of mental disorders (World Health Organisation [WHO], 2014). However,

children and adults from particular groups are more prevalent to the mental disorders following

exposure and vulnerability to specific environmental and social circumstances (WHO, 2014).

Following the issue, social workers play an integral role in helping these children and adults to

embrace their mental health and well-being. The social workers help these individuals to use

their ability and the resources in the community to deal with the psychological problem (Adams,

2008). However, the service provider of adults and children varies, since, in children's health,

parents often make decisions regarding their health. It is worth noting that in the treatment of the

mental health of the children or adults, the social workers have to learn their behaviour to

employ appropriate intervention (Oliver, Sapey, and Thomas, 2006). Therefore, various social

work theories, such as narrative approach, cultural competence, Vygotsky, among others, act as a

guideline in the social work practice (Rogers, 2005). On the other hand, the health professional

mostly includes social workers, who use the theories to diagnose and treat individuals with

psychological health (Coppock and Dunn, 2009). The approaches have contributed immensely in

explaining the negative sociological consequences of being diagnosed with mental illness. This
 Social Work Mental Health and Disability 3

paper scrutinises the comparison and contrast on the mental ill-health service provision in adults

and children. Besides, the essay will analyse the role of professionals in terms of inter-

professional working. This will include the evaluation of factors that influence the quality of life

for people (adults and children) using respective services.

Comparison and Contrast on Service Provision for Adults and Children

Mental Service Provision

With mental illness cases rising across the globe, adults and children have been

experiencing mental illness and disorders. Children with mental disorders and physical

challenges (National Institute of Mental Health, 2018, p. 2). Research conducted by the Center

for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2019) shows that approximately 9.4 percent of the

children in the United States have a mental disorder. On the other hand, the World Health

Organisation statistics show that about 450 million are suffering from mental disorders or

illnesses (WHO, 2019). This has contributed to the need for mental service provision to mitigate

the mental illnesses cases in both adults and children. The psychological service provision has

devoted to treating mental disorders and illness to improve the mental health care of adults and

children. It will impact in reducing the rising cases of mental illness across the globe. Moreover,

the mental health service provision is dependent on the infrastructure and the mental health

issues identified in society.

Comparatively, all the service provision centers created in the communities take care of

the mental health need of both children and adults. The professionals working in the health

centers associate both children and adult patients to the environment where they provide

attention to all forms of mental illness. The service provision structure has been categorised on a
 Social Work Mental Health and Disability 4

national level to take care of the mental health of both children and adults (Teater, 2015). These

mental health care have a mental health team that supports the inpatients' wards that are

integrated into the structure of the general hospitals. Further, the mental health team is

responsible for outpatients and the community members, where they manage the mental

disorders in both adults and children. Also, the team works for the community health sector,

which acts as the bridge between society and the general hospitals. The team works have nurse

leaders, and other health professionals are responsible for the service provision of children and

adults. Additionally, there is the assertive outreach team that works on a grassroots level to

provide these mentally ill individuals with the ability to cope with their mental conditions. These

social works utilise the social cognitive theory, which relies on the influence of individuals'

behaviour towards their healthy actions (Stajkovic and Luthans, 2002). In most cases, it relates to

the conduct of individuals in society concerning their mental health. More so, they utilise the

problem-solving model, where they enable the patients to develop solutions to deal with

psychological problems (Stepney and Ford, 2012). However, these teams use a different model

of service provision as they monitor the progress of the patients through their treatment plan

(Living Well, 2019). Lastly, most regimes have utilized mental health day centres to support the

psychiatric health care of individuals. These mental facilities are created to provide

psychological care and treatment for all populations, including children and adults. The mental

individuals visit the facility, where the social workers utilize the narrative approach, and the

mentally ill individuals narrate stories regarding the causal of their psychological problems

(Roscoe, Carson, and Madoc-Jones, 2011). It aids the social workers to determine the best

intervention plan to incorporate that will benefit the mental wellbeing of the clients.
 Social Work Mental Health and Disability 5

On the contrary, there some differences in the service provision of adults and children.

The government has introduced the Intensive Mobile Youth Outreach Services (IMYOS) to

provide mental health care for the youth with prolonged mental conditions (Schley, Radovini,

Halperin, & Fletcher, 2011, p. 1507). The IMYOS works in collaboration with other non-

governmental organisations and the government to provide health care to these children with

prolonged mental care (Wickstrom, Yanulis, Lith, & Jones, 2013, p. 4). Also, most governments

have included school-based early intervention programs in most schools. This has impacted the

service provision for the children by diagnosing their mental illness at an early stage. School-

based early intervention programs offer early interventions amongst the kids to prevent the

children from developing post mental disorders (Calear, Werner-Seidler, Torok, & Christensen,

2018, p. 280). It is worth noting that depression disorder continues to increase with the age of the

children; thus, being rampant amongst adolescents (McLuckie et al., 2019, p. 3). Following the

ideology, most of the mental health services have been embedded with the school curriculum to

impact significantly in providing the health care for the mental health and education attainment

for the children (Fazel, Hoagwood, Stephan, & Ford, 2014, p. 377). In this case, the teachers act

as the social workers where they utilise the Vygotsky theory. According to Vygotsky's theory,

children's minds transform following their interaction with the social, cultural environment,

which influences the mental functions (Kozulin et al., 2003). It enables the teachers’ to

determine the children having some mental disorders depending on their interaction with the

environment. It makes this intervention the best in service provision for the children as most of

them spend more time in school than with their parents. On the other hand, governments have

implemented the adults' social care services where they have incorporated the nursing homes to

provide health care for the adults. The mentally ill adults are rehabilitated in nursing homes
 Social Work Mental Health and Disability 6

where the treatment plans are implemented. Following the issue, it shows that children are better

carers in comparison to the adults as most of their service provision and interventions are

embedded in the school programs. Also, some adults find it challenging to seek mental

treatment, following factors that arise in society.

Factors Preventing Adults from Receiving Medical Support

Stigmatisation

Most adults fail to seek mental services due to cases of stigmatisation. In contemporary

society, individuals with mental illness are discriminated against by other members of the

community. Social stigma emanates from the perception that other people have towards mentally

ill individuals, while prejudice involves personal-stigma that people suffer internally (Caddell,

2019). Following the labelling theory, the internal stigmatisation of these mentally ill individuals

affects their wellbeing (Markowitz, 2013, p. 46). As a result, it makes them not seek mental

health care, which makes their psychological situations to worsen.

Limited mental health professional

Most of the adults rely on the mental health professional to provide support on their

mental wellbeing. In most societies, there are limited or no mental health professionals and

specialties to offer support to these adults. Further, inadequate reimbursement from the

government has foreseen most of the mental health profession opt for psychological services in

schools and private clinics (Lake, 2017). It has contributed to fewer practitioners concerning the

adults; thus, prohibiting them from receiving mental support.

Limited availability of medication

 Social Work Mental Health and Disability 7

Most of the primary care centres in society lack some of the conventional antipsychotics

and antidepressants (Iseselo and Ambikile, 2017). It prohibits the provision of care to the entire

population of adults experiencing mental disorders. Following the issue, lack of availability of

medication prevents adults from receiving psychological support.

Mental Health Legislations

Various legislations support and protect the policies for mentally ill individuals. Two

Acts support the mental health of adult patients, which include the Mental Health Act and the

Mental Capacity Act. For instance, in countries such as the United Kingdom, the Mental Health

Act of 1983 deals with the situation of handling people with a mental health condition against

their desires (Borschmann, Gillard, Turner, & Chambers, 2010, p. 35). Therefore, the Act aims at

safeguarding the rights of these patients at all costs. Further, the Act indicates that the treatment

of these mental individuals should comply with international standards. On the other hand, in the

United Kingdom, the Mental Capacity Act allows other people who are accomplices of the

mental individuals to make a decision for them as long as they are 16 years and above (Oyebode,

2006, p. 132). However, this is possible if the person is unable to make a rational decision. The

Act also provides support and insurance to the families that make efforts to pursue the cases. The

Care Act of the United Kingdom also supports the health care of all citizens’ including adults

and children (Lennon, 2012, p. 2). Moreover, the Children Act of 2014 was established to

provide support for the mental health care of children in the United Kingdom. It advocates the

authorities to ensure the intervention that better the healthcare of the children. The Act also

provides support and protection to the mentally challenged children of all ages (Sue, 2005, p.

145). The Children and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS) is supported by the
 Social Work Mental Health and Disability 8

National Health Service (NHS) to provide mental health care to children of all ages who have

psychological issues (Fellin, Callaghan, & Warner-Gale, 2016, p. 2).

Additionally, Ofsted is a government department that has been monitoring the health of

learners of all ages in England (Ofsted, 2019). Ofsted inspects schools and collects information

of these children, where the data can be used to diagnose the children with mental problems and

provide the appropriate interventions (House of Commons, 2018). Further, the body monitors the

performance of kids in schools and determines the children that may have mental problems.

Therefore, the agencies do not collect information regarding the adults, as most of them are not

in learning institutions. Also, the Care Quality Commission (CQC) encompasses a commission

set to monitor and regulate the care of individuals in the United Kingdom (Government of the

United Kingdom, 2019). The commission influences significantly on the health care of both the

children and adults by ensuring the quality of safety in healthcare settings as well as providing

care taken to the people living in homes (Smithson et al., 2018). For instance, in 2013, the CQC

has introduced the idea of inspecting and rating NHS hospitals to evaluate the service rendered to

the individuals (Oliver, 2019).

Role of the Mental Health Profession

The mental health professional entails all practitioners who use their skills to identify and

provide treatment to mentally ill individuals. In mental health care, health care practitioners and

social workers play an integral part in providing services that improve the mental health and

disorders amongst individuals with mental illness. Inter-professionals working arises from two or

more practitioners or social specialists working collaboratively to achieve a common goal (Green

and Johnson, 2015). In mental health care, inter-professionals working enables practitioners to

provide interventions that can treat the mental disorders of individuals collaboratively
 Social Work Mental Health and Disability 9

(MacNaughton, Chreim, and Bourgeault, 2013). Through inter-professionalism, the caregivers

can advise each other accordingly regarding the psychological services provided to the affected

individuals. Additionally, these practitioners can respond to the challenges in society, which

impact significantly in improving the quality of health care and reducing the operation cost

(Bosch and Mansell, 2015). It is worth noting that when these professions are working

collaboratively in mental institutions, they develop the treatment plans from a different

perspective, which aid in the provision of quality healthcare for adults and children. As a result,

it eliminates the possibility of errors during the mental treatment plan. Besides, there is the

development of synergies, which eliminates possibility or repeating the psychological treatment

plans and reducing cases of burnouts. The delivery time decreases, where the professionals can

handle various mental ill children and adults within a short period. Working together improves

the quality of healthcare and treatment plans. As a result, they enhance the quality of life of these

mentally ill individuals

On the other hand, some disadvantages are emanating from the collaboration. First, the

cost of operation of the mental treatment plan might be high. It is likely to increase the

psychological treatment cost in an organisation. Besides, it takes a long time to deliberate on the

treatment plan to use on the individuals. It arises from the fact that professionals have to ponder

on the procedures to use and analyse the outcome. Lastly, there might be the development of

conflict amongst the mental professionals following disagreement on the treatment to use.

The professionals involved in the mental health care of the mentally ill individuals

include social workers, occupational therapists, psychiatrists, counsellors, and psychologists,

among others. There are various professionals involved in providing mental support to both

adults and children. They include social workers, psychotherapists, teachers, and mental health
 Social Work Mental Health and Disability 10

counsellors. The psychotherapists allow mental adults and children to deal with mental health

problems such as anxiety (Ahmadi, 2013). The teachers monitor the children's development to

detect any mental illness issues at an early age, while the mental health counsellors provide

guidance to the mentally ill adults in cases of stigmatisation and help them cope with the

problem in the society (Loganathan and Murthy, 2012). These mental health professionals

provide quality healthcare to the affected children and adults that have an impact on their

wellbeing (Roberts et al., 2018). Psychologists and counsellors offer medical help to the patients

through therapy but do not provide medical assistance. The psychiatrist, community mental

health nurses and the social workers prescribe medication to these mentally ill patients but do not

offer treatment through therapy. As a result, it brings about the boundary of the medical and

social models of mental disability.

The Biomedical Model of Mental Disability

The model portrays that mental illnesses are mostly induced by brain disease and are

associated with psychological aspects (Farre & Rapley, 2017, p. 88). Therefore, these mental

disorders are caused by biological factors, with the brain being the primary cause. Most

researchers allude that in cases of mental disorder, the patients must be treated using the natural

interventions, which entail the use of therapies that aim at treating the biological dysfunction of

the brain (Strickland & Patrick, 2015, p. 3). The biomedical model entails treating these mental

diseases without having to associate them with social behaviours. This framework has been used

by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) when connecting the mental disorder to the

brain processes. Therefore, most of the mental disorders amongst patients ought to be associated

with biological issues.

The Social Model of Mental Disorder

 Social Work Mental Health and Disability 11

This model is based on the shortcomings of the medical approach model. In this

approach, the society is responsible for the problems that affect individuals; thus, the community

needs to correct the behaviours of these people (Disability Nottinghamshire, 2019). The

fundamental principals of the model support the ideology that society is the cause of mental

disorders, where the intervention encompasses behavioural interventions. Henceforth, the social

policies play an integral role in the social model that entails the behavioural treatment having a

positive impact on the mentally ill needs (Disability Nottinghamshire, 2019). Most scholars

allude that the social model is associated with the medical disorder; however, it should not be

ignored in the intervention plans of medical disabilities.

Evaluation of Factors That Influence Quality of Life for People Using the Mental Health

Services

Various factors influence the quality of mental individuals in society. First, the quality of

health care, where the services provided by the mental health practitioners influence the well-

being of individuals (Roberts et al., 2018, p. 2). Research conducted by Katschnig (2006) on

individuals with mental disorders showed that the quality of the health care provided by the

practitioners impacted significantly in treating mental disorders amongst children. Secondly, the

level of income contributed immensely to the quality of life among individuals with mental

disorders. Research conducted by Golberstein (2015) showed that the employment status

affected the quality of life of individuals. Also, personal factors, such as self-esteem and social

support, affect the quality of health. Research shows that people with mental disorders have low

self-esteem, which tends to have a lower quality of life (Sareen, Afifi, McMillan, & Asmundson,

2011, p. 420).

Conclusion
 Social Work Mental Health and Disability 12

Mental health problems have become a common health concern across the globe. The

mental health conditions have continued to rise amongst children and adults. They arise from an

increase in the number of individuals with mental disorders. Following the ideology, mental

health professionals have provided services to these mental individuals. However, they have used

various theories, such as narrative approach, Vygotsky, behavioural theories, to explain the

causal of the psychological problems in these individuals. Nevertheless, children are better carers

in comparison to adults. In children, day programs, school-based interventions, and autism

programs aid in treating mental disorders as they are embedded in the school systems. On the

other hand, factors such as lack of medication and health professionals; stigmatisation that

prohibits adults from receiving mental health support. With the mental health professionals

working collaboratively, they can improve the quality of life of these individuals through quality

healthcare in society.
 Social Work Mental Health and Disability 13

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