Nasir ud-din Muhammad Humayun 

(full title: Al-Sultan al-'Azam wal Khaqan al-Mukarram, Jam-i-

Sultanat-i-haqiqi wa Majazi, Sayyid al-Salatin, Abu'l Muzaffar Nasir ud-din Muhammad Humayun
Padshah Ghazi, Zillu'llah ) (Persian) (17 March 1508– 4 March 1556) (OS 7 March 1508-OS 22 February
1556) was the second Mughal Emperor who ruled present day Afghanistan, Pakistan, and parts of
northern India from 1530–1540 and again from 1555–1556.

He succeeded his father in India in 1530, while his half-brother Kamran Mirza, who was to become a
rather bitter rival, obtained the sovereignty of Kabul and Lahore, the more northern parts of their father's
empire. He originally ascended the throne at the age of 22 and was somewhat inexperienced when he
came to power.Humayun lost his Indian territories to the Pashtun noble, Sher Shah Suri, and, with Persian
aid, regained them fifteen years later. Humayun's return from Persia, accompanied by a large retinue of
Persian noblemen, signaled an important change in Mughal court culture, as the Central Asian origins of
the dynasty were largely overshadowed by the influences of Persian
art, architecture, language and literature.Subsequently, in a very short time, Humayun was able to expand
the Empire further, leaving a substantial legacy for his son, Akbar.

Humayun was portrayed in the biography "Humāyūn-nāma" written by his sister Gulbadan Begum, as
being extraordinarily lenient, constantly forgiving acts which were deliberately aimed at angering him. In
one instance the biography records that his youngest brother Hindal killed Humayun's most trusted
advisor, an old Sheikh, and then marched an army out of Agra. Humayun, rather than seek retribution,
went straight to his mother's home where Gulbadan Begum was, bearing no grudge against his younger
brother, and insisted he return home. His many documented acts of mercy may have stemmed largely
from weakness, but he does seem to have been a gentle and humane man by the standards of the day. He
lacked his father’s craftiness and athleticism. Though he could be a formidable warrior when he chose to
be, he was more laid back and indolent.

He began to re-organise the administration upon mystically determined principles. The public offices
were divided into four distinct groups, for the four elements. The department of Earth was to be in charge
of Agriculture and the agricultural sciences, Fire was to be in charge of the Military, Water was the
department of the Canals and waterways while Air seemed to have responsibility for everything else. His
daily routine was planned in accordance with the movements of the planets, so too was his wardrobe. He
refused to enter a house with his left foot going forward, and if anyone else did they would be told to
leave and re-enter.His servant, Jauhar, records in the Tadhkirat al-Waqiat that he was known to shoot
arrows to the sky marked with either his own name, or that of the Shah of Persia and, depending on how
they landed, interpreted this as an indication of which of them would grow more powerful. He was a
heavy drinker, and also took pellets of Opium, after which he was known to recite poetry. He was,
however, not enamoured of warfare, and after winning a battle would spend months at a time indulging
himself within the walls of a captured city even as a larger war was taking place outside.
Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar (Jalāl ud-Dīn Muhammad Akbar), also known as Shahanshah Akbar-e-
Azam or Akbar the Great (15 October 1542  – 27 October 1605), was the third Mughal Emperor. He
was of Timurid descent; the son of Humayun, and the grandson of Babur, the ruler who founded the
Mughal dynasty in India. At the end of his reign in 1605 the Mughal empire covered most of the northern
and central India and was one of the most powerful empires of its age.

Akbar was thirteen years old when he ascended the Mughal throne in Delhi, following the death of his
father Humayun. During his reign, he eliminated military threats from the powerful Pashtun descendants
of Sher Shah Suri, and at the Second Battle of Panipat he defeated the newly self-declared Hindu
king Hemu. It took him nearly two more decades to consolidate his power and bring all the parts of
northern and central India into his direct realm. He influenced the whole of the Indian Subcontinent as he
ruled a greater part of it as an emperor. As an emperor, Akbar solidified his rule by pursuing diplomacy
with the powerful Hindu Rajput caste, and by admitting Rajput princesses in hisharem.

Akbar's reign significantly influenced art and culture in the country. He took a great interest in painting,
and had the walls of his palaces adorned with murals. Besides encouraging the development of
the Mughal school, he also patronised the European style of painting. He was fond of literature, and had
several Sanskrit works translated into Persian and Persian scriptures translated in Sanskrit apart from
getting many Persian works illustrated by painters from his court. During the early years of his reign, he
had an intolerant attitude towards Hindus and the other religions, but he exercised great tolerance after he
began marriage alliances with Rajput princesses. His administration included numerous Hindu landlords,
courtiers and military generals. He began a series of religious debates where Muslim scholars would
debate religious matters with Jains, Sikhs, Hindus, Cārvāka atheists, Jews, and Portuguese Roman
Catholic Jesuits. He treated these religious leaders with great consideration, irrespective of their faith, and
revered them. He even founded a religion, the Din-i-Ilahi (Divine Faith), which included the teachings of
major religions of the world, but it amounted only to a form of personality cult for Akbar and started
dissolving after his death.
After dealing with the rebellion of Bairam Khan and establishing his authority, Akbar went on to expand
the Mughal empire by subjugating local chiefs and annexing neighbouring kingdoms. The first major
conquest was of Malwa in 1561, an expedition that was led byAdham Khan and carried out with such
savage cruelty that it resulted in a backlash from the kingdom enabling its ruler Baz Bahadur to recover
the territory while Akbar was dealing with the rebellion of Bairam Khan.Subsequently, Akbar sent
another detachment which captured Malwa in 1562, and Baz Bahadur eventually surrendered to the
Mughals and was made an administrator. Around the same time, the Mughal army also conquered the
kingdom of the Gonds, after a fierce battle between the Asaf Khan, the Mughal governor ofAllahabad,
and Rani Durgavati, the queen of the Gonds. However, Asaf Khan misappropriated most of the wealth
plundered from the kingdom, which Akbar subsequently forced him to restore, apart from installing
Durgavati's son as the administrator of the region.
Nur-ud-din Salim Jahangir (full title: Al-Sultan al-'Azam wal Khaqan al-Mukarram, Khushru-i-Giti
Panah, Abu'l-Fath Nur-ud-din Muhammad Jahangir Padshah Ghazi [Jannat-Makaani]) (20 September
1569 – 8 November 1627) (OS 31 August 1569  – NS8 November 1627) was the ruler of the Mughal
Empire from 1605 until his death. The name Jahangir is from Persian meaning "Conqueror of the World".
Nur-ud-din or Nur al-Din is an Arabic name which means " Light of the Faith." Born as Prince
Muhammad Salim, he was the third and eldest surviving son of Mogul Emperor Akbar. Akbar's twin sons,
Hasan and Hussain, died in infancy. His mother was the Rajput Princess of Amber, Jodhabai (born
Rajkumari Hira Kunwari, eldest daughter of Raja Bihar Mal or Bharmal, Raja of Amber, India

Jahangir was a child of many prayers.[1] It is said to be by the blessing of Shaikh Salim Chishti (one of the
revered sages of his times) that Akbar's first surviving child, the future Jahangir, was born. He was born at
the dargah of the Shaikh Salim Chishti, within the fortress atFatehpur Sikri near Agra. The child was
named Salim after the dervish and was affectionately addressed by Akbar as Sheikhu Baba.

Akbar developed an emotional attachment with the village Sikri (abode of Chishti). Therefore, he
developed the town of Sikri and shifted his imperial court and residence from Agra to Sikri, later renamed
as Fatehpur Sikri. Shaikh Salim Chishti's daughter was appointed Jahangir's foster mother as a mark of
respect to the Shaikh. Jahangir's foster brother Nawab Kutb-ud-din Khan was private secretary to the
emperor Jahangir and afterwards governor of Bengal. Nawab Kutb-ud-din Khan's son Nawab Mohtashim
Khan was granted by Jahangir 4,000 bigas of land in Badaun District (United Provinces) where he built a
small fort named Sheikhupur, Badaun after Jahangir, who was called Sheikhu-baba in his childhood.
An aesthete, Jahangir decided to start his reign with a grand display of "Justice", as he saw it. To this end,
he enacted Twelve Decrees that are remarkable for their liberalism and foresight. During his reign, there
was a significant increase in the size of the Mughal Empire, half a dozen rebellions were crushed,
prisoners of war were released, and the work of his father, Akbar, continued to flourish. Much like his
father, Jahangir was dedicated to the expansion of Mughal held territory through conquest. During this
regime he would target the peoples of Assam near the eastern frontier and bring a series of territories
controlled by independent rajas in the Himalayan foothills from Kashmir to Bengal. Jahangir would
challenge the hegemonic claim over Afghanistan by the Safavid rulers with an eye on Kabul, Peshawar
and Qandahar which were important centers of the central Asian trade system that northern India operated
within.In 1622 Jahangir would send his son Prince Khurram against the combined forces
of Ahmednagar, Bijapur and Golconda. After his victory Khurram would turn against his father and make
a bid for power. As with the insurrection of his eldest son Khusraw, Jahangir was able to defeat the
challenge from within his family and retain power.
Shahab-ud-din Muhammad Khurram Shah Jahan I (also spelled Shah Jehan, Shahjehan, ) (January
5, 1592 – January 22, 1666) was the emperor of the Mughal Empire in India from 1628 until 1658. The
name Shah Jahan comes from Persian meaning "king of the world." He was the fifth Mughal ruler
after Babur, Humayun, Akbar, and Jahangir. While young, he was a favourite of his legendary
grandfather Akbar the great. He is also called Shahjahan The Magnificent.

Even while very young, he was pointed out to be the successor to the Mughal throne after the death of
Emperor Jahangir. He succeeded to the throne upon his father's death in 1627. He is considered to be one
of the greatest Mughals and his reign has been called the Golden Age of Mughals. Like Akbar, he was
eager to expand his empire. In 1658 he fell ill, and was confined by his son Emperor Aurangzeb in the
citadel of Agra until his death in 1666. On the eve of his death in 1666, the Mughal Empire spanned
almost 750,000,000 acres (3.0E+6 km2) and he was the most famous and powerful man on earth of the
age who had in his empire the biggest and the most prosperous capital (Shahjahanabad) and some of the
most delicate architectural masterpieces of the world.

The period of his reign was the golden age of Mughal architecture. Shah Jahan erected many splendid
monuments, the most famous of which is the legendary Taj Mahal at Agra built as a tomb for his wife
Empress Mumtaz Mahal (birth name Arjumand Banu Begum). The Pearl Mosque and many other
buildings inside the Red Fort (Qila Mubarak) at Agra , the complete design of the Old Delhi
(Shahjahanabad), the palaces, the Red Fort and the great mosque at Delhi, mosques in Lahore, buildings
in the Lahore fort (present day Pakistan) and a beautiful mosque at Thatta (present day Pakistan) also
commemorate him. The most famous, celebrated and the luxurious throne of the world, the Takht-E-Taus
or the Takht-E-Shahanshah-E-Hindustan (Peacock Throne), said to be worth millions of dollars by
modern estimates, also dates from his reign. He was also the founder of Shahjahanabad, now known as
'Old Delhi'. The important buildings of Shah Jahan were theDiwan-i-Am and Diwan-i-Khas in the fort of
Delhi, the Jama Masjid, the Moti Masjid and the Taj. It is pointed out that the Palace of Delhi is the most
magnificent in the East.
Baadshah Shah Jahan was born as Prince Shihab-ud-din Muhammad Khurram , in 1592 in Lahore, India
(current day Pakistan) as the third and favorite son of the emperor Jahangir,. The name Khurram - Persian
for 'joyful' - was given by his grandfather Akbar. His early years saw him receive a cultured, broad
education and he distinguished himself in the martial arts and as a military commander while leading his
father's armies in numerous campaigns - Mewar (1615 CE, 1024 AH), the Deccan (1617 and 1621 CE,
1026 and 1030 AH), Kangra (1618 CE, 1027AH). He was responsible for most of the territorial gains
during his father's reign. He also demonstrated a precocious talent for building, impressing his father at
the age of 16 when he built his quarters within his great grandfather Emperor Babur's Kabul fort and
redesigned buildings within Agra fort. He also carries the universally famous titles like "The builder of
marvels ".
Shahanshah Abul Muzaffar Muhy-ud-Din Muhammad Aurangzeb Bahadur Alamgir I, more
commonly known as Aurangzeb(full official title Al-Sultan al-Azam wal Khaqan al-Mukarram Hazrat
Abul Muzaffar Muhy-ud-Din Muhammad Aurangzeb Bahadur Alamgir I, Badshah Ghazi, Shahanshah-e-
Sultanat-ul-Hindiya Wal Mughaliya) (4 November 1618 [O.S. 25 October 1618] – 3 March 1707[O.S. 20
February 1707]), also known by his chosen imperial title Alamgir ("Conquerer of the World") was the
6th Mughal Emperor of India whose reign lasted from 1658 until his death in 1707.

Badshah Aurangzeb Alamgir I, having ruled most of the Indian subcontinent for nearly half a century,
was the second longest reigning Mughal emperor after the legendary Akbar. In this period he tried hard to
get a larger area, notably in southern India, under Mughal rule than ever before. But after his death in
1707, the Mughal Empire gradually began to shrink. Major reasons include a weak chain of "Later
Mughals", an inadequate focus on maintaining central administration leading to governors forming their
own empires, a gradual depletion of the fortunes amassed by his predecessors and the growth of
secessionist sentiments amongst the other communities of the empire like the Marathas and the Sikhs.

Aurangzeb was the third son of the fifth Mughal emperor Shah Jahan and Mumtaz Mahal (Arjumand
Bānū Begum). After a rebellion by his father, part of Aurangzeb's childhood was spent as a virtual
hostage at his grandfather Jahangir's court. Muhammad Saleh Kamboh Salafi had been one of his
childhood teachers.

After Jahangir's death in 1627, Aurangzeb returned to live with his parents. Shah Jahan followed the
Mughal practice of assigning authority to his sons, and in 1634 put Aurangzeb in charge of
the Deccan campaign. Following his success in 1636, Aurangzeb became Subahdar(governor) of
the Deccan.[4] At this time, he began building a new city near the former capital of Khirki which he
named Aurangabad after himself. In 1637, he married Rabia Durrani. During this period the Deccan was
relatively peaceful. In the Mughal court, however, Shah Jahan began to show greater and greater
favoritism to his eldest son Dara Shikoh.
In 1644, Aurangzeb's sister Jahanara Begum was accidentally burned in Agra. This event precipitated a
family crisis which had political consequences. Aurangzeb suffered his father's displeasure when he
returned to Agra three weeks after the event, instead of immediately. Shah Jahan dismissed him as the
governor of the Deccan. Aurangzeb later claimed (1654) that he had resigned in protest of his father
favoring Dara.

In 1645, he was barred from the court for seven months. But later, Shah Jahan appointed him governor
of Gujarat; he performed well and was rewarded. In 1647, Shah Jahan made him governor
of Balkh and Badakhshan (in modern Afghanistan and Tajikistan), replacing Aurangzeb's ineffective
brother Murad Baksh. These areas at the time were under attack from various forces and Aurangzeb's
military skill proved successful.