CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.0 BACKGROUND OF RESEARCH

The most accurate predictor of academic achievement is not socioeconomic status, nor how
prestigious the school is that a child attends. The best predictor of student success maybe the
extent to which families encourage learning at home and involve themselves in their child’s
education. While teachers can advise parents on some things, parents also have important
information about their child that teachers might not know. Both can bring perspectives to the
table that enrich a student’s learning experience. Neither is complete without the other. When
parents are engaged in their children’s school lives, students have the home support and
knowledge they need to not only finish their assignments, but also develop a lifelong love of
learning.

Teachers who focus on parent engagement often see a profound change in their classrooms.
The more parents involved in their children’s education, the better their entire class’s
motivation, behaviors, and grades become. Encouraging parent engagement is more than
common courtesy. It’s one of the best ways to create a positive learning environment for every
student. To create a community built on parent-teacher relationships in your school, find out
what parent engagement is and how to nurture it. As consequences, this study is to determine
the comparison of parental support and its relationship with academic achievement among
urban school students.
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Over the past several decades, scholars are concerned with the poor academic
performance of children. The previous research studies revealed that various factors are
responsible for scholastic failure of students, such as low socio-economic background,
student’s cognitive abilities, school related factors, environment of the home, or the support
given by the parents and other family members (Roces and Garcia, 2012).
Fan (2011) demonstrated that parent’s support as in aspiration for their children proved
to be important in students' academic growth. Schools are considered as places which provide
appropriate learning environment for a child (Shaver and & Walls, 1998). Thus, parental
involvement is only limited in home. Does it is hard for teachers to devise academic
experiences to help students learn meaningful content without the children's parental support,
are the informal way by parents in home settings important to enhance the learning processes.
The objective of this study is to examine learning style for the best academic achievement in
urban school student’s area.

1.2 RESEARCH OBJECTIVE

1) To determine the comparison of parental support and its relationship with academic
achievement among urban school students
2) To identify the relationship between the influences of parental support and its relationship
with academic achievement among urban school students
3) To determine the effectiveness of educational support given by the parents on the academic
achievement among urban school students

1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1) Is there any comparison of parental support and its relationship with academic achievement
among urban school students?
2) What is the relationship between the role of parental support and academic achievement
among urban school students?
3) Is there the effectiveness of educational support given by the parents on the academic
achievement among urban school students?
1.4 PROPOSED THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

The dimensions about parental support is stated as below;

Parent’s behaviors
that reveal interest
in their children's
school work

Dimensions of Parental support

Communication

Volunteering

Adapted from: Mahuro & Hungi, Cogent Education (2016)

To identify the effectiveness of parental support, this studies need to identify the connection
between this types of variables. Firstly, the variables such as parent’s behaviors that reveal
interest in their children's school work, communication and volunteering need to be exists
because this factor must contribute to the student achievement.

1.5 Research Hypotheses

The research hypotheses is to define the between the influences of parental support with
academic achievement among urban school students. It used the alternative hypothesis because
the statement express on the relationship between 2 variables or difference between 2 groups.
So, if the better influences of parental support, it will better the academic achievement among
urban school students.
1.6 Significant of Research

Based on the research of this study, there are benefits that will gain by people who are
involve directly or indirectly in this field of work. For example, it will provide more
information to teachers, students and parents during learning process. This research is to give
another perspective and explore of what parent are thinking about the struggle of their children
in school in order to achieve high academic that they all always want. Considering that there
are minimal research has been conducted on local student and teacher perception towards
parental support at home, this study serves as the one of first research effort in this regard. The
findings also identify the specific needs of students, which is going to help in growing new
skills in the classroom. Last but not least, the enjoyment for the teacher and students may also
developed base on this research.
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT

Academic achievement and education is the medium as well as the most important backbone
towards the formation and development of nations. Education is important in shaping the
human capital and the development of human resources with qualities as well as being able to
contribute towards the advancement of our country’s social, economic and politics.

Academic achievement in Malaysia is important because it directly decides the positive

outcomes of the students after graduating. There is nothing out of the blue, a research shows
that the students with good degrees or high levels of education are more probably to be
employed and paid a higher salary grade than the others with no academic success (National
Center for Education Statistics, 2011). Academic achievement is important because not only
the good jobs with the satisfactory wages the students would have, but also the higher levels of
education to tackle the technologically demanding occupations the working students would
need in the future (National Alliance of Business, Inc, 2008). Moreover, the quantity of jobs
demanding a university education is predicted to increase more than twice as fast as those not
demanding a university education by the next ten to twenty years (Rentner & Kober, 2011).
The students with academic success would have more opportunities to choose their future jobs
than those with less education.

Additionally, academic success might represent the gap between doing the job for earning
money and enjoying the job (Rentner & Kober, 2011) Furthermore, the students who succeed
in study seem to become more sustainable in their jobs, more expected to have health insurance,
more confident about their income, more active, helpful and healthy, safer from the illegal
activities (National Alliance of Business, Inc., 2008)

Finally, academic success helps students keep off participationon in sexual activities
(Schvaneveldt, Miller, & Berry, 2001), have higher self-regard (Filozof, Albertin, & Jones,
1998), have lower levels of hopelessness and worry (Cicchetti & Toth, 1998; Liem, Dillon, &
Gore, 2001), get away from the misuse of alcohol and social unexpected performance (Kasen,
Cohen, & Brook, 1998), and prevent themselves from engaging in chemical abuse (Hallfors et
al., 2002; Schulenberg et al., 1994).

2.1 DIMENSIONS OF PARENTAL SUPPORT

Parental support can be described as social relations that are imbued with norms of
trust, obligation, or reciprocity (Coleman, 2008) If described in this manner, parent
involvement is conceived of as a form of social capital. Parents invest their time, attention, and
resources in their children with the expectation of a return, namely that their children will
perform better in school. Using this framework, McNeal (2009) contends that parent
involvement encompasses three broad domains, parent-child relations, parent-school relations,
and parent-parent relations. In all three cases, it is generally assumed that parents invest time
with their children, school personnel, or other parents with the expectation that their
involvement will yield a tangible return. The exact form of the expected return is not always
clear, but can include improved educational expectations, improved role performance (i.e.
better attendance, increased homework done, reduced delinquency, etc.), increased
achievement, or strengthened relationships with school personnel or other parents.
Recognizing that parent involvement can be with the child, school personnel, or other
parents is important because not all strategies of involvement are likely to yield the same result.
In fact, one of the confusing aspects of the literature is that so many different conceptualizations
of parent involvement are relied upon, and these conceptualizations cut across the domains
(child, school, parents) with little discussion of the implications. Why is this important?
Because some forms of parent involvement are likely to more greatly affect student attitudes
and behaviors, while other forms more greatly affect achievement. In the current literature, the
two most widely used “domains” of parent involvement include parent-child and parent-school
involvement, which are the focus of this research.

PARENT’S BEHAVIORS THAT REVEAL INTEREST IN THEIR CHILDREN'S

SCHOOL WORK

Out of six dimensions that are discussed above, this study focuses on 5th one that is “parents’
level and type of help provided when their children do the homework”. Homework can be
defined as “tasks that are assigned to students by teachers and are meant to be performed during
nonschool hours” (Cooper, 1989a as cited in Eilam,2001, p. 692). A student is supposed to
complete his/her homework at home, parents or other family members may be involved in the
process of helping or guiding the child. They either help the child in doing the home task
assigned by the teacher or facilitate him/her in relation to difficulties in syllabus. Research
studies indicated that parental support in doing home tasks has significant effects in students’
achievement, (Singh, Granville, Sandra, & Dika, 2002; Eilam,2001).

COMMUNICATION

This involves the two-way information sharing between the school and the parents regarding
school programmes and students’ progress. Schools are encouraged to device various modes
of relaying information between the school (teachers) and the family (students). In many
instances, parents are encouraged to contact schools at onset of each grade entry. Various forms
can be adopted which may include periodical parent–teacher meetings, telephone conversation
and messaging, social media platform and student’s report card. This creates a positive
communication link which forms the basis of discussion in case the student develops problems
later in the year. Students who enjoy such communication benefits have improved knowledge
of their academic progress, improved school attendance, more decisive on courses they are
undertaking, improved communication skills and better understanding of school rules,
regulations and policies (Epstein, 1995).

VOLUNTEERING

A volunteer is any individual who desires to develop or support school goals for the benefit of
students’ learning. The schools therefore should adopt ways which encourage family
individuals to volunteer and participate in school activities and events, especially parents with
special talents. Such volunteers could be assigned to be a class parent, mentor students during
school open forums, organise school visits with established role models, participate in school
communal work and join students during sporting activities. Students who enjoy such voluntary
participation by their parents develop enhanced communication skills with older individuals,
become exposed to life outside school and they also emulate the volunteers and carry it on in
their future life development (Epstein, 1995).
 CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.0 Research Design

A research design is the set of methods and procedure used in collecting and analysing the
variables specific. It involves to gathering the data, organized and describing the data.
Qualitative research is an inquiry process of understanding based on distinct methodological
tradition of inquiry that explored a social or human problem. Our research is qualitative data
which is we seek the information using questionnaire and our type of the research is the basic
research.

3.1 Data Collection

Data collection is an important aspect for the research and it will be collected through two class
of data collection method which is primary data. The sample population of this study is the
local form 1 and form 2 students of Smk Puncak Alam. Firstly, we utilized a web-based survey
in order to collect the data. The sample was selected randomly from the databased of an online
research department. Next, primary data is used in this research to collect data. The finalized
survey was given randomly to the local people of Selangor. The survey consist of demographics
variables, perception level and behavioral intention. The respondents were requested to read
the opening instruction and understand the description stated and fill out the questionnaire in
careful manner. After getting the result from the survey, to understand the data, analyze trends,
forecast, and plan an accurate insight, a SPSS system was used.

3.2 Population and Sample

The target population of this study are focus on form 1 and form 2 student in Smk Puncak
Alam. This is because Port Klang is a city and the largest port in Malaysia. Currently, Port
Klang also is in the ranking the world’s 12 best container port NewStraitTimes (2018).
Selangor is located in the right and west of Peninsular Malaysia and bounded which is Pahang
in the east, Perak in the north, Negeri Sembilan in the south and strategically located at Straits
of Malacca in the west. According to Department of Statistic Malaysia (2018), the population
of the resident in Selangor are around 6,470,000 people. The sample is the subset of the
population and the total number of subjects is sample size. Sample size is very important
because samples that are too large may waste time while samples too small may lead to
inaccurate results. In this research, according to Kreje and Morgan (1970) the sample size
should be 384 people as the population are in large amount.

3.3 Questionaire Design (instruments/items/questionnaire content)

The research instruments that will be used in this study is using questionnaire. It will distribute
among Form 1 and form 2 students in Smk Puncak Alam in Selangor. By using this
questionnaire, the question will be about the perception among the students towards their parent
involement and engagement. The question will be measured in type of Likert Scale that
contains strongly disagree, disagree, neutral, agree and strongly agree. Simple random
sampling technique was used in distribute this questionnaire.

3.4 Plan for Data Analysis

The data collection from the respondent will be analysed in to achieve the objective of this
research. The data will be converted into numerical values before enter the data in the
spreadsheet. In this study, the data analysis use coding for close-ended questions which is fairly
straightforward. In this process, will give a clear instructions to the respondents how to answers
the questionnaire. The data will be recorded systemically and according demographic in order
to make the process of recording the data easily.
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