Chapter 1

Resonance

1.0.1 Introduction:
Most of the transmission lines, electrical circuits and communication networks are made up of network elements
like resistor R,inductor, L and Capacitor C. The impedance of the inductor and capacitor depends on the
frequency of the applied sinusoidal voltage to the network. As we vary the frequency of the supply the
network impedance is purely resistive in which the impedance of the inductor is equal to the impedance of
the capacitor. The phenomenon in which the the complex circuit behaves like a pure resistive is
called resonance. The frequency at which resonance takes place is called the frequency of resonance ωr
(radians/sec) or fr . (Hz)
Resonance may occur by varying frequency of the applied voltage to the complex network or by varying
inductance, L or Capacitance, C, by keeping the frequency constant. Under resonance the following conditions
occur in the circuit.

• The impedance of the inductance is equal to the impedance Capacitance.

• The phase of the current in the circuit is in phase with the applied voltage.

• Maximum current will flow in the circuit.

• The voltage across the capacitor or inductor is I × XC or I × XL where I is the current at resonance and
XC or XL is the impedance of the circuit.

• The total power is dissipated in the resistor and the absorbed average power is maximum.

———————————————————————————————————————-

1.1 Series Resonance At resonance the imaginary part is zero

Consider a series circuit consists of resistor, inductor XL − XC = 0

and capacitor as shown in Figure 1.1. 1
ωr L − = 0
L ωr C
C
1
ωr L =
+ + ωr C
vi (t ) i(t ) vo (t ) R 1
ωr2 =
- - LC
1
ωr = √ radians/sec
LC
Figure 1.1: Series resonance circuit
The impedance of the circuit is
1
Z = R + j(XL − XC ) fr = √ Hz
2π LC

1
1.1. SERIES RESONANCE Chapter 1. Resonance

The plot of the frequency response of series circuit R 1

a = 1, b = , c=−
is as shown in Figure 1.2. At resonant frequency ωr L LC
the current is maximum. q

R 2
s 
−R
L ± L + 4
LC R R 2 1
I ω1 = =− ± +
2 2L 2L LC
Im
Im Frequency is always positive
2 s 2
R R 1
ω1 = − + +
2L 2L LC
ω
In terms of frequency f1
ω1 ωr ω2
 s 
2
Figure 1.2: Frequency response of series circuit 1  R R 1 
f1 = − + +
2π 2L 2L LC
Z Z XL
Impedance

At frequency ω2 the circuit impedance XL > XC

R
XL − XC = R
1
ω2 L − − = R
ω ω2 C
0 ωr ω22 LC − 1
-X C = R
ω2 C
2
ω2 LC − Rω2 C − 1 = 0
R 1
ω22 − ω2 − = 0
L LC
Figure 1.3: Frequency response of impedance of series
circuit R 1
a = 1, b = − , c = −
L LC
At resonance frequency fr Z = R and current is Im q

Im R 2
s 
At half power frequencies f1 and f2 the current is √ R 4
2 L ± L + LC R R 2 1
√ ω2 = = ± +
2 2L 2L LC
2R Z=
Frequency is always positive
p
Z = R + jXL − JXC = R2 + (XL − XC )2
√
s 2
p
R2 + (XL − XC )2 = 2R R R 1
ω2 = + +
R2 + (XL − XC )2 = 2R2 2L 2L LC
(XL − XC )2 = R2 In terms of frequency f2
XL − XC = R  
s 2
At frequency ω1 the circuit impedance XC > XL 1 R R 1 
f2 = + +
2π 2L 2L LC
XC − XL = R
1
− ω1 L = R
ω1 C
1 − ω12 LC
= R
ω1 C
Rω1 C − 1 + ω12 LC = 0
R 1
ω12 + ω1 − = 0
L LC

Dr. Manjunatha P Professor Dept of E&CE, JNN College of Engineering, Shivamogga 2

1.1. SERIES RESONANCE Chapter 1. Resonance

Relation between ωr , ω1 and ω2 Resonance by varying circuit inductance

ω1 × ω2 =
   
Consider a series RLC circuit as shown in Figure 1.5 is
s s
2
1   −R
2 become resonant by varying inductance of the circuit.
= R + R
+ × +
R
+
1 
2L 2L LC 2L 2L LC C L

1
= +
LC vi (t ) i(t ) R
-
r
1 Figure 1.5: Resonance by varying inductance
ωr =
LC
1 Let L1 is the inductance at ω
ωr2 = = ω1 .ω2
LC
√
ωr = ω1 .ω2 XC − XL = R
p 1
fr = f1 f2 − ωL1 = R
ωC
1 R
Relation between Bandwidth Quality factor L1 = −
ω2C ω
Bandwidth is B = ω2 − ω1 Let L2 is the inductance at ω
B = ω2 − ω1
 s   s 
2 2
=  R
+
R
+
1 − −R
+
R
+
1  XL − XC = R
2L 2L LC 2L 2L LC 1
ωL2 − = R
=
R
radians
ωC
L 1 R
L2 = +
ω2C ω
1 R R
B= . = Hz
2π L 2πL Resonance by varying circuit capacitance
r
1
ωr = Consider a series RLC circuit as shown in Figure ?? is
LC become resonant by varying capacitance of the circuit.
s 
B B 2 C L
ω1 = − + + ωr2
2 2 +
s  vi (t ) i(t ) R
-
B B 2
ω2 = + + ωr2
2 2
Figure 1.6: Resonance by varying capacitance
Quality factor Q Let C1 is the capacitance at ω1

The quality factor Q is defined as the ratio of resonant 1

frequency to the bandwidth XC − XL = R ⇒ − ω1 L = R
q ω1 C 1
1 r 1
ωr LC 1 L = R + ω1 L
Q= = R = ω1 C 1
B L
R C 1
C1 =
I ω12 L + ω1 R
Im Let C2 is the capacitance at ω2
Im Q1
2 Q2
1
Q1 > Q 2 XL − XC = R ⇒ ω2 L − =R
ω2 C2
ω 1
ω1 ωr ω2
= ω2 L − R
ω2 C2
1
C2 =
Figure 1.4: Plot of frequency verses Q ω22 L − ω2 R

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1.1. SERIES RESONANCE Chapter 1. Resonance

Table 1.1: Important Formulae

Parameter Formula
At resonance Z = R, XL = XC Current Ir = E R
1
Resonance ωr = √LC fr = 2π√1LC
q

−R R 2 1 ω1
Half power frequency ω1 = 2L + 2L + LC f1 = 2π
q

R R 2 1 ω2
ω2 = 2L + 2L + LC f2 = 2π
q

−B B 2 ω1
Half power frequency ω1 = 2 + 2 + ωr2 f1 = 2π
q

B B 2 ω2
ω2 = 2 + 2 + ωr2 f2 = 2π
R
Bandwidth B = ω2 − ω1 = L Radians
R
B = f2 − f1 = 2πL Hz
q
Quality factor ωr L
Q = R = R CL
1
√ √
ωr ω1 ω2 ωr = ω1 ω2 OR fr = f1 f2
Voltage across VLr = VCr = IXLr
capacitor/inductor
Value of inductor at f1 , f2 1
L1 = ω2 C − Rω , L2 = 1
ω2 C + R
ω
Value of capacitor at f1 , f2 1
C1 = ω2 L − Rω , C2 = 1
ω2 L + R
ω

Selectivity: is property of circuit in which the circuit is allowed to select a band of frequencies
between f1 and f2 .

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1.1. SERIES RESONANCE Chapter 1. Resonance

1: For the circuit shown in Figure Find (a) The amplitude of the current at ωo is
The resonant and half power frequencies (b) V 10
Calculate the quality factor and bandwidth I= = = 3.33A
R 3
(c) Determine the amplitude of the current at
ωo , ω1 , ω2 The amplitude of the current at ω1 , ω2 is
V 10
C = 3.09μ F L = 100mH I=√ =√ = 2.36A
2R 2×3
vi (t ) = + R = 3Ω
i(t ) 2: For the circuit shown in Figure find
10sin ωt - the resonant frequency, quality factor and
bandwidth for the circuit. Determine the
Figure 1.7: Example 1 change in Q and the bandwidth if R is changed
from R = 2 Ω to R = 0.4 Ω
LC = 100 × 10−3 × 3.09 × 10−6 = 3.09 × 10−7
The resonant frequency ωo is C = 5μ F L = 2mH
1 1
ω0 = √ =√ = 1800 rad/s +
LC 3.09 × 10−7 vi (t ) i(t ) R = 2Ω
-
The half power frequency ω1 , ω2 is
R 3 Figure 1.8: Example
= = 15
2L 2 × 100 × 10−3
LC = 2 × 10−3 × 5 × 10−6 = 10 × 10−9
s  The resonant frequency ωo is
R R 2 1 1 1
ω1 = − + + ω0 = √ =√ = 10 × 103 rad/s
2L 2L LC LC 10 × 10−9
r
1 B is
= −15 + 225 + R 2
3.09 × 10−7 B= = = 1000 rad/s
p L 2 × 10−3
= −15 + 225 + 3.236 × 106
Quality factor Q is
= −15 + 1798.96 = 1784 rad/s
s  ωo 10 × 103
R R 2 1 Q= = = 10
ω2 = + + B 1000
2L 2L LC
When R = 0.4Ω B is
= 15 + 1798.96 = 1814 rad/s
R 0.4
B= = = 200 rad/s
Frequency in Hz is L 2 × 10−3
ω1 1784 Quality factor Q is
f1 = = = 284 Hz
2π 2π ωo 10 × 103
ω2 1814 Q= = = 50
f2 = = = 289 Hz B 200
2π 2π
Bandwidth B is
3: For the circuit shown in Figure find the
B = ω2 − ω1 = 1814 − 1784 = 30 rad/s following (a) The resonant frequency fo (b)
Quality factor Q (c) fc1 , fc2 (d) Bandwidth B
Also B is
R 3
B= = = 30 rad/s 12.5kΩ 1.25 pF 312mH
L 100 × 10−3
Quality factor Q is +
vi (t ) i(t ) 50kΩ vo (t )
ωo 1800 -
Q= = = 60
B 30

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1.1. SERIES RESONANCE Chapter 1. Resonance

Figure 1.9: Example B and the average power dissipated by the

network at resonance
LC = 312 × 10−3 × 1.25 × 10−12 = 0.39 × 10−12
The resonant frequency ωo is 50μF 50mH

1 1 +
4Ω
ω0 = √ =√ = 1.6 × 106 rad/s 12 cos ωt i(t )
LC 0.39 × 10−12 -

ω0 1.6 × 106
fo = = = 254 × 103 Hz Figure 1.10: Example
2π 2π
B is LC = 50 × 10−3 × 5 × 10−6 = 2.5 × 10−6
R 62.5 × 103 The resonant frequency ωo is
B= = = 200 × 103
L 312 × 10−3 1 1
ω0 = √ =√ = 632.45 rad/s
Quality factor Q is LC 2.5 × 10−6
ω0 632.45
ωo 1.6 × 106 fo = = = 100 Hz
Q= = =8 2π 2π
B 200 × 103
B is
The half power frequency ω1 , ω1 is R 4
B= = = 80
L 50 × 10−3
R 62.5 × 103 Quality factor Q is
= = 1 × 105
2L 2 × 312 × 10−3 ωo 632.45
Q= = = 7.9
B 80
s 2 The average power dissipated at resonance
R R 1
ω1 = − + +
2L 2L LC
r 1 V2
1 P = ×
ω1 = −1 × 105 + (1 × 105 )2 + 2 R
0.39 × 10−12 1 122
P = × = 18 W atts
p
= −1 × 105 + 1 × 1010 + 2.5641 × 1012 2 4
= −1 × 105 + 1.6 × 106 = 1.5 × 106 rad/s
r 5: For the circuit shown in Figure the
R R 1 maximum amplitude of current is 10A, circuit
ω2 = + ( )2 +
2L 2L LC quality factor Q is 100 and L=0.1H. If the
ω2 = 1 × 105 + 1.6 × 106 = 1.7 × 106 rad/s applied voltage is 100 V find the value of
capacitance
Frequency in Hz is
C 0.1H
ω1 1.5 × 106
fc1 = = = 238.73 × 103 Hz +
RΩ
2π 2π v(t ) i(t )
ω2 260 × 103 -
fc2 = = = 271.56 × 103 Hz
2π 2π
Bandwidth B is Figure 1.11: Example

Solution:
B = ω2 − ω1 = 1.7 × 106 − 1.5 × 106 = 200 × 103 rad/s
The maximum value of current flows in a circuit
Bandwidth B in Hz is when the circuit is in resonance and the impedance of
the circuit is pure resistor and its value is
200 × 103 V 100
B= = 31.83 × 103 Hz R= = = 10 Ω
2×π Im 10

4: A variable frequency voltage source drives The relation between Q and Bandwidth B is
the network shown in Figure. Find the resonant
r r
1 L L
frequency fo , Quality factor Q, Bandwidth Q= ⇒ =Q×R
R C C

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1.1. SERIES RESONANCE Chapter 1. Resonance

L
= (Q × R)2 = (100 × 10)2 = 1 × 106
C
1.6 × 10−7
L 0.1 C= = 0.8 × 10−6 = 0.8µF
C= 6
= = 0.1µF 0.2 × 10−3
1 × 10 1 × 106
R = 100Ω L = 0.2H C = 0.8µF
6: The Q of a series circuit network is 10. The
maximum amplitude of current at resonance is 9: A series resonant RLC circuit has resonant
1 A when applied voltage is 10 V. If L=0.1H frequency of 80 K rad/sec and a quality factor
find the value of capacitance of 8. Find the bandwidth, the upper cutoff
frequency and lower cutoff frequency
Solution:
The maximum value of current flows in a circuit Solution:
when the circuit is in resonance and the impedance of ωr
the circuit is pure resistor and its value is Q=
B
V 10
R= = = 10 Ω
Im 1 ωr 80 × 103
B= = = 10 × 103 rad/sec
Q 8
The relation between Q and Bandwidth B is
r r Bandwidth in Hertz
1 L L
Q= ⇒ =Q×R B 10 × 103
R C C B= = = 1.59 × 103 Hz
2π 2×π
L
= (Q × R)2 = (10 × 10)2 = 10 × 103
C R
B = ω2 − ω1 =
L 0.1 L
C= 3
= = 10µF
10 × 10 10 × 103
s 2
7: A coil of inductance 9H and resistance 50 Ω in series B B
with a capacitor is supplied at constant voltage from ω1 = − + + ωr2
2 2
a variable frequency source. If the maximum current s
−10 × 103 10 × 103 2

is 1A at 75 Hz, find the frequency when the current is
= + + (80 × 103 )2
0.5A 2 2
p
Solution: = −5 × 103 + 25 × 106 + 6.4 × 109
8: Design a series resonant circuit to have ωr = = −5 × 103 + 80.156 × 103 = 75156 rad/sec
s 
2500 rad/sec Z(ωr ) = 100 Ω and B = 500 rad/sec B B 2
Solution: ω2 = + + ωr2
2 2
= 5 × 103 + 80.156 × 103 = 85156 rad/sec
R
B = ωr − ω1 =
L Frequency in Hertz
R 100 ω1 75156
L= = = 0.2H f1 = = = 11.96 × 103 Hz
B 500 2π 2×π
The resonant frequency ωr is ω1 85156
f2 = = = 13.55 × 103 Hz
2π 2×π
1
ωr = √
LC
10: A series RLC circuit has R=10 Ω,
√ 1 1 L=0.1H, and C=100 µF and is connected across
LC = = = 4 × 10−4
ωr 2500 200 V, variable frequency source. Find (a)
the resonant frequency (b)impedance at this
LC = 1.6 × 10−7 frequency (c) the voltage across drop across

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1.1. SERIES RESONANCE Chapter 1. Resonance

inductance and capacitance at this frequency XC = 1 1

= = 125.7Ω
(d) quality factor and (e) bandwidth. 2πfr × C 2π × 100 × 12.66 × 10−6

Solution: (a) Resonant frequency Voltage drop across capacitance

1 1 VC = IXC = 11.5 × 125.7 = 1445.7V

fr = √ = √ = 50.33Hz
2π LC 2π 0.1 × 100 × 10−6
(c) Quality factor
(b)Impedance at resonance Z = R = 10Ω
XL 2πfr × L 2π × 100 × 0.2
Q= = = = 6.28
V 200 R R 20
I= = = 20A
R 10
12: An RLC series circuit has a resistance of
(c) Voltage across inductance/capacitance
R=10 Ω and a variable inductance. is connected
in series with a capacitance across 230 V supply
XL = XC = 2πfr × L = 2π × 50.33 × 0.1 = 31.62Ω Find (a) the value of the inductance for which
the voltage across the resistance is maximum.
VL = IXL = 20 × 31.62 = 632.46V resonance occurs at 100 Hz frequency (b) Q
factor of the coil (c) Voltage across R, L, C.
(d) Quality factor
The applied voltage is 230 V 50 Hz.
XL 31.62 Solution: (a) Resonant frequency
Q= = = 3.162
R 0.1
1
(e) Bandwidth fr = √
2π LC
√ 1 1
B=
R
=
10
= 15.9 Hz LC = = = 3.18 × 10−3
2πL 2 × π × 0.1 2πfr 2π × 50
LC = 1 × 10−5
11: A coil of resistance R=20 Ω and inductance 1 × 10−5
L = = 101 mH
L=0.2 H is connected in series with a 100 × 10−6
capacitance across 230 V supply Find (a) the
value of the capacitance for which resonance
(b) Quality factor
occurs at 100 Hz frequency (b) the current
through and voltage across the capacitor (c) Q XL 2πfr × L 2π × 100 × 100 × 10−3
factor of the coil Q = = = = 3.14
R R 10
Solution: (a) Resonant frequency Impedance at resonance is Z = R = 10Ω
1 (c) Current through resistance is
fr =√
2π LC V 230
√ 1 1 I= = = 23A
LC = = = 1.6 × 10−3 R 10
2πfr 2π × 100 Voltage drop across resistor is
LC = 2.53 × 10−6
2.53 × 10−6 V = IR = 23 × 10 = 230V
C = = 12.66µF
0.2
Voltage drop across Inductor/capacitance is

Impedance at resonance is Z = R = 10Ω XL = 2πfr × L = 2π × 50 × 101 × 10−3 = 31.714Ω

(b) Current through and voltage across the capacitor
XL = XC
V 230
I= = = 11.5A VL = VC = IXL = 23 × 31.714 = 729.2V
R 20

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1.2. PARALLEL RESONANCE Chapter 1. Resonance

1.2 Parallel Resonance 1 1

YL = =
ZL R + jωL
Consider a parallel circuit consists of resistor and 1 R − jωL R − jωL
= × = 2
inductor in one branch and capacitor in another branch R + jωL R − jωL R + ω 2 L2
which is as shown in Figure 1.12.
Similarly the impedance of the capacitor branch is
I IR IL IC
R L
C 1
ZC =
jωC
Figure 1.12: General parallel resonant circuit
The admittance of the capacitor branch is
The total admittance of the circuit is
  1
1 YC = = jωC
Y = G + j ωC − ZC
ωL

When the circuit is at resonance the imaginary part Total admittance of the circuit is
is zero
R − jωL
1 Y = YL + YC = 2 + jωC
ωr C − =0 R + ω 2 L2
ωr L
1 Separating real and imaginary parts
ωr2 =
LC  
R ωL
Y = 2 + j ωC − 2
r
1 R + ω 2 L2 R + ω 2 L2
ωr =
LC
r
1 1 ωr L
fr = ωr C − 2 =0
2π LC R + ωr2 L2

1.3 Practical Parallel Resonant cir-

ωr L
cuit ωr C =
R2 + ωr2 L2
Consider a parallel circuit consists of resistor and
inductor in one branch and capacitor in another branch
ωr L L
which is as shown in Figure 1.13. R2 + ωr2 L2 = =
ωr C C

I IC IL
R L
ωr2 L2 = − R2
C C
L
L
− R2 1 R2
ωr2 = C
= −
L2 LC L2
Figure 1.13: General parallel resonant circuit

The impedance of the inductor branch is r

1 R2
ωr = − 2
ZL = R + jωL LC L

The admittance of the inductor branch is r

1 1 1 1 R2
YL = = fr = − 2
ZL R + jωL 2π LC L

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1.4. PARALLEL RESONANT CIRCUIT BY CONSIDERING CAPACITANCE RESISTANCE
Chapter 1. Resonance

1.4 Parallel Resonant circuit by Imaginary part is

considering capacitance resis- 1
ωL
ωC
tance 2 1 − 2
RC + ω2 C 2
RL + ω 2 L2
Consider a parallel circuit consists of resistor and 1
inductor in one branch and capacitor in another branch ωC ωL
2 1 − 2 =0
which is as shown in Figure 1.14. RC + ω2 C 2
RL + ω 2 L2
1
IC IL ωC ωL
I 2 1 = 2
RC + ω2 C 2
RL + ω 2 L2
RC RL
 
1 1
C 2 2 2 2


L RL + ωr L = ωr L RC + 2 2
ωr C ωr C
 
1 2 2 2

2 2 1
Figure 1.14: General parallel resonant circuit RL + ωr L = ωr RC + 2 2
LC ωr C
The impedance of the inductor branch is 2
RL L 1
+ ωr2 = ωr2 RC 2
+ 2
ZL = RL + jωL LC C C

R2
 
The admittance of the inductor branch is 2 2 L 1
ωr RC − = L − 2
1 1 C LC C
YL = =
ZL RL + jωL 
L

1

L

2 2 2
ωr RC − = RL −
C LC C
1 1
YL = = RL2 − L


ZL RL + jωL 2 1 C
ωr = × 2 − L


1 RL − jωL RL − jωL LC RC C
= × = 2
RL + jωL RL − jωL RL + ω 2 L2 s
2 − L
r
1 RL C
Similarly the impedance of the capacitor branch is ωr = 2 − L
LC RC C
1
ZC = RC − j
s
RL2 − L
ωC 1 C
fr = √ 2 − L
The admittance of the inductor branch is 2π LC R C C

The frequency response of parallel graph is as shown

1 1 in Figure 1.15. From the figure it is observed that
YC = = 1 the current is minimum at resonance. The parallel
ZC RC − j ωC
1 1
circuit is called as a rejector circuit. The circuit
1 RC + j ωC RC + j ωC impedance is maximum √ at the resonance. The half
= 1 × 1 =
RC − j ωC RC + j ωC Rc2 + ω21C 2 power frequencies are at 2Ir .
Total admittance of the circuit is
I

1
RL − jωL RC + j ωC 2Ir
Y = YL + YC = 2 + ω 2 L2 +
RL Rc2 + ω21C 2

Separating real and imaginary parts Ir

Real part is f
f1 fr f2
RL RC
2 + ω 2 L2 + Figure 1.15: plot of parallel resonant circuit
RL Rc + ω21C 2
2

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1.4. PARALLEL RESONANT CIRCUIT BY CONSIDERING CAPACITANCE RESISTANCE
Chapter 1. Resonance

Calculate the resonant frequency of the circuit V 200 200

IC = = =
shown in Figure 1.16 ZC R + jXC 4 − j11.03
200
= = 17.056 70
11.73, 6 − 70
RA CA
2: Find the value of L for which the circuit as shown
LA in Figure 1.18 is resonance at ω = 5000 rad/sec.

IC IL
Figure 1.16: General parallel resonant circuit 4Ω 8Ω

1 1 − ω 2 LC -j12 Ω
ZLC = jXL + jXC = jωL + = L
jωC jωC

j(ω 2 LC − 1) Figure 1.18: General parallel resonant circuit

ZLC =
ωC
2
ω LC = 1 Solution: The admittance of circuit is given by
1 1 1
ω2 = √ Y = +
LC 4 + jXL 8 − j12
4 + jXL 8 − 12
1: For the circuit as shown in Figure 1.17 find the = 2 + 2
2
4 + XL 8 + 122
resonant frequency and the corresponding current in
each branch. At resonance

I IC IL XL 12
4Ω
=
6Ω 42 + XL2 82 + 122
200 V 20 μ F 12(42 + XL2 ) = XL (82 + 122 )
1 mH
192 + 12XL2 = 208XL
Figure 1.17: General parallel resonant circuit 12XL2 − 208XL + 192 = 0
3XL2 − 52XL + 48 = 0
Solution:

L 1 × 10−3
= = 50 p
C 20 × 10−6 52 ± 522 − (4 × 3 × 38)
XL1 =
s 2×3
RL 2 − L
1 C XL1 = 16.36 Ω
fr = √ 2 − L
2π LC RC
r C XL2 = 0.978 Ω
1 62 − 50
= √ XL1 16.36
2π 2 × 10−8 42 − 50 L1 = = = 3.27mH
= 1125.4 × 0.641 = 721 Hz ω 5000
XL2 0.978
L2 = = = 0.196mH
ω 5000
XL = 2π × f × L = 2π × 721 × 1 × 10−3 = 4.53Ω 3: Find the value of L for which the circuit as shown
1 1 in Figure 1.19 is resonance at 1000 Hz.
XC = = = 11.03Ω
2π × f × C 2π × 721 × 20 × 10−6

V 200 200 8Ω 10 Ω
IL = = =
ZL R + jXL 6 + j4.53
50 μ F
200 L
= = 26.636 − 37
7.51, 6 37

Dr. Manjunatha P Professor Dept of E&CE, JNN College of Engineering, Shivamogga 11

1.4. PARALLEL RESONANT CIRCUIT BY CONSIDERING CAPACITANCE RESISTANCE
Chapter 1. Resonance

Figure 1.19: General parallel resonant circuit At resonance

Solution: The admittance of circuit is given by XC 8

− = 0
36 + XC2 164
1 1
XC = = = 3.18 Ω 164XC − 8XC2 − 288 = 0
2πfr C 2π1000 × 50 × 10−6
2XC2 − 41XC + 78 = 0
1 1
Y = +
10 + jXL 8 − j3.18 p
41 ± 412 − (4 × 2 × 72)
10 − jXL 8 + j3.18 XC1 =
= 2 + 2 2×2
2
10 + XL 8 + 3.182
At resonance XC1 = 18.56 Ω
XL 3.18
=
+ XL2
102 82 + 3.182 XC2 = 1.94 Ω
3.18(100 + XL2 ) = XL (64 + 10.11)
1 1
318 + 3.18XL2 = 74XL C1 =
ωXC1
=
2 × π × 750 × 18.56
= 11.44 µF
3.18XL2 − 74XL + 318 = 0
1 1
p C2 = = = 109.45 µF
74 ± 742 − (4 × 3.18 × 318) ωXC2 2 × π × 750 × 1.94
XL =
2 × 3.18
p 5: Find the value of C for which the circuit as shown
74 ± 5476 − (4045)
= in Figure 1.21 is resonance at 3000 rad/sec.
6.36
74 ± 37.8
=
6.36
8Ω
10 Ω
XL1 = 17.57 Ω
C 0.005H
XL2 = 5.69 Ω
XL 17.57
L1 = = = 2.797mH Figure 1.21: General parallel resonant circuit
ω 2π × 1000
XL 5.69
L2 = = = 0.9mH Solution:
ω 2π × 1000
4: Find the value of C for which the circuit as shown
in Figure 1.26 is resonance at 750 Hz. XL = ω × L = 3000 × 0.005 = 15 Ω

IC IL The admittance of circuit is given by

6Ω 10 Ω
1 1
Y = +
C j8 Ω
10 + j15 8 − jXC
10 − j8 8 + jXC
= + 2
2
10 + 15 2 8 + XC2
Figure 1.20: General parallel resonant circuit 
10 8
 
XC 8

= + + j −
325 64 + XC2 64 + XC2 325
Solution: The admittance of circuit is given by
1 1 At resonance
Y = +
10 + j8 6 − jXC
10 + j8 6 − jXC XC 8
= + 2 2 − = 0
2
10 + 8 2 6 + XC2 64 + XC 325

10 6
 
XC 8
 325XC = 512 + 8XC2
= + +j −
164 36 + XC2 36 + XC2 164 8XC2 − 325XC + 512 = 0

Dr. Manjunatha P Professor Dept of E&CE, JNN College of Engineering, Shivamogga 12

1.4. PARALLEL RESONANT CIRCUIT BY CONSIDERING CAPACITANCE RESISTANCE
Chapter 1. Resonance

Find the value of XC , for which resonance occurs.

325 ±
p
3252 − (4 × 8 × 512) 5Ω jX C
325XC = 20 Ω
2×8 10 Ω
√
325 ± 105625 − 16384
= -j15 Ω
16 j12 Ω
325 ± 298.7
=
16
Figure 1.23: General parallel resonant circuit

Solution: The impedance of circuit is given by

XC1 = 38.98 Ω

XC2 = 1.64 Ω
Z = (5 − jXC ) + [(10 + j12)||(20 − j15)]
1 1 (10 + j12)(20 − j15)
C1 = = = 8.55 µF = (5 − jXC ) +
ωC 3000 × 38.98 (10 + j12) + (20 − j15)
(10 + j12)(20 − j15)
1 1 = (5 − jXC ) +
C2 = = = 203 µF (30 − j3)
ωC 3000 × 1.64
380 + j90
= (5 − jXC ) +
6: Find the value of RL for which the circuit as shown 30 − j3
in Figure 1.22 is resonant . 390.516 13.325
= (5 − jXC ) +
30.146 − 5.71
IC IL = (5 − jXC ) + 136 19.03
10 Ω = (5 − jXC ) + 12.78 + j2.33
RL
-j15 Ω = (5 − jXC ) + 17.78 + j(2.33 − jXC )
j10 Ω

Figure 1.22: General parallel resonant circuit At resonance imaginary part is zero

Solution: The admittance of circuit is given by

1 1 XC = 2.33
Y = +
RL + j10 10 − j15
RL − j10 10 + j15
= 2 + 100 + 100 + 225
RL
   
RL 10 15 10
=
RL2 + 100 + 325 + j 325 − R2 + 100
L Z = (5 − jXC ) + [(10 + j12)||(20 − j15)]
At resonance (10 + j12)(20 − j15)
= (5 − jXC ) +
(10 + j12) + (20 − j15)
15 10 (10 + j12)(20 − j15)
− 2 = 0 = (5 − jXC ) +
325 RL + 100 (30 − j3)
2 380 + j90
15(RL + 100) = 3250
= (5 − jXC ) +
2
RL = 116.6 30 − j3
390.516 13.325
RL = 10.8 = (5 − jXC ) +
30.146 − 5.71
= (5 − jXC ) + 136 19.03
7: Two impedances (10+j12) Ω and (20-j15)Ω are
connected in parallel and this combination is = (5 − jXC ) + 12.78 + j2.33
connected in series with an impedance (5 − jXC ) Ω. = (5 − jXC ) + 17.78 + j(2.33 − jXC )

Dr. Manjunatha P Professor Dept of E&CE, JNN College of Engineering, Shivamogga 13

1.4. PARALLEL RESONANT CIRCUIT BY CONSIDERING CAPACITANCE RESISTANCE
Chapter 1. Resonance

8: (2015-JAN) Find the value of C for which the circuit ω = 2 × π × f = 2 × π × 50 = 314.16

as shown in Figure 1.24 is resonance at 50 Hz.

1 1
10 Ω C1 = = = 68.98 µF
20 Ω ωXC1 314.16 × 46.14
XC j37.7 Ω
1 1
C2 = = = 1.47 × 10−3 F
ωXC2 314.16 × 2.16
Figure 1.24: General parallel resonant circuit
Solution: 9: (2012-DEC) Determine the value of RL RC for
The admittance of circuit is given by which the circuit as shown in Figure 1.25 is resonates
1 1 at all frequencies.
Y = +
20 + j37.7 10 − jXC
20 − j37.7 10 + jXC
= + 2 RC
RL
2
20 + 37.7 2 10 + XC2
20 − j37.7 10 + jXC
= + 2 40 μ F 40 mH
1821.29 10 + XC2

At resonance imaginary part is Figure 1.25: General parallel resonant circuit

XC 37.7
2 − = 0 Solution:
100 + XC 1821.29
The admittance of circuit is given by
XC 37.7
2 =
100 + XC 1821.29 s
2 − L
1 RL
1821.29XC = 37.7XC2 + 3770 fr = √ C
2 − L
2π LC RC
37.7XC2 − 1821.29XC + 3770 = 0 C

p The circuit will resonate at any frequency if

1821.29 ± 1821.292 − (4 × 37.7 × 3770)
XC =
2 × 37.7 L
√ 2
RL 2
= RC =
1821.29 ± 3317097 − 568516 C
=
75.4
1821.29 ± 1657.8
=
75.4
XC1 = 46.14 Ω r r
L 40 × 10−3
XC2 = 2.16 Ω RL = RC = = = 31.6 Ω
C 40 × 10−6

Dr. Manjunatha P Professor Dept of E&CE, JNN College of Engineering, Shivamogga 14

1.4. PARALLEL RESONANT CIRCUIT BY CONSIDERING CAPACITANCE RESISTANCE
Chapter 1. Resonance

√
JAN 2017 CBCS Q 7 a) Prove that f0 = f1 f2 where 2017 JAN 5 a) A series R-L-C circuit is fed with
f1 and f2 are the two half power frequencies of a 50 V rms supply. At resonance the current
resonant circuits. 8 Marks through circuit is 25 A and the voltage across
inductor is 1250 volts. If C = 4µF determine
JAN 2017 CBCS Q 7 b) A series RLC circuit of
the values of R, L, Q, resonant frequency,
R = 100 Ω L=0.01H and C=0.01µF is connected
bandwidth and half power frequencies. (12 M)
across supply of 10 mV. Determine i) f0 ii) Q
factor, iii) BW iv) f1 and f2 iv) I0 8 Marks Solution:
Solution: V 50
i) LC = 0.01 × 0.01 × 10−6 = 1 × 10−10 R= = =2Ω
I 25
1 1 At resonance
fo = √ = √ = 15.9 × 103 Hz XL = XC
2π LC 2π 1 × 10−10
q Quality factor Q is
ii) Q = R1 CL
= 2πfRo L VL or VC 1250
Q= = = 25
E 50
2πfo L 2π × 15.9 × 103 × 0.01
Q= = = 10 r r
R 100 1 L L
Q= ⇒ = QR
R C C
iii) Bandwidth BW
L = (QR)2 C = (25 × 2)2 × 4 × 10−6 = 0.01H
R 100 1
B= = = 10 × 103 rad/sec fo = √
L 0.01 2π LC
Bandwidth in Hz 1
fo = √ = 795.7 Hz
2π 0.01 × 4 × 10−6
B 10 × 103
B= = = 1.59 × 103 Hz iii) Bandwidth BW
2π 2π
R 2
iv) f1 and f2 B= = = 200rad/sec
L 0.01
R 100 Bandwidth in Hz
= = 5 × 103
2L 2 × 0.01 B 200
B= = = 31.83Hz
2π 2π
 
iv) f1 and f2
s 2
1  R R 1 
f1 = − + + R 2
2π 2L 2L LC = = 100 LC = 0.01×4×10−6 = 4×10−8
" r # 2L 2 × 0.01
1 1
= −5 × 103 + (5 × 103 )2 +  s  
2π 1 × 10−10 1  R R 2 1 
f1 = − + +
1 h p i 2π 2L 2L LC
= −5 × 103 + 25 × 106 + 1 × 1010
2π " r #
1  1 1
−5 × 103 + 100 × 103 = 15.12 × 103 Hz

= = −100 + (100) + 2
2π   2π 4 × 10−8
s 
2 1 h
1 R R 1  p i
f2 = + + = −100 + 10 × 103 + 25 × 106
2π 2L 2L LC 2π
1 
−100 + 5 × 103 = 779.8 Hz

1  =
= 5 × 103 + 100 × 103 = 16.71 × 103 Hz
 2π 
2π
s  
1 R R 2 1 
f2 = + +
2π 2L 2L LC
iv) I0
1 
100 + 5 × 103 = 811.69Hz

=
V 10 × 10−3 2π
I0 = = = 1 × 10−3 Ampere
R 10

Dr. Manjunatha P Professor Dept of E&CE, JNN College of Engineering, Shivamogga 15

1.4. PARALLEL RESONANT CIRCUIT BY CONSIDERING CAPACITANCE RESISTANCE
Chapter 1. Resonance

JULY 2016 Q 5 a) With respect to series resonant DEC/JAN 2015 5 b) Calculate the half power
circuit define resonant frequency fr and half power frequencies of series resonant circuit where the
frequencies f1 and f2 . Also show that the resonant resonance frequency is 150 KHz and bandwidth
frequency is equal to the geometric mean of half power is 75 KHz 4 Marks
frequencies 10 Marks
Solution:
JULY 2016 Q 5 B) ) A series circuit is energized Frequency in radians is
by constant voltage and constant frequency
ωr = 2πfr = 2 × π × 150 × 103 = 942.5 × 103 radians
supply. Resonance takes place due to variation
of inductance and the supply frequency is 300 Bandwidth in radians is
Hz. The capacitance in the circuit is 10µF . B = 2πB = 2 × π × 75 × 103 = 471.2 × 103 radians
Determine the value of resistance in the circuit
if the quality factor is 5. Also find the value s 
of the inductance at half power frequencies. 10 B B 2
Marks ω1 = − + + ωr2
2 2
Solution: LC = 0.01 × 0.01 × 10−6 = 1 × 10−10 p
= −235.6 × 103 + 55.5 × 109 + 888.3 × 109
The resonant frequency fr is
= −235.6 × 103 + 971.5 × 103
1 1 = 736 × 103 Radians
fr = √
2π LC s 
B B 2
√ ω2 = + + ωr2
1 1 1 1 −4 2 2
LC = = = 5.3 × 10
2π fr 2π 300 = 235.6 × 103 + 971.5 × 103 = 1.2 × 106
LC = 2.8 × 10−7 = 1.2 × 106 Radians
2.8 × 10−7
L= = 28.1 × 10−3 Henry
10 × 10−6
Frequency in Hertz
2πfr L
Q=
R
ω1 736 × 103
2πfr L 2π × 300 × 0.0281 f1 = = = 117.13 × 103 Hz
R= = = 10.6 Ω 2π 2×π
Q 5
ω1 1.2 × 106
The value of the inductance at half power frequencies f2 = = = 191 × 103 Hz
2π 2×π
is
ωr = 2πfr = 2 × π × 300 = 1.88 × 103 DEC 2015 5 a) It is required that a series RLC
circuit should resonate at 500 KHz. Determine
1 R the values of R, L, and C if the bandwidth of
L1 = − the circuit is 10 KHz and its impedance is 100
ω2C ω
1 10.6 Ω at resonance. Also find the voltages across
= − L and C resonance if the applied voltage is 75
(1.88 × 103 )2 .10 × 10−6 1.88 × 103
volts 10 Marks
= 0.02829 − 5.638 × 10−3 = 22.65 × 10−3 H
Solution:
At resonance the circuit acts as a pure resistive hence
the value of R=100 Ω
1 R
L2 = +
ω2C ω R
1 10.6 B=
= + 2πL
(1.88 × 103 )2 .10 × 10−6 1.88 × 103
= 0.02829 + 5.638 × 10−3 = 33.93 × 10−3 H L=
R
=
100
= 1.59 × 10−3 H
2πB 2 × π × 10 × 103
DEC/JAN 2015 5 a) What is resonance? Derive 1
an expression for cut-off frequencies 8 Marks f0 = √
2π LC

Dr. Manjunatha P Professor Dept of E&CE, JNN College of Engineering, Shivamogga 16

1.4. PARALLEL RESONANT CIRCUIT BY CONSIDERING CAPACITANCE RESISTANCE
Chapter 1. Resonance

√ 1 1
LC = = = 0.318 × 10−6
2πf0 2π × 500 × 103  s 2

1  −R R 1 
LC = (0.318 × 10−6 )2 = 0.1 × 10−12 f1 =
2π 2L
+
2L
+
LC
0.1 × 10−12 1 h
= 62.83 × 10−12 F
i
C=
p
1.59 × 10−3 = −2 × 103 + 4 × 106 + 0.1 × 109
2π
1 
−2 × 103 + 10198 = 1305 Hz

=
XL = 2πf0 L = 2π × 500 × 103 × 1.59 × 10−3 2π 
s  
= 5 × 103 Ω 1 R R 2 1 
f2 = + +
2π 2L 2L LC
At resonance current I is
1 
2 × 103 + 10198 = 1941 Hz

V 75 =
I= = = 0.75A 2π
R 100
JULY 2013 5 a) For the series RLC circuit shown
in Figure find the resonant frequency, half
1 1 power frequencies, band width Quality factor
XC = = and 10 Marks
2πf0 C 2π × 500 × 10 × 62.9 × 10−12
6
0.5 H
= 5 × 103 Ω 0.4 F

+
At resonance vi (t ) 100 Ω
-
XL = XC
Voltage across capacitor/inductor is Figure 1.26: Example
Solution:
3
VC = VL = IXC = 0.75 × 5 × 10 = 3750V Resonant frequency is
1 1
fr = √ = √
JULY 2014 5 a) Define the following terms i) 2π LC 2π 0.4 × 0.5
Resonance ii) Q factor iii) Selectivity of series = 0.356 Hz
RLC circuit iv) Bandwidth 4 Marks
√ Given data may wrongly printed because frequency
JULY 2014 5 b) Prove that f0 = f1 f2 where f1 is always more than 1 Hz
and f2 are the two half power frequencies of
resonant circuit 8 Marks JULY 2012 5 a) Define the following terms i)
Resonance ii) Q factor iii) Selectivity of series
JULY 2014 5 C) A series RLC circuit has R=4 RLC circuit iv) Bandwidth 6 Marks
Ω L=1 mH and C= 10 µF . Calculate the Q
factor, band width resonant frequency and the DEC 2012 5 b) A series RLC circuit has R=10 Ω
half power frequencies f1 and f2 8 Marks L=0.01 H and C= 0.01 µF and it is connected
across 10 mV supply. Calculate i)f0 , ii)Q0
Solution: iii)band width iv) f1 and f2 v) I0 10 Marks
Solution:
1 1
fr = √ = √
2π LC 2π 1 × 10 × 10 × 10−6
−3
1 1
= 1591.5 Hz fo = √ = √
2π LC 2π 0.01 × 0.01 × 10−6
= 15915.5 Hz
2πf0 L 2π × 15915.5 × 0.01
Qo = = = 100
R 4 R 10
B= = = 636.62Hz
2πL 2π × 1 × 10−3 R 10
B= = = 160Hz
2πL 2π × 0.01
R 4 R 10
= = 2 × 103 = = 500
2L 2 × 1 × 10−3 2L 2 × 10 × 10−3

Dr. Manjunatha P Professor Dept of E&CE, JNN College of Engineering, Shivamogga 17

1.4. PARALLEL RESONANT CIRCUIT BY CONSIDERING CAPACITANCE RESISTANCE
Chapter 1. Resonance

 s   s 
2 2
1  −R R 1  1  −R R 1 
f1 = + + f1 = + +
2π 2L 2L LC 2π 2L 2L LC
1 h p
3 10
i 1 h
3
p
6 6
i
= −500 + 250 × 10 + 1 × 10 = −5 × 10 + 25 × 10 + 1 × 10
2π 2π
1  1 
−500 + 100 × 103 −5 × 103 + 5099 = 15.75 Hz
 
= =
2π 2π 
= 15836
 Hz s
s  
2
 1 R R 1 
1 R
 2
R 1  f2 = + +
f2 = + + 2π 2L 2L LC
2π 2L 2L LC
1 
5 × 103 + 5099 = 1607 Hz

1  =
= 500 + 100 × 103
 2π
2π
= 15995 Hz

V 10 × 10−3 May/June 2010 5 C) Determine the i) line current

Io = = = 1 × 10−3 A
R 10 ii) the power factor and iii) voltage across coil
when a coil of resistance 40Ω and inductance of
DEC 2011 5 a) Define the following terms i) 0.75 H forms a part of series circuit, for which
Resonance ii) Q factor iii) Selectivity of series the resonant frequency is 55 Hz If the supply
RLC circuit iv) Bandwidth 6 Marks voltage is 250 V 50 Hz 8 Marks
JULY
√ 2010 5 b) Derive for resonant circuit f0 = Solution:
f1 f2 where f1 and f2 are the two half power
frequencies 8 Marks
1
ωr L = 2πfr L = = 2π × 55 × 0.75 = 259.05
ωr C

XL at 50 Hz

DEC 2010 5 C) An RLC series circuit has R = XL = ωL = 2πf L = 2π × 50 × 0.75 = 235.5

1KΩ L=100 mH and C= 10 µF . If a voltage
of 100 V is applied across series combination 55
XC = 259.05 × = 284.96
determine i)Resonant frequency ii) Q factor, 50
and iii) Half power frequencies 4 Marks Circuit Impedance at 50 Hz is
Solution:

1 1
fr = √ = √
2π LC 2π 100 × 10−3 × 10 × 10−6 Z = 40 + J(XL − XC ) = 40 + J(235.5 − 284.96)
= 159.15 Hz = 40 − J49.46 = 63.616 − 51.04
ii) Q factor i) line current
2πfr L 2π × 159.15 × 100 × 10−3 V 250
Q= = = 0.1 I= = = 3.93 A
R 1 × 103 R 63.61
ii) Power factor is
R 1 × 103 I = cosφ = cos51.04 = 0.629leading
B= = = 1592.35Hz
2πL 2π × 100 × 10−3
iii) voltage across coil
iii) Half power frequencies

R 1 × 103 q
= 5 × 103
p
= V = IZ = I R2 + XL2 = 3.93 402 + 235.52 = 938.77
2L 2 × 100 × 10−3

Dr. Manjunatha P Professor Dept of E&CE, JNN College of Engineering, Shivamogga 18

1.4. PARALLEL RESONANT CIRCUIT BY CONSIDERING CAPACITANCE RESISTANCE
Chapter 1. Resonance

June/July 2009 5 C) A series circuit RLC consists iv) Half power frequencies
of R = 1KΩ and an inductance of 100 mH
in series with capacitance of 10 nF . If
a voltage of 100 V is applied across series R 1 × 103
= = 5 × 103
combination determine i)Resonant frequency 2L 2 × 100 × 10−3
the ii) maximum current in the circuit iii) Q
factor, and iii) Half power frequencies 8 Marks

Solution:
 s 
2
1  −R R 1 
f1 = + +
1 1 2π 2L 2L LC
fr = √ = √
2π LC 2π 100 × 10 × 10 × 10−9
−3
1 h p i
= 5 KHz = −5 × 103 + 25 × 106 + 1 × 109
2π
ii) Maximum current in the circuit 1 
−5 × 103 + 32 × 103 = 27 KHz

=
2π 
V 100 s  
I= = = 0.1A
R 1 × 103 1 R R 2 1 
f2 = + +
iii) Q factor 2π 2L 2L LC
2πfr L 2π × 5 × 103 × 100 × 10−3 1 
5 × 103 + 32 × 103 = 37 KHz

Q= = = 3.14 =
R 1 × 103 2π

Dr. Manjunatha P Professor Dept of E&CE, JNN College of Engineering, Shivamogga 19