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Chemical Cole-Parmer Technical Library

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Safety Glove
Chemical
Compatibility
Database

Conversion Factors and Instant Fact Finder

Tech Data
What is a Chiller
Technical Glossary Chiller Types
Why Buy A Chiller
Reference Sites Chiller Designs
Chiller Applications
Regulatory Agencies and What is the Refrigeration Process
Approvals Differences Between a Chiller and a Circulator
How to Choose an Industrial Chiller
Top 5 Tech Tools: How to Choose a Laboratory Chiller
Conductivity Theory Calculating Process Heat Loads
and Technical Tips Heat Rejection for Common Industry Machinery

Flowmeter FAQs

What is a Chiller?
High Viscosity
Flowmeters: Solution to
The industrial chiller is a cooling system that removes heat from one element (water) and
a Sticky Problem
transfers it into another (ambient air or water).

Peristaltic Pumps—
Matching the Tubing to
the Fluid
pH Measurement FAQs
A chiller is a compressor based cooling system that is similar to an air conditioner except it cools
and controls the temperature of a liquid instead of air. The other main components to a chiller are
a temperature controller, a recirculating pump and a reservoir. Operation and setup is simple. Fill
the reservoir with fluid to be recirculated, typically water or an ethylene glycol/water mix. Install
plumbing between the chiller and the application and provide power to the chiller. The controller
regulates the chiller’s functions. The chiller will provide a stable temperature, flow and pressure
once it has been programmed by a user for their individual needs. Harmful particles are kept out
of the system by an internal strainer.

Chiller Types

Portable chiller — A liquid cooling system on casters that can be relocated from one application
to another with relative ease. It can be used to cool one or more heat generating devices.

Air-cooled chiller — These chillers absorb heat from process water and can be transferred to the
surrounding air. Air-cooled chillers are generally used in applications where the additional heat
they discharge is not a factor. They require less maintenance than water-cooled units and
eliminate the need for a cooling tower and condense water pump. They generally consume
approximately 10% more power than a water-cooled unit as a wet surface transfers heat better
than a dry surface.

Water-cooled chiller — These chillers absorb heat from process water and transfer it to a
separate water source such as a cooling tower, river, pond, etc. They are generally used for large
capacity applications, where the heat generated by an air-cooled chiller creates a problem. They
are also considered when a cooling tower is already in place, or where the customer requires
optimum efficiency of power consumption. Water- cooled chillers require condenser water
treatment to eliminate mineral buildup. Mineral deposits create poor heat transfer situations, that
reduce the efficiency of the unit.

Selection Process
Water Air
1. Adequate water supply available from 1. Adequate water supply not available from
tower or well source tower or well sources.
2. Water supply is of good quality. 2. Water supply is not of good quality.
3. Heat recovery is not practical or
3. Heat recovery is practical and important.
unimportant.

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4. Plant ambient temperatures consistently 4. Plant ambient temperatures will not

exceed 95º F. consistently exceed 95º F.
5. Ambient air is polluted with large dust and 5. Ambient air is not polluted with large dust
dirt particles. and dirt particles.

Why buy a Chiller?

Equipment Protection The most compelling reason for a chiller is the protection it provides your
valuable processing equipment—such as spot welders, injection molding equipment and other
applications. A chiller commonly represents a small fraction of the cost of the processing
equipment, yet it provides solid protection of your investment, 24-hours-a-day, 7-days-a-week
for years and years to come.

Increase Production The speed and accuracy of production will increase as you maintain a
constant and proper cooling temperature in the equipment. A chiller will reduce the number of
rejected parts while increasing the number of parts produced per hour.

Chiller Designs

One chiller cannot control every heat load. Some chillers are designed to cool to very low
temperatures while others are designed for only mid-range applications. Some designs can
support very high flow rates of fluid while other may be designed for just a trickle of fluid. The
same issues apply with ambient temperatures. Some chillers use refrigerant suited for a high
ambient temperature environment while other refrigerants are formulated for cooler conditions.

The customer must also consider the fluid being cooled. Distilled water or di-ionized water
requires different conditions than tap water. DI and distilled water can cause the breakdown of
metal they come in contact with. In cases like this the chiller is designed with no brass, copper or
mild steel components that would come in contact with the water, instead, plastic or stainless
steel are used. This eliminates the corrosive effects of the fluid.

Chiller Applications

Chillers are used in many industrial applications. The most common applications are:

Plastics
In the plastics industry chillers are used for cooling the hot plastic that is injected, blown
extruded or stamped. Chillers can also be used to cool down the equipment used in the
manufacturing process.

Laser
Chillers are used to cool down the lasers and the power supplies used to power them.

Printing
Chillers remove the heat generated by the printing rollers and also cool down the paper after it
comes out of the ink drying ovens.

EDM
Chillers keep machinery at ambient temperature during the cutting process.

Machine Tooling
Chillers cool the spindle of the machine as it produces the part and cools the liquid being sprayed
on part itself as it is being turned on the spindle.

MRI and PET Scans

Chillers cool the high powered electronics inside the machines that are the latest in diagnostic
tools.

What is the Refrigeration Process?

Refrigeration is the removal and relocation of heat. So if something is to be refrigerated, it is to

have heat removed from it. In order to refrigerate something, you must find a way to expose it to
something that is colder than itself and nature will take over from there.

In order to understand the concept of refrigeration you must understand the concept of heat.
Long ago a definitive method was developed to quantify heat. Heat is quantified by a
measurement called a British Thermal Unit. When 1 LB of water is heated 1 degree Fahrenheit
the amount of heat required for the process is called a British Thermal Unit. This is the standard
measurement for heat in the refrigeration industry today. The BTU concept applies until a liquid
reaches its boiling point. The boiling point of water is 212º. Something very important happens
when water is at its boiling point. Once it reaches that point you could keep adding BTU’s, but
the water would not get any hotter. It would change its state into a gas and it would take 970
BTU’s to vaporize that pound of water. This is called the Latent Heat of Evaporization and in the
case of water it is 970 BTU’s per pound.

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Why doesn’t the water boil when it is at room temperature? Surprisingly, it isn’t because the
water isn’t hot enough at room temperature. The only thing that keeps the water from boiling is
the pressure of the air molecules pressing down on the surface of the water. When you heat that
surface to 212º and then continue to add heat, what you are doing is supplying sufficient energy
to the water molecules to overcome the pressure of the air and allow them to escape from the
liquid state. The atmospheric pressure of the environment, determines the amount of heat
needed to vaporize the water. In outer space, where there is no air pressure, the water would
vaporize into a gas in a flash. The lower the air pressure the lower the boiling point. If the water
were placed under a bell jar and all the pressure removed, the water would boil at room
temperature.

We can look at this from another point of view. When liquid evaporates it absorbs heat from the
surrounding area. So finding a liquid that would evaporate at a lower temperature than water was
one of the first steps needed for the development of mechanical refrigeration. Chemical engineers
experimented for many years before finding the perfect chemicals for the job. A family of
hydroflourocarbon refrigerants which have extremely low boiling points (below 0º F) were the
answer.

There are four main components to a mechanical refrigeration system:

1. Compressor — a pumping device used to increase pressure of a gas

2. Condenser — a device used to convert a high pressure gas into a lower pressure liquid by
removing heat via forced air, water coil, etc.
3. Metering device — a device used to control and meter refrigerant flow to a heat exchanger.
4. Evaporator — a heat exchanger which cools the water, water/glycol or air by transferring
the heat to the refrigerant which is turned into a gas

The compressor is a vapor compression pump which uses pistons or some other method to
compress the refrigerant gas and send it on it's way to the condenser. The condenser is a heat
exchanger which removes heat from the hot compressed gas and allows it to condense into a
liquid. The liquid refrigerant is then routed to the metering device. This device restricts the flow
by forcing the refrigerant to go through a small hole which causes a pressure drop. And what
happens to a liquid when the pressure drops? It lowers the boiling point and makes it easier to
evaporate. And what happens when a liquid evaporates? The liquid will absorb heat from the
surrounding area? This is how refrigeration works. The component where the evaporation takes
place is called the evaporator. The refrigerant is then routed back to the compressor to complete
the cycle. The refrigerant is used over and over again absorbing heat from one area and
relocating it to another. Remember the definition of refrigeration? (the removal and relocation of
heat).

Differences Between a Chiller and a Circulator

Select a circulator when temperature stability is what’s desired, select a chiller when heat
removal is what’s desired.

Circulator
Considered a laboratory application, bench-top instrument (condensers, reactors,
refractometers, viscometers, electrophoresis)
Extremely wide temperature range, -45ºC to 200ºC in the PolyScience family
Stability of up to ±0.01ºC
Limited heat removal capability of up to 750 Watts
Has an on-board reservoir that can actively be used as a circulating bath

Chiller
Considered for larger industrial type applications; floor model (AutoAnalyzer, Electron
Microscope, Lasers, EDM, Injection Molding)
Narrow temperature band of —15ºC to 40ºC (Heating available to 80C)
Limited stability of ±0.5ºC
Significant heat removal of up to 2850 Watts at 1 HP
On board reservoir is to provide thermal mass and cannot be used as a circulating bath.

Chiller or Circulator — How to Choose

What is the Application?

Knowledge of the application may allow you to skip several steps

What is the Temperature Range?

< 30°C Think refrigeration, >30C°C Think heating only

What Temperature Stability is Required?

±0.01°C Think circulator ±0.5°C Think chiller

Closed Loop or Open Bath Application?

If closed loop, think anything but immersion circulator

How Much Cooling Power is Required?

Modest (100 — 700 watts) Think circulator , Strong (750 & up) Think chiller

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What are the Pumping Requirements:

Circulators Chillers

Magnetic Drive Centrifugal — fixed flow/ fixed

Simplex — closed loop only
pressure

Duplex — closed or open loop Positive Displacement — fixed flow/adjustable

systems pressure

Turbine — adjustable flow or pressure

Other Requirements?
Remote probe
RS232 port
Expanded programming capabilities
Special fluids — watch compatibility and safety

Overall
Select circulators for temperature control and stability
Select chillers to provide best cooling power / heat removal

How To Choose An Industrial Chiller

Choosing the right size recirculating chiller adds to the economies of its use. The optimum size
needed is based on the amount of heat your application is generating, plus additional power to
maintain temperature under varying loads.

Normally the manufacturer of the equipment you are cooling will supply heat removal
information, which will include BTU/hr or watts to be removed along with flow rate and desired
and inlet and outlet temperatures for the equipment.

If information isn’t available, here’s how to calculate the heat load of your system:

BTU/hr = (T1-T2) x gpm x 60 min/hr x 8.33 lb/gal x Cp

T1 = temperature of coolant leaving the equipment, deg F

T2 = temperature of coolant entering the equipment, deg F

gpm = gallons per minute of coolant flowing through the equipment

Cp = specific heat of coolant; Water = 1.0

Measure temperature with the same thermometer if possible of with two thermometers of known
accuracy. Measure gpm using a flowmeter of by collecting the coolant in a known volume for a
given period of time.

Additional Considerations:

1. If ambient temperature of the cooling location is above 68°F, add 1% to the calculated
BTU/hr for each 0.9°F above 68°F.
2. If operating at 50Hz, add 20% to the calculated BTU/hr.
3. If line voltage is consistently below rated voltage, or if you work at high altitude, add 10%
to the calculated wattage.
4. Future growth cooling needs or variability of heat output of existing unit.

Conversions:
Watts = BTU/hr / 3.413
Tons = (BTU’s / hr) / 12,000

How To Choose A Laboratory Chiller

Choosing the right size recirculating chiller adds to the economies of its use. The optimum size
needed is based on the amount of heat your application is generating, plus additional power to
maintain temperature under varying loads. Normally the manufacturer of the device you are
cooling will supply heat removal information. If information isn’t available, here’s how to calculate
the heat load of your system:

Watts = [DT° x (K)] / S

Where:
DT= The difference (D) between incoming and outgoing tap water temperature (T) of your
instrument. Measure carefully using the same thermometer for both locations. You may
measure in Celsius or Fahrenheit.
S = The number of seconds to fill a one liter container.
K = Conversion constant for density and specific heat of water.

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Measured in:
Celsius: Watts = [DT°C (4,186)] / Seconds
Fahrenheit: Watts = [DT°F (2,326)] / Seconds

Additional Considerations:

1. If ambient temperature of the cooling location is above 20°C, add 1% to the calculated
wattage for each 0.5°C above 20°C.
2. If operating at 50Hz, add 20% to the calculated wattage.
3. If line voltage is consistently below rated voltage, or if you work at high altitude, add 10%
to the calculated wattage.
4. Future growth cooling needs or variability of heat output of existing unit.

Conversions:
BTU’s / hr = (watts) * 3.413
Tons = (BTU’s / hr) / 12,000

Calculating Process Heat Loads

Below are some basic methods for calculating the heat load of various industrial processes. In
order to use the heat load calculations some general definitions need to be addressed. The
calculations will reference the following basic definitions and formulas:

One Ton of Refrigeration = 12,000 Btu per Hour

One Refrigeration Ton = 3,025 kg calories per hour

Btu/hr for Water = GPM x 500 x Delta-T

Btu/hr for other fluids = Lbs. Per Hr. x Specific Heat x Specific Gravity X Delta-T

Btu/hr for Solids = Lbs. Per hour x Specific Heat x Delta-T

Btu/hr = kW x 3,413

Btu/hr = HP x 2,544

PSIA = PSIG + 14.7

Btu/hr = kW x 1000 / .293

kW = Btu/hr / 1000 x .293

Lbs/Hr = GPM x Density x 8.022

Lbs/Hr = GPM x 501.375 x Specific Gravity

Specific Gravity = Density / 62.4

GPM of Water = Btu/hr / Specific Heat / Specific Gravity / Delta-T / 500

Heat Rejection for Common Industrial Machinery

Air Compressors ………………………1,500 Btu/hr per HP

Air Compressor Aftercooler………1,500 Btu/hr per HP
Vacuum Pump Cooling………………1,500 Btu/hr per HP
Hydraulic Cooling………………………2,544 Btu/hr per HP x .6
Hot Runner………………………………..3,420 Btu/hr pr kW

If component heat loads cannot be learned from customer supplied data, multiply the total input
Hp or kW times the appropriate conversion factor. This represents the maximum possible heat
load.

Related Links: Printable page E-mail a colleague

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