Section - 10A: Stress

Problems and Designer

Stress Training
Stress related technical and execution problems in the design of process
plant piping are complex and must be addressed properly.

There will be some Piping Designers, Stress Engineers and others who read
this and say that they agree.

Others may say that they do not agree.

Others will just not know one way or the other.

This discussion, while not covering solutions to every potential problem, is

intended only to highlight some of the most common stress related factors
and designer training needs.

Piping Stress Problems and Piping Designer Stress

Training

There are five basic factors that influence piping and therefore piping stress
in the process plant.

There is temperature, pressure, weight, force and vibration.

These factors will come in many forms and at different times.

Stress problems become all the more complex because two or more of these
will exist at the same time in the same piping system.
The main objective of the focus when dealing with problems related to piping
systems is not normally the pipe itself.

In a very high percentage of the time it is not the pipe that is the weakest
link.

Note this: the pipe is normally stronger and/or less vulnerable to damage
than what the pipe is connected to.

Pumps are just one examples of equipment to which pipes are routinely
connected.

Misalignment problems caused by expansion (or contraction) in a poorly

designed system can result in major equipment failure.

Equipment failures can lead to the potential for fire, plant shutdown and loss
of revenue.

At this point it should be emphasized that the success (or failure) of the
plant's operation, years down the road can and will depend on what is done
up front by all the members of the design team during the design stage.

An important point to remember, "While analysis cannot create a good

design, it can confirm a good design" (Improved Pump Load Evaluation,
Hydrocarbon Processing, April 1998, By: David W. Diehl, COADE Engineering
Software, Inc Houston, TX).

On the other hand, proper analysis will identify bad design and potential
problems in a piping system design.

Stress Related Design Factors Temperatures in piping systems may range

from well over 1000o F (537.8 C) on the high side to below -200 o F (-128.8
C) on the low side.

Each extreme on the temperature scale and everything in between brings its
own problems.

There will also be times when both high and low temperatures can occur in
the same piping system.

An example of this would be in piping that is installed in an arctic

environment.
The piping is installed outdoors where it is subjected to -100 o F (-73.3 C)
over the arctic winter.

Six to nine months later it is finally commissioned started up and may

operate at five or six hundred degrees.

The problems that temperature causes is expansion (or contraction) in the

piping system.

Expansion or contraction in a piping system is an absolute.

No matter what the designer or the stress engineer does they cannot
prevent the action caused by heat or cold.

Expansion or contraction in a piping system it self is not so much a problem.

As we all know if a bare pipe was just lying on the ground in the middle of a
dry barren desert it will absorb a lot of heat from just solar radiation.

In the hot sun piece of pipe can reached 150 o F (65.5 C).

The pipe will expand and with both ends loose it would not be a problem.

However, when you connect the pipe to something, even if only one end is
connected you may begin to have expansion related problems.

When the pipe is anchored or connected to something at both ends you

absolutely will have expansion induced problems.

Expansion induced problems in a piping system is stress.

There are a number of ways to handle expansion in

piping systems.

Flexible routing is the first and by far the cheapest and safest method for
handling expansion in piping systems.

The other way is the use of higher cost and less reliable flexible elements
such as expansion joints.

Stress will exist in every piping system.

If not identified and the proper action taken, stress will cause failure to
equipment or elements in the piping system itself.

Stress results in forces at equipment nozzles and at anchor pipe supports.

Two piping configurations with the same pipe size, shape, dimensions,
temperature and material but with different wall schedules (sch. 40 vs. sch.
160) will not generate the same stress.

Force in piping systems is not independent of the other factors.

Primarily, force (as related to piping systems) is the result of expansion

(temperature) and/or pressure acting on a piping configuration that is too
stiff.

This may cause the failure of a pipe support system or it may cause the
damage or failure of a piece of equipment.

Force, and the expansion that causes it, is best handled by a more flexible
routing of the piping.

Some people suggest that force can be reduced by the use of expansion
joints.

However we must remember that for an expansion joint to work there must
be an opposite and equal force at both ends to make the element work.

This tends to compound the problem rather than lessen it.

Pressure in piping systems also range from the very high to the very low.

Piping systems with pressure as high as 35,000 psi in some plants are not
unusual.

On the other hand piping systems with pressures approaching full vacuum
are also not unusual.

The pressure (or lack of) in a piping system effects the wall thickness of the
pipe.

When you increase the wall thickness of the pipe you do two things.

First, you increase the weight of the pipe.

Second, you increase the stiffness of the pipe thus the stress intensification
affecting forces.

Increasing the wall thickness of the pipe is the primary method of

compensating for increases in pressure.

Other ways, depending on many factors include changing to a different

material.

With low or vacuum systems there are also other ways to prevent the
collapse of the pipe wall.

Among these the primary method is the addition of stiffening rings.

Stiffing rings may be added internally or externally depending on the

commodity type and the conditions.

Weight in a piping system is expressed normally as dead load.

The weight of a piping system at any given point is made up of many

elements.

These include the weight of the pipe, the fittings, the valves, any
attachments, and the insulation.

There is also the test media (e. g. hydrotest water) or the process
commodity whichever has the greater specific gravity.

Piping systems are heavy, period.

Everybody involved in the project needs to understand this and be aware

that this weight exists and it needs to be supported.

Ninety-nine times out of a hundred this weight will be supported from a

structural pipe support (primary pipe support system) of some kind.

However there are times when the piping (weight) is supported from a
vessel or other type of equipment.

Vibrations will also occur in piping systems and come in two types.

There is the basic mechanical vibration caused by the machines that the
piping is connected to.
Then, there is acoustic (or harmonic) vibration caused by the characteristics
of the system itself.

Typically the only place severe vibrations will be found is in piping connected
to equipment such as positive displacement reciprocating pumps or high
pressure multi-stage reciprocating compressors and where there is very high
velocity gas flows.

All of the issues listed above that a piping system is exposed to need to be
covered in a company specific or company sponsored piping designer,
stress-related training program.

This piping designer, stress-related training should be done at the

department level, early in the designer's career and prior to the start of the
project.

Unfortunately however this is not always the case.

By definition, the role of the piping designer is to design the plant piping
systems.

This means design all of the system.

Design all of the system means that the piping designer shall define the
proper routing of each and every pipeline required for the project.

This includes each and every inline component (pipe, valves, fittings,
flanges, instruments, etc.), every online component (anchors, guides,
hangers, etc.).

It includes the definition of any attached piece of equipment and the

definition of every support point.

To do this and do it properly the designer must know about piping stress
issues and know what to do about them.

The designer is responsible for a lot and so they need to know a lot.
Is there any risk involved to the company or the
project in not doing this stress related designer
training? Yes!

● First, a designer who is naïve about the cause and effect of stress
related problems would not be able to recognize the symptoms and
will burn a lot of budget hours and create bad designs.
● Second, bad designs are subject to the 'domino effect' when the
need for corrective action is finally identified and taken then other
lines get "pushed" and then modifications to them are required.
● Third, when the bad design does get to the stress engineer for
analysis there is the potential for repeated recycle and a serious
delay in the design issue schedule.

Designer Stress Training

What does the piping designer need to know?

Piping design is more than just knowing how to turn on the computer, how
to find the piping menus and the difference between paper space and model
space.

So, appropriately, what else does the designer need to know about piping
design besides how to connect a piece of pipe to a fitting?

Here is a list of some of the most basic of things that a

good piping designer should know.

Thinking about every one of these items should be as natural as breathing

for a good piping designer.

● Allowable pipe spans – All designer need to know and understand

the span capabilities of pipe in the different schedules for a wide
 variety of common piping materials. When a new project introduces
a new material with severely reduced span capabilities;
supplemental training may be required.
● Expansion of pipe – All designers must understand that they need
to treat a piping system as though it is alive. It has a temperature
and that temperature causes it to grow and move.That growth and
movement must be allowed for and incorporated in the overall
design. Not just of that specific line but for all other lines close
by.The process of expansion in a pipe or group of pipes will also
exert frictional forces or anchor forces on the pipe supports they
come in contact with.
● Routing for flexibility – The piping designer must understand how
to route pipe for flexibility.Routing for flexibility can normally be
achieved in the most natural routing of the pipeline from its origin to
its terminus. Routing for flexibility means (a) do not run a pipe in a
straight line from origin to terminus and (b) building flexibility into
the pipe routing is far cheaper and more reliable than expansion
joints.
● Weight and loads (live loads and dead loads) – The piping
designer needs to understand the effects of weight and loading.
They need to know and understand that everything has a weight.
They need to be able recognize when there is going to be a
concentrated load. They need to have access to basic weight tables
for all the standard pipe schedules, pipe fittings, flanges, valves for
steel pipe. They also need to have the weight tables for other
materials or a table of correction factors for these other materials
vs. carbon steel. They need to be able to recognize when downward
 expansion in a piping system is present and is adding live loads to a
support or equipment nozzle.
● Equipment piping – The piping designer needs to know the right
and the wrong way to pipe up (connect pipe to) different kinds of
equipment. This includes pumps, compressors, exchangers, filters
or any special equipment to be used on a specific project. Vessel
piping – The piping designer also needs to understand about the
connecting, supporting and guiding of piping attached to vessels
(horizontal or vertical) and tanks. They need to know that nozzle
loading is important and does have limitations.
● Rack piping – The designer needs to understand that there is a
logical approach to the placement of piping in (or on) a pipe rack. It
does not matter how wide or how high the rack or what kind of
plant, the logic still applies. Starting from one or both outside
edges the largest and hottest lines are sequenced in such a manner
that allows for the nesting of any required expansion loops. The
spacing of the lines must also allow for the bowing effect at the
loops caused by the expansion. Expansion loops – The designer
needs to understand and be able to use simple rules and methods
for sizing loops in rack piping. This should include the most
common sizes, schedules and materials.
● Cold spring/Pre-spring – Designers should understand the basics
rules of cold spring and pre-spring. They need to understand what
each one is along with when to and when not to use each.

Piping Designer or Piping Drafter

Any piping designer that has this type of training, this type of knowledge and
then consistently applies is indeed a piping designer. He or she will also be
a more valuable asset to their company and to themselves in the market
place. On the other hand anyone who does not know or does not apply the
knowledge about these issues while doing piping work is nothing more than
a piping drafter or a CAD operator.

About the Author

James O. Pennock has more than forty-five

years in the process plant design profession. He
has been involved in both home office and job
site assignments on refinery, chemical,
petrochemical, power and other projects. His
experience ranges from entry level designer to
engineering manager. Much of this was with
Fluor. He is also the author of the book "Piping
Engineering Leadership for Process Plant
Projects." He is now retired, living in Florida,
USA and does only occasional consulting work.

Mr. Pennock can be contacted via E-Mail at

jopennock@netscape.net.