Happiness

26/01/2020 Happiness - Wikipedia
Happiness
The term happiness is used in the context of mental or emotional states, including positive or pleasant
emotions ranging from contentment to intense joy.[1] It is also used in the context of life satisfaction,
subjective well-being, eudaimonia, flourishing and well-being.[2][3]
Since the 1960s, happiness research has been conducted in a wide variety of scientific disciplines, including
gerontology, social psychology and positive psychology, clinical and medical research and happiness
economics.
Contents
Definitions
Philosophy
Religion
Eastern religions
Buddhism
Hinduism
Confucianism
Abrahamic religions
Judaism
Roman Catholicism
Islam
Psychology
Theories
Maslow's hierarchy of needs
Self-determination theory
Modernization and freedom of choice
Positive psychology
Measurement
Relationship to physical characteristics
Possible limits on happiness seeking
Economic and political views
Contributing factors and research outcomes
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Definitions
'Happiness' is the subject of debate on usage and meaning,[4][5][6][7] and on possible differences in
understanding by culture.[8][9]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happiness 1/19
The word is mostly used in relation to two factors:[10]
the current experience of the feeling of an emotion (affect)

such as pleasure or joy,[1] or of a more general sense of
'emotional condition as a whole'.[11] For instance Daniel
Kahneman has defined happiness as "what I experience
here and now".[12] This usage is prevalent in dictionary
definitions of happiness.[13][14][15]
appraisal of life satisfaction, such as of quality of life.[16]
For instance Ruut Veenhoven has defined happiness as
"overall appreciation of one's life as-a-whole."[17][18] Happy children playing in water
Kahneman has said that this is more important to people
than current experience.[19]
Some usages can include both of these factors. Subjective well-being[20] includes measures of current
experience (emotions, moods, and feelings) and of life satisfaction.[21] For instance Sonja Lyubomirsky has
described happiness as “the experience of joy, contentment, or positive well-being, combined with a sense
that one's life is good, meaningful, and worthwhile.”[22] Eudaimonia,[23] is a Greek term variously translated
as happiness, welfare, flourishing, and blessedness. Xavier Landes[24] has proposed that happiness include
measures of subjective wellbeing, mood and eudaimonia.[25]
These differing uses can give different results.[26] For instance the correlation of income levels has been
shown to be substantial with life satisfaction measures, but to be far weaker, at least above a certain
threshold, with current experience measures.[27][28] Whereas Nordic countries often score highest on swb
surveys, South American countries score higher on affect-based surveys of current positive life
experiencing.[29]
The implied meaning of the word may vary depending on context,[30] qualifying happiness as a polyseme
and a fuzzy concept.
Some users accept these issues, but continue to use the word because of its convening power.[31]
Philosophy
Philosophy of happiness is often discussed in conjunction with
ethics. Traditional European societies, inherited from the Greeks and
from Christianity, often linked happiness with morality, which was
concerned with the performance in a certain kind of role in a certain
kind of social life. However, with the rise of individualism, begotten
partly by Protestantism and capitalism, the links between duty in a
society and happiness were gradually broken. The consequence was
a redefinition of the moral terms. Happiness is no longer defined in
relation to social life, but in terms of individual psychology.
A smiling 95-year-old man from
Happiness, however, remains a difficult term for moral philosophy. Pichilemu, Chile.
Throughout the history of moral philosophy, there has been an
oscillation between attempts to define morality in terms of
consequences leading to happiness and attempts to define morality in terms that have nothing to do with
happiness at all.[32]
In the Nicomachean Ethics, written in 350 BCE, Aristotle stated that happiness (also being well and doing
well) is the only thing that humans desire for their own sake, unlike riches, honour, health or friendship. He
observed that men sought riches, or honour, or health not only for their own sake but also in order to be
happy. For Aristotle the term eudaimonia, which is translated as

'happiness' or 'flourishing' is an activity rather than an emotion or a
state. Eudaimonia (Greek: εὐδαιμονία) is a classical Greek word
consists of the word "eu" ("good" or "well being") and "daimōn"
("spirit" or "minor deity", used by extension to mean one's lot or
fortune). Thus understood, the happy life is the good life, that is, a
life in which a person fulfills human nature in an excellent way.
Specifically, Aristotle argued that the good life is the life of excellent
A butcher happily slicing meat.
rational activity. He arrived at this claim with the "Function
Argument". Basically, if it is right, every living thing has a function,
that which it uniquely does. For Aristotle human function is to reason, since it is that alone which humans
uniquely do. And performing one's function well, or excellently, is good. According to Aristotle, the life of
excellent rational activity is the happy life. Aristotle argued a second best life for those incapable of
excellent rational activity was the life of moral virtue.
Western ethicists have made arguments for how humans should behave, either individually or collectively,
based on the resulting happiness of such behavior. Utilitarians, such as John Stuart Mill and Jeremy
Bentham, advocated the greatest happiness principle as a guide for ethical behavior.
Friedrich Nietzsche critiqued the English Utilitarians' focus on attaining the greatest happiness, stating that
"Man does not strive for happiness, only the Englishman does." Nietzsche meant that making happiness
one's ultimate goal and the aim of one's existence, in his words "makes one contemptible." Nietzsche instead
yearned for a culture that would set higher, more difficult goals than "mere happiness." He introduced the
quasi-dystopic figure of the "last man" as a kind of thought experiment against the utilitarians and
happiness-seekers. these small, "last men" who seek after only their own pleasure and health, avoiding all
danger, exertion, difficulty, challenge, struggle are meant to seem contemptible to Nietzsche's reader.
Nietzsche instead wants us to consider the value of what is difficult, what can only be earned through
struggle, difficulty, pain and thus to come to see the affirmative value suffering and unhappiness truly play
in creating everything of great worth in life, including all the highest achievements of human culture, not
least of all philosophy.[33][34]
In 2004 Darrin McMahon claimed, that over time the emphasis shifted from the happiness of virtue to the
virtue of happiness.[35]
Not all cultures seek to maximise happiness,[36][37][38] and some cultures are averse to happiness.[39][40]
Religion
Eastern religions
Buddhism
Happiness forms a central theme of Buddhist teachings.[41] For ultimate freedom from suffering, the Noble
Eightfold Path leads its practitioner to Nirvana, a state of everlasting peace. Ultimate happiness is only
achieved by overcoming craving in all forms. More mundane forms of happiness, such as acquiring wealth
and maintaining good friendships, are also recognized as worthy goals for lay people (see sukha). Buddhism
also encourages the generation of loving kindness and compassion, the desire for the happiness and welfare
of all beings.[42][43]
Hinduism
In Advaita Vedanta, the ultimate goal of life is happiness, in the sense that
duality between Atman and Brahman is transcended and one realizes oneself
to be the Self in all.
Patanjali, author of the Yoga Sutras, wrote quite exhaustively on the

psychological and ontological roots of bliss.[44]
Confucianism
The Chinese Confucian thinker Mencius, who had sought to give advice to
ruthless political leaders during China's Warring States period, was
convinced that the mind played a mediating role between the "lesser self"
(the physiological self) and the "greater self" (the moral self), and that Tibetan Buddhist monk
getting the priorities right between these two would lead to sage-hood. He
argued that if one did not feel satisfaction or pleasure in nourishing one's
"vital force" with "righteous deeds", then that force would shrivel up (Mencius, 6A:15 2A:2). More
specifically, he mentions the experience of intoxicating joy if one celebrates the practice of the great virtues,
especially through music.[45]
Abrahamic religions
Judaism
Happiness or simcha (Hebrew: ‫ )שמחה‬in Judaism is considered an important element in the service of
God.[46] The biblical verse "worship The Lord with gladness; come before him with joyful songs," (Psalm
100:2 (https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Psalms.100:2–100:2)) stresses joy in the service of God. A
popular teaching by Rabbi Nachman of Breslov, a 19th-century Chassidic Rabbi, is "Mitzvah Gedolah
Le'hiyot Besimcha Tamid," it is a great mitzvah (commandment) to always be in a state of happiness. When
a person is happy they are much more capable of serving God and going about their daily activities than
when depressed or upset.[47]
Roman Catholicism
The primary meaning of "happiness" in various European languages involves good fortune, chance or
happening. The meaning in Greek philosophy, however, refers primarily to ethics.
In Catholicism, the ultimate end of human existence consists in felicity, Latin equivalent to the Greek
eudaimonia, or "blessed happiness", described by the 13th-century philosopher-theologian Thomas Aquinas
as a Beatific Vision of God's essence in the next life.[48]
According to St. Augustine and Thomas Aquinas, man's last end is happiness: "all men agree in desiring the
last end, which is happiness."[49] However, where utilitarians focused on reasoning about consequences as
the primary tool for reaching happiness, Aquinas agreed with Aristotle that happiness cannot be reached
solely through reasoning about consequences of acts, but also requires a pursuit of good causes for acts,
such as habits according to virtue.[50] In turn, which habits and acts that normally lead to happiness is
according to Aquinas caused by laws: natural law and divine law. These laws, in turn, were according to
Aquinas caused by a first cause, or God.
According to Aquinas, happiness consists in an "operation of the speculative intellect": "Consequently

happiness consists principally in such an operation, viz. in the contemplation of Divine things." And, "the
last end cannot consist in the active life, which pertains to the practical intellect." So: "Therefore the last and
perfect happiness, which we await in the life to come, consists entirely in contemplation. But imperfect
happiness, such as can be had here, consists first and principally in contemplation, but secondarily, in an
operation of the practical intellect directing human actions and passions."[51]
Human complexities, like reason and cognition, can produce well-being or happiness, but such form is
limited and transitory. In temporal life, the contemplation of God, the infinitely Beautiful, is the supreme
delight of the will. Beatitudo, or perfect happiness, as complete well-being, is to be attained not in this life,
but the next.[52]
Islam
Al-Ghazali (1058–1111), the Muslim Sufi thinker, wrote "The Alchemy of Happiness", a manual of spiritual
instruction throughout the Muslim world and widely practiced today.
Psychology
Happiness in its broad sense is the label for a family of pleasant
emotional states, such as joy, amusement, satisfaction, gratification,
euphoria, and triumph.[53]
Happiness can be examined in experiential and evaluative contexts.

Experiential well-being, or "objective happiness", is happiness
measured in the moment via questions such as "How good or bad is
your experience now?". In contrast, evaluative well-being asks
questions such as "How good was your vacation?" and measures
one's subjective thoughts and feelings about happiness in the past.
Experiential well-being is less prone to errors in reconstructive memory, but the majority of literature on
happiness refers to evaluative well-being. The two measures of happiness can be related by heuristics such
as the peak-end rule.[54]
Some commentators focus on the difference between the hedonistic tradition of seeking pleasant and
avoiding unpleasant experiences, and the eudaimonic tradition of living life in a full and deeply satisfying
way.[55]
Theories on how to achieve happiness include "encountering unexpected positive events",[56] "seeing a
significant other",[57] and "basking in the acceptance and praise of others".[58] However others believe that
happiness is not solely derived from external, momentary pleasures.[59]
Theories
Maslow's hierarchy of needs

Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a pyramid depicting the levels of human needs, psychological, and physical.
When a human being ascends the steps of the pyramid, he reaches self-actualization. Beyond the routine of
needs fulfillment, Maslow envisioned moments of extraordinary experience, known as peak experiences,
profound moments of love, understanding, happiness, or rapture, during which a person feels more whole,
alive, self-sufficient, and yet a part of the world. This is similar to the flow concept of Mihály
Csíkszentmihályi.
Self-determination theory
Self-determination theory relates intrinsic motivation to three needs:
competence, autonomy, and relatedness.
Modernization and freedom of choice

Ronald Inglehart has traced cross-national differences in the level of
happiness based on data from the World Values Survey. He finds
that the extent to which a society allows free choice has a major
impact on happiness. When basic needs are satisfied, the degree of Smiling woman from Vietnam
happiness depends on economic and cultural factors that enable free
choice in how people live their lives. Happiness also depends on
religion in countries where free choice is constrained.[60]
Positive psychology
Since 2000 the field of positive psychology has expanded drastically in terms of scientific publications, and
has produced many different views on causes of happiness, and on factors that correlate with happiness.[61]
Numerous short-term self-help interventions have been developed and demonstrated to improve
happiness.[62][63]
Measurement
People have been trying to measure happiness for centuries. In 1780, the English utilitarian philosopher
Jeremy Bentham proposed that as happiness was the primary goal of humans it should be measured as a way
of determining how well the government was performing.[64]
Several scales have been developed to measure happiness:
The Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS) is a four-item scale, measuring global subjective
happiness from 1999. The scale requires participants to use absolute ratings to characterize
themselves as happy or unhappy individuals, as well as it asks to what extent they identify
themselves with descriptions of happy and unhappy individuals.[65][66]
The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) from 1988 is a 20-item questionnaire,
using a five-point Likert scale (1 = very slightly or not at all, 5 = extremely) to assess the
relation between personality traits and positive or negative affects at "this moment, today, the
past few days, the past week, the past few weeks, the past year, and in general".[67][68] A
longer version with additional affect scales was published 1994.[69]
The Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) is a global cognitive assessment of life satisfaction
developed by Ed Diener. A seven-point Likert scale is used to agree or disagree with five
statements about one's life.[70][71]
The Cantril ladder method[72] has been used in the World Happiness Report. Respondents are
asked to think of a ladder, with the best possible life for them being a 10, and the worst
possible life being a 0. They are then asked to rate their own current lives on that 0 to 10
scale.[73][72]
Positive Experience; the survey by Gallup asks if, the day before, people experienced
enjoyment, laughing or smiling a lot, feeling well-rested, being treated with respect, learning or
doing something interesting. 9 of the top 10 countries in 2018 were South American, led by
Paraguay and Panama. Country scores range from 85 to 43.[74]
Since 2012, a World Happiness Report has been published. Happiness is evaluated, as in “How happy are
you with your life as a whole?”, and in emotional reports, as in “How happy are you now?,” and people
seem able to use happiness as appropriate in these verbal contexts. Using these measures, the report
identifies the countries with the highest levels of happiness. In subjective well-being measures, the primary
distinction is between cognitive life evaluations and emotional reports.[75]
The UK began to measure national well being in 2012,[76] following Bhutan, which had already been
measuring gross national happiness.[77][78]
Happiness has been found to be quite stable over time.[79][80]
Relationship to physical characteristics

As of 2016, no evidence of happiness causing improved physical health has been found; the topic is being
researched at the Lee Kum Sheung Center for Health and Happiness at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of
Public Health.[81] A positive relationship has been suggested between the volume of the brain's gray matter
in the right precuneus area and one's subjective happiness score.[82]
Possible limits on happiness seeking

As of 2018 June Gruber a psychologist at University of Colorado has suggested that seeking happiness can
also have negative effects, such as failure to meet over-high expectations,[83] and has advocated a more open
stance to all emotions.[84] A 2012 study found that wellbeing was higher for people who experienced both
positive and negative emotions.[85][86] Other research has analysed possible trade-offs between happiness
and meaning in life.[87][88][89]
Not all cultures seek to maximise happiness.[39][90][91][37][38]
Sigmund Freud said that all humans strive after happiness, but that the possibilities of achieving it are
restricted because we "are so made that we can derive intense enjoyment only from a contrast and very little
from the state of things."[92]
Economic and political views

In politics, happiness as a guiding ideal is expressed in the United
States Declaration of Independence of 1776, written by Thomas
Jefferson, as the universal right to "the pursuit of happiness."[93]
This seems to suggest a subjective interpretation but one that goes
beyond emotions alone. It has to be kept in mind that the word
happiness meant "prosperity, thriving, wellbeing" in the 18th century
and not the same thing as it does today. In fact, happiness .[94]
Common market health measures such as GDP and GNP have been Newly commissioned officers
used as a measure of successful policy. On average richer nations celebrate their new positions by
tend to be happier than poorer nations, but this effect seems to throwing their midshipmen covers
diminish with wealth.[95][96] This has been explained by the fact that into the air as part of the U.S. Naval
the dependency is not linear but logarithmic, i.e., the same Academy class of 2011 graduation
and commissioning ceremony.
percentual increase in the GNP produces the same increase in
happiness for wealthy countries as for poor countries.[97][98][99][100]
Increasingly, academic economists and international economic organisations are arguing for and developing
multi-dimensional dashboards which combine subjective and objective indicators to provide a more direct
and explicit assessment of human wellbeing. Work by Paul Anand and colleagues helps to highlight the fact
that there many different contributors to adult wellbeing, that happiness judgement reflect, in part, the
presence of salient constraints, and that fairness, autonomy, community and engagement are key aspects of
happiness and wellbeing throughout the life course.
Libertarian think tank Cato Institute claims that economic freedom correlates strongly with happiness[101]
preferably within the context of a western mixed economy, with free press and a democracy. According to
certain standards, East European countries when ruled by Communist parties were less happy than Western
ones, even less happy than other equally poor countries.[102]
Since 2003, empirical research in the field of happiness economics, such as that by Benjamin Radcliff,
professor of Political Science at the University of Notre Dame, supported the contention that in democratic
countries life satisfaction is strongly and positively related to the social democratic model of a generous
social safety net, pro-worker labor market regulations, and strong labor unions.[103] Similarly, there is
evidence that public policies which reduce poverty and support a strong middle class, such as a higher
minimum wage, strongly affect average levels of well-being.[104]
It has been argued that happiness measures could be used not as a replacement for more traditional
measures, but as a supplement.[105] According to the Cato institute, people constantly make choices that
decrease their happiness, because they have also more important aims. Therefore, government should not
decrease the alternatives available for the citizen by patronizing them but let the citizen keep a maximal
freedom of choice.[106]
Good mental health and good relationships contribute more than income to happiness and governments
should take these into account.[107]
Contributing factors and research outcomes

Research on positive psychology, well-being, eudaimonia and happiness, and the theories of Diener, Ryff,
Keyes, and Seligmann covers a broad range of levels and topics, including "the biological, personal,
relational, institutional, cultural, and global dimensions of life."[108]
See also
Action for Happiness
Aversion to happiness
Biopsychosocial model
Extraversion, introversion and happiness
Hedonic treadmill
Laurie Santos
Mania
Paradox of hedonism
Psychological well-being
Serotonin
Thomas Traherne
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21. See Subjective well-being#Components of SWB
22. The How of Happiness, Lyubomirsky, 2007
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95. Frey, Bruno S.; Alois Stutzer (2001). Happiness and Economics. Princeton University Press.
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archive.org/web/20110219211701/http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=8179). The
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imes.com/2008/04/16/business/16leonhardt.html). The New York Times. Archived (https://web.
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100. Akst, Daniel (2008-11-23). "Boston.com" (http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/ideas/articles/20

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to.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=8179) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110219211701/
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University Press). See also this collection of full-text peer reviewed scholarly articles on
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Further reading
Anand Paul "Happiness Explained: What Human Flourishing Is and What We Can Do to
Promote It", Oxford: Oxford University Press 2016. ISBN 0-19-873545-6
Michael Argyle "The psychology of happiness", 1987
Boehm, J.K.; Lyubomirsky, S. (2008). "Does Happiness Promote Career Success?". Journal of
Career Assessment. 16 (1): 101–16. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.378.6546 (https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/
viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.378.6546). doi:10.1177/1069072707308140 (https://doi.org/10.1
177%2F1069072707308140).
Norman M. Bradburn "The structure of psychological well-being", 1969
C. Robert Cloninger, Feeling Good: The Science of Well-Being, Oxford, 2004.
Gregg Easterbrook "The progress paradox – how life gets better while people feel worse",
2003
Michael W. Eysenck "Happiness – facts and myths", 1990
Daniel Gilbert, Stumbling on Happiness, Knopf, 2006.
Carol Graham "Happiness Around the World: The Paradox of Happy Peasants and Miserable
Millionaires", OUP Oxford, 2009. ISBN 978-0-19-954905-4
W. Doyle Gentry "Happiness for dummies", 2008
James Hadley, Happiness: A New Perspective, 2013, ISBN 978-1-4935-4526-1
Joop Hartog & Hessel Oosterbeek "Health, wealth and happiness", 1997
Hills P., Argyle M. (2002). "The Oxford Happiness Questionnaire: a compact scale for the
measurement of psychological well-being. Personality and Individual Differences".
Psychological Wellbeing. 33 (7): 1073–82. doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(01)00213-6 (https://doi.or
g/10.1016%2Fs0191-8869%2801%2900213-6).
Robert Holden "Happiness now!", 1998
Barbara Ann Kipfer, 14,000 Things to Be Happy About, Workman, 1990/2007, ISBN 978-0-
7611-4721-3.
Neil Kaufman "Happiness is a choice", 1991
Stefan Klein, The Science of Happiness, Marlowe, 2006, ISBN 1-56924-328-X.
Koenig HG, McCullough M, & Larson DB. Handbook of religion and health: a century of
research reviewed (see article). New York: Oxford University Press; 2001.
McMahon, Darrin M., Happiness: A History, Atlantic Monthly Press; 2005. ISBN 0-87113-886-7
McMahon, Darrin M., The History of Happiness: 400 B.C. – A.D. 1780, Daedalus journal,
Spring 2004.
Richard Layard, Happiness: Lessons From A New Science, Penguin, 2005, ISBN 978-0-14-
101690-0.
Luskin, Frederic, Kenneth R. Pelletier, Dr. Andrew Weil (Foreword). "Stress Free for Good: 10
Scientifically Proven Life Skills for Health and Happiness." 2005
James Mackaye "Economy of happiness", 1906
Desmond Morris "The nature of happiness", 2004
David G. Myers, Ph.D., The Pursuit of Happiness: Who is Happy – and Why, William Morrow
and Co., 1992, ISBN 0-688-10550-5.
Niek Persoon "Happiness doesn't just happen", 2006
Benjamin Radcliff The Political Economy of Human Happiness (New York: Cambridge
University Press, 2013).
Ben Renshaw "The secrets of happiness", 2003
Fiona Robards, "What makes you happy?" Exisle Publishing, 2014, ISBN 978-1-921966-31-6
Bertrand Russell "The conquest of happiness", orig. 1930 (many reprints)
Martin E.P. Seligman, Authentic Happiness, Free Press, 2002, ISBN 0-7432-2298-9.
Alexandra Stoddard "Choosing happiness – keys to a joyful life", 2002
Władysław Tatarkiewicz, Analysis of Happiness, The Hague, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1976
Elizabeth Telfer "Happiness : an examination of a hedonistic and a eudaemonistic concept of
happiness and of the relations between them...", 1980
Ruut Veenhoven "Bibliography of happiness – world database of happiness : 2472 studies on
subjective appreciation of life", 1993
Ruut Veenhoven "Conditions of happiness", 1984
Joachim Weimann, Andreas Knabe, and Ronnie Schob, eds. Measuring Happiness: The
Economics of Well-Being (MIT Press; 2015) 206 pages
Eric G. Wilson "Against Happiness", 2008
Articles and videos
Journal of Happiness Studies, International Society for Quality-of-Life Studies (ISQOLS),

quarterly since 2000, also online
A Point of View: The pursuit of happiness (https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-30655616)
(January 2015), BBC News Magazine
Srikumar Rao: Plug into your hard-wired happiness (http://www.ted.com/talks/srikumar_rao_pl

ug_into_your_hard_wired_happiness.html) – Video of a short lecture on how to be happy
Dan Gilbert: Why are we happy? (http://www.ted.com/talks/dan_gilbert_asks_why_are_we_ha
ppy.html) – Video of a short lecture on how our "psychological immune system" lets us feel
happy even when things don't go as planned.
TED Radio Hour: Simply Happy (https://www.npr.org/programs/ted-radio-hour/267185371/simp
ly-happy) – various guest speakers, with some research results
External links
History of Happiness (http://pursuit-of-happiness.org/pursuit-of-happiness/history-of-happines
s) – concise survey of influential theories
The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry "Pleasure" (http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ple
asure/) – ancient and modern philosophers' and neuroscientists' approaches to happiness
The World Happiness Forum (http://www.worldhappinessforum.org/) promotes dialogue on
tools and techniques for human happiness and wellbeing.
Action For Happiness (http://www.actionforhappiness.org/) is a UK movement committed to
building a happier society
Improving happiness through humanistic leadership (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S7HV
fxq4l-8) – University of Bath, UK
The World Database of Happiness (http://worlddatabaseofhappiness.eur.nl/) – a register of
scientific research on the subjective appreciation of life.
Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (http://www.meaningandhappiness.com/oxford-happiness-qu
estionnaire/214/) – Online psychological test to measure your happiness.
Track Your Happiness (http://www.trackyourhappiness.org/) – research project with
downloadable app that surveys users periodically and determines personal factors
Pharrell Williams – Happy (Official Music Video) (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y6Sxv-sU
YtM) added to YouTube by P. Williams: i Am Other – Retrieved 2015-11-21
Four Levels of Happiness (http://spitzercenter.org/what-we-do/educate/four-levels-of-happines
s/) – A modern take on the Greco-Christian understanding of happiness in 4 levels.
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26/01/2020 Happiness - Wikipedia

The word is mostly used in relation to two factors:[10]

the current experience of the feeling of an emotion (affect)

happy. For Aristotle the term eudaimonia, which is translated as

Patanjali, author of the Yoga Sutras, wrote quite exhaustively on the

According to Aquinas, happiness consists in an "operation of the speculative intellect": "Consequently

Happiness can be examined in experiential and evaluative contexts.

Maslow's hierarchy of needs

Modernization and freedom of choice

Several scales have been developed to measure happiness:

Happiness has been found to be quite stable over time.[79][80]

Relationship to physical characteristics

Possible limits on happiness seeking

Not all cultures seek to maximise happiness.[39][90][91][37][38]

Economic and political views

Contributing factors and research outcomes

34. "Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900)" (http://www.iep.utm.edu/nietzsch/). Internet Encyclopedia of

76. "Measuring National Well-being: Life in the UK, 2012" (http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/wellbeing/

100. Akst, Daniel (2008-11-23). "Boston.com" (http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/ideas/articles/20

Articles and videos

Journal of Happiness Studies, International Society for Quality-of-Life Studies (ISQOLS),

Srikumar Rao: Plug into your hard-wired happiness (http://www.ted.com/talks/srikumar_rao_pl

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Happiness&oldid=935998503"

This page was last edited on 16 January 2020, at 02:11 (UTC).

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