Professional Documents
Culture Documents
How modes interact with land use, infrastructure, environment and societal
and cultural factors are important considerations for planning and policy
making especially as rapid changes occur or need to occur….
Walking
Walking was mostly a slow-paced group activity. It was another long slow
walk until about 500,000 years ago when Homo sapiens became
distinguished from homo erectus and began to gather in very early seasonal
communities. Walking remained the primary mode.
The wheel developed in Mesopotamia about 7000 years ago and spread
across many civilizations and cultures over the next few millennia, from
Europe, India and China. Group of Pilgrimage
Over many centuries, wheels, wagons and carriages improved and were
better able to withstand the vicissitude of travel along the primitive roads of
the middle ages and early modern era. These included;
Perceptions of distance and travel hardship changed, and travel became less
discouraging.
Colonial expansion and internal migration from rural area to growing cities
became easier.
The first human-carrying hot air balloon was launched in Paris in 1783.
Late 17C and early 18c steam engine were developed
Late 18c and early 19c the steam-driven boats developed. Steamships were
used more for river and coastal routes where they could frequently stop for
fuel; wood in the early days, coal later in the 19th c. the steam engines were
developed to power both road and rail vehicles, with the success and
refinement of rail applications spreading much faster than road applications.
Bicycling
In 1860s the nickname for the wooden bike is boneshaker because of lack
of suspension and hard wheel…
The safety bicycle resolved the problem of ease and access for most of the
poor conditions of streets and roads.
As the automobile popularity grew during the 19thc and early 20thc, an
international car culture enveloped it. These wars led to increase the
demand to improve roads and expand roads and automobiles. The two wars
demonstrate the demand of improve the automobile and trucks for military
uses. In 1928, Herbert Hoover’s president campaign was popularly depicted
as promising “a chicken on every pot” and a car in every backyard, to boot.
But all that promises ended into the great depression…
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