PREFACE

This training report is a part of course curriculum of

B.Tech degree program.

This training is made essential part of us so as to

familiarize ourselves to the environment of the industry.

This training report is based on the training done at

BSNL, Gorakhpur. The report consists of the general study of
the various devices and component.

I feel proud to present the training report before

General Manager (G.M.) of BSNL, Gorakhpur.

1
 ABOUT BSNL

On October 1, 2000 the Department of Telecom Operations, Government of India

became a corporation and was christened Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL).
Today, BSNL is the largest Public Sector Undertaking of India and its responsibilities
include improvement of the already impeccable quality of telecom services, expansion of
telecom network introduction of new telecom services in all villages and instilling
confidence among its customers.
At present the BSNL is the World's Largest Seventh and India's First
Telecommunication Company.
Responsibilities that BSNL has managed to shoulder remarkably, definitely.
BSNL is the largest telecom operator in India and is known to everybody for Basic
Telephony Services for over 100 years. Presently the plain old, countrywide telephone
service is being provided through 32,000 electronic exchanges, 326 Digital Trunk
Automatic Exchanges(TAX), Digitalized Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)
all interlinked by over 2.4 lakhs km of Optical Fiber Cable, with a host of Phone Plus
value additions to our valued Customers. BSNL's telephony network expands throughout
the vast expanses of the country reaching to the remotest part of the country.
Driven by the very best of telecom technology from chosen global leaders, it
connects each inch of the nation to the infinite corners of the globe, to enable you to step
into tomorrow.
Along with its vast customer base, BSNL's financial and asset bases too are vast
and strong.
 The telephone infrastructure along is worth about Rs. 1, 00,000 crore (US $ 21.2
billion).
 Turnover of Rs. 22,000 crore (US $ 4.6 billion).
 Now from latest news BSNL records a net profit of Rs. 6,312 crore on revenues of
Rs.24, 300 crore for the financial year 2001-02.
BSNL is working round the clock to take India into the future by providing world
class telecom services for the people of India.

2
OPTICAL FIBER COMMUNICATION

HISTORY:
The use of visible optical carrier waves or light for communication has been
common for many years. Simple systems such as signal fires, reflecting mirrors and,
more recently signaling lamps have provided successful, if limited, information transfer.
Moreover as early as 1880 Alexander Graham Bell reported the transmission of speech
using a light beam. The photo phone proposed by Bell just for years after the invention of
the telephone modulated sunlight with a diaphragm giving speech transmission over a
distance of 200m.
However, although some investigation of the optical communication continued in
the early part of the 20th century its use was limited to mobile, low capacity
communication links. This was due to both the lack of suitable light sources and the
problem that light transmission in the atmosphere is restricted to line of sight and
severely affected by disturbances such as rain, snow, fog dust and atmospheric
turbulence.
A renewed interest in optical communication was stimulated in the early 1960s
with the invention of the laser. This device provided a coherent light source, together
with the possibility of the modulation at high frequency.
The proposals for optical communication via optical fibers fabricated from glass
to avoid degradation of the optical signal by the atmosphere were made almost
simultaneously in 966 by Kao and Hock ham and Wert. Such systems were viewed as a
replacement for coaxial cable system; initially the optical fibers exhibited very high
attenuation and were therefore not comparable with the coaxial cable they were to
replace. There were also problems involved in jointing the fiber cables in a satisfactory
manner to achieve low loss and to enable the process to be performed relatively easily
and repeatedly in the field.
In coaxial system the channel capacity is 300 to 10800 and the disadvantages of
the coaxial system are digging, electrical disturbance, in winter cable contracts and
breaks mutual induction. The coaxial cable loss is 0.3db per every km.

3
  In microwave system if we double the distance the loss will be increased by 6db.
 For the shorter distance the loss is higher.
 In OFC system Optical wire is small size, light weight, high strength and flexibility.
Its transmission benefits include wide band width, low loss and low cost.
 They are suitable for both analog and digital transmission.
 It is not suffered by digging, electrical interference etc. problems.

THE GENERAL SYSTEM:

An optical fiber communication system is similar in basic concept to any type of
communication system. A block diagram of a general communication system in fig. a.
The function of which is to convey the signal from the information source over the
transmission medium to the destination. In electrical communication, the information
source provides an electrical signal, usually derived from a message signal which is not
electrical, to a transmitter comprising electrical and electronic components which
converts the signal into a suitable form for propagation over the transmission medium.
The transmission medium can consists of a pair of wires, a coaxial cable or a radio link
through free space down which the signal is transmitted to the receiver where it is
transformed into original electrical information signal before being passed to the
destination.

4
 For optical fiber communication system shown in fig b. information source
provides an electrical signal to a transmitter comprising an electrical stage which drives
an optical source to give modulation of the light wave carrier. The optical source which
provides the electrical, optical conversion may be either a semiconductor laser or light
emitting diode (LED). The transmission medium consist of an optical fiber and the
receiver consist of an optical detector which drives a further electrical stage hence
provide demodulation of optical carrier. Photodiodes and in some instances, photransistor
and photoconductors are utilized for the detection of the optical signal and the optical
electrical conversion.
The optical carrier may be modulated either an analog or digital information
signal. In the system shown in fig b. analog modulation involves the variation of the light
emitted from the optical source in a continuous manner. With digital modulation,
however, discrete changes in the light intensity are obtained (on/off pulses). Although
often simpler to implement, analog modulation with an optical fiber communication
system is less efficient, requiring a far higher s/n ratio at than digital modulation. Also,
the linearity needed for analog modulation is not always provided by semiconductor
optical sources, especially at high modulation frequencies. For this reasons, analog
optical fiber communication links are generally limited to shorter distances and lower
bandwidths than digital links.

5
GENERAL IDEA OF OFC:
The idea of fiber optics is use to light, instead of current or voltage, as the energy
which carries the signal, with the light as a carrier that is turned on and off, with binary
amplitude modulation. The problem is to direct the light from the transmitter to the
receiver. The solution is to use a hair-thin fiber of glass as a light pipe. If a light source is
put at one end, any light that enters the fiber stay in that fiber end travels through the
fiber to the other end. The light does not pass out of the walls of fiber as it travels. This is
because of a property called total internal reflection. If a light wave is traveling through a
material with a high refractive index compared to an adjacent material, and it hits the
interface between them at certain low angles, the light does not cross the boundary but
completely reflects back (Fig.1).

At the receiving end of fiber, a light detector senses the light. Thus, the
communication medium is the fiber, and the energy used is light energy. The typical fiber
communication system.

6
FEATURES:
The fiber optics has become a preferred medium due to its some important
features like:
 The bandwidth of the fiber and light beam is extremely wide. It is possible to handle
signals which turn on and off at gigabit per second rates (1 gigabit, gbit =1000
Mbitts).
 The fiber itself is very thin and not expensive. The thinness means that it is easy to
handle, and many fibers can be put in the trenches or narrow conduits.
 The light signal is absolutely immune to electrical noise from any sources. Even if
there are sources of electrical noise directly touching the cable, the electric fields of
the noise source cannot affect the light beam in the fiber.
 The signal in the cable is secure from unauthorized listeners. It is relatively hard to
tap into the cable without being noticed, and the entire light signal is confined within
the fiber. No light escapes to the outside where someone else could see it.
 Since there is no electricity or electrical energy in the fiber, it can be run in hazardous
atmospheres where the danger of explosion from spark may exist. Also, the fiber
itself is immune to many types of poisonous gases, chemicals, and water.
ESSENTIAL FEATURES OF AN OPTICAL FIBER:
1) Optical fibers may be produced with good stable transmission characteristics in long
lengths at a minimum cost and with maximum reproducibility.
2) A range of optical fiber types with regard to size, refractive indices and index
profiles, operating wavelengths, materials etc. be available in order to fulfill many
different system applications.
3) The fibers may be converted into practical cables which can be handled in a similar
manner to conventional electrical transmission cables without problems associated
with the degradation of their characteristics or damage.
4) The fibers and fiber cables may be terminated and connected together without
excessive [practical difficulties and in ways which limit the effect of this process on
the fiber transmission characteristics to keep them within acceptable operating levels.
It is important that these jointing techniques may be applied with ease in the field
location where cable connection takes place.

7
OPTICAL FIBER CABLES:
When optical fibers are to be installed in a working environment their mechanical
properties are of prime importance. In this respect the unprotected optical fiber has
several disadvantages with regard to its strength and durability. Bare glass fibers are
brittle and have small cross sectional areas which make them very susceptible to damage
when employing normal transmission line handling procedures. It is therefore necessary
to cover the fibers to improve their tensile strength and to protect them against external
influences.
The functions of the optical cable may be summarized into four main areas. These
are as follows:-
1) Fiber protection. The major function of the optical cable is to protect against fiber
damage and breakage both during installation and throughout the life of the fiber.
2) Stability of the fiber transmission characteristics. The cabled fiber must have good stable
transmission characteristics which are comparable with the uncabled fiber. Increases in
optical attenuation due to cabling are quite usual and must be minimized within the cable
design.
3) Cable strength. Optical cables must have similar mechanical properties to electrical
transmission cables in order that they may be handled in the same manner. These
mechanical properties include tension, torsion, compression, bending, squeezing and
vibration. Hence the cable strength may be improved by incorporating a suitable strength
member and by giving the cable a properly designed thick outer sheath.
4) Identification and jointing of the fibers within the cable. This is especially important for
cables including a large number of optical fibers. If the fibers are arranged in a suitable
geometry it may be possible to use multiple jointing techniques rather than jointing each
fiber individually
.

8
JOINT OF FIBER:
Optical fiber links, in common with any line communication system, have
requirement for both jointing and termination of the transmission medium. The number
of intermediate fiber connections or joints is dependent upon the link length, the
continuous length of the fiber cable that may be produced by the preparation methods and
the length of the fiber cable that may be practically installed as a continuous section on
the link.
It is therefore apparent that fiber to fiber connection with low loss and minimum
distortion (i.e. modal noise) remains an important aspect of optical fiber communication
system.
Before optical fibers splicing and joining are done certain preparations are made
with fiber or fiber cables as case may be to achieve best results at the end surface. First of
all the protective plastic that covers the glass cladding is stripped from each fiber end,
which is then cleaved with a special tool, producing a smooth and flat end.
1) Fiber splices: these are semi permanent or permanent joints which find major use in
most optical fiber telecommunication system (analogous to electrical soldered joints).
2) Demountable fiber connectors or simple connectors: these are removable joints which
allow easy, fast, manual coupling and uncoupling of fibers (analogous to electrical
plugs and sockets).
The above fiber to fiber joints are designed ideally to couple all the light
propagating in one fiber into the adjoining fiber. By contrast fiber couplers are
branching devices that split all the light from main fiber into two or more fibers
or, alternatively, couple a proportion of the light propagating in the main fiber
into main fiber.

FIBER SPLICES:
A permanent joint formed between two individual optical fibers in the field or
factory is known as a fiber splice. Fiber splicing is frequently used to establish long haul
optical fiber links where smaller fiber lengths need to be joined, and there is no
requirement for repeated connection and disconnection. Splices may be divided into two

9
 broad categories depending upon the splicing technique utilized. These are fusion
splicing or welding and mechanical splicing.
Fusion splicing is accomplished by applying localized heating(e.g. by a flame or
an electric are ) at the interface between two butted, prealigned fiber ends causing them to
soften and fuse. Mechanical splicing, in which the fibers are held in alignment by some
mechanical means, may be achieved by various methods including the use of tubes
around the fiber ends (groove splices).
A requirement with fibers intended for splicing is that they have smooth and
square end faces. In general this end preparation may be achieved using a suitable tool
which cleaves the fiber as illustrated.

FUSION SPLICES:
The fusion splicing – of single fibers involves the heating of the two prepared
fiber ends to their fusing point with the application of sufficient axial pressure between
the two optical fibers. It is therefore essential that the stripped (of cabling and buffer
coating) fiber ends are adequately positioned and aligned in order to achieve good
continuity of the transmission medium at the junction point. Hence the fiber are usually
positioned and clamped with the aid of an inspection microscope.
Flame heating sources such as micro plasma torches (argon and hydrogen) and
oxhydric micro burners (oxygen, hydrogen and alcohol vapour) have been utilized with
some success. However, the most widely used heating source is an electric arc. This
technique offers advantages of consistent, easily controlled heat with adaptability for use
under field conditions. A schematic diagram of the basic two fibers is welded together.
Shows a development of the basic are fusion process which involves the rounding of the
fiber ends with a low energy discharge before pressing the fibers together and fusing with
a stronger arc. This technique, known as perfusion, removes the requirement for fiber end
preparation which has a distinct advantage in the field environment.
A possible drawback with fusion splicing is that the heat necessary to fuse the
fibers may weaken the fiber in the vicinity of the splice. It has been found that even with
careful handling; the tensile strength of the fused fiber may be as low as 30 % of that of
the uncoated fiber before fusion.

10
 EQUIPMENT REQUIRES FOR OFC JOINT:
1) Optical fiber fusion splicer specification (Spicer machine).
 AC input – 100 to 240v, frequency – 50/60Hz.
 DC input 12v/aA.
2) Fiber cutter.
 It converts irregular shaped fiber end into smooth & flat end.
3) Chemicals used in OFC joint.
 HAXENE : To remove jelly from the fiber
 ACETONE : For cleaning the OFC
 ISO PROPENOT: For smoothness of optical glass.
4) Sleeve: - To enclose fiber joint.
5) Tool Kit
6) Joint kit.
 Joint enclose
 Buffer
 Adhesive tape.
7) Generator /12V Battery
8) Cotton clothes for fiber cleaning.

OPTICAL TIME DOMAIN REFLECTOMETRY (OTDR):

A measurement technique which is far more sophisticated and which finds wide
application in both the laboratory and the field is the of optical time domain reflectometry
(OTDR). This technique is often called the backscatter measurement method. It provides
measurement of the attenuation on an optical link down its entire length giving
information on the length dependence of the link loss.
OTDR also allows splice and connector losses to be evaluated as well as the
rotation of any faults on the link. It relies upon the measurement and analysis of the
fraction of light which is reflected back within the fiber’s numerical aperture due to
Rayleigh scattering.

11
 A block schematic of the backscatter measurement method. A light pulse is
launched into the fiber in the forward direction from an injection laser using either a
directional coupler or a system of external lenses with a beam splitter (usually only in the
laboratory). The backscattered light is detected using an avalanche photodiode receiver
which drives an integrator in order to improve the received signal to noise ratio by giving
an arithmetic average over a number of measurements taken at one point within the fiber.
This provides location – dependent attenuation values which give an overall
picture of the optical loss down the link.
ADVANTAGES OF OPTICAL FIBER COMMUNICATION:
 Enormous Potential Bandwidth: - The optical carrier frequency in the range 1013 to
1016 Hz (generally in the near infrared around 10 14 Hz or 105 GHz) yields a far greater
potential transmission bandwidth than metallic cable systems. (I.e. coaxial cable
bandwidth up to around 500 MHz) or even millimeter wave radio systems (i.e. systems
currently operating with modulation bandwidths of 700 MHz). At present, the bandwidth
available to fiber systems is not fully utilized but modulation at several gigahertz over a
hundred kilometers and hundreds of megahertz over three hundred kilometers without
intervening electronics (repeaters) is possible. Therefore, the information – carrying
capacity of optical fiber systems has proved far superior to the best copper cable systems.
By comparison the losses in wideband coaxial cable systems restrict the transmission
distance to only a few kilometers at bandwidths over one hundred megahertz.

12
 Although the usable fiber bandwidth will be extended further towards the optical
carrier frequency, it is clear that this parameter is limited by the use of a signal optical
carrier signal. Hence much enhanced bandwidth utilization for an optical fiber can be
achieved by transmitting several optical signals, each at different centre wavelengths, in
parallel on the same fiber. This wavelength division multiplexed operation, particularly
with dense packing of the optical wavelengths (or, essentially, fine frequency spacing),
offers the potential for a fiber information carrying capacity which is many orders of
magnitude in excess of that obtained using copper cables or a wideband radio system.
 Small Size and Weight: - Optical fibers have very small diameters which are often no
greater than the diameter of a human hair. Hence, even when such fibers are covered with
protective coatings they are far smaller and much lighter than corresponding copper
cables. This is a tremendous boon towards the alleviation of duct congestion in cities, as
well as allowing for an expansion of signal transmission within mobiles such as aircraft,
satellites and even ships.
 Electrical Isolation: - Optical fibers which are fabricated from glass, or sometimes a
plastic polymer, are electrical insulators and therefore, unlike their metallic counterparts,
they do not exhibit earth loop and interface problems. Furthermore, this property makes
optical fiber transmission ideally suited for communication in electrically hazardous
environments as the fibers create no arching or spark hazard at abrasions or short circuits.
 Immunity To Interference And Crosstalk: - Optical fibers form a dielectric waveguide
and are therefore free from electromagnetic interference (EMI), radiofrequency
interference (RFI), or switching transients giving electromagnetic pulses (EMP). Hence
the operation of an optical fiber communication system is unaffected by transmission
through an electrically noisy environment and the fiber cable requires no shielding from
EMI. The fiber cable is also not susceptible to lightning strikes if used overhead rather
than underground. Moreover, it is fairly easy to ensure that there is no optical interference
between fibers and hence, unlike communication using electrical conductors, crosstalk is
negligible, even when many fibers are cabled together.
 Signal Security: - The light from optical fibers does not radiate significantly and
therefore they provide a high degree of signal security. Unlike the situation with copper
cables, a transmitted optical signal cannot be obtained from a fiber in a noninvasive

13
 manner (i.e. without drawing optical power from the fiber). Therefore, in theory, any
attempt to acquire a message signal transmitted optically may be detected. This feature is
obviously attractive for military, banking and general data transmission (i.e. computer
network) application.
 Low Transmission Loss: - The development of optical fibers over the last twenty years
has resulted in the production of optical fiber cables which exhibit very low attenuation
or transmission loss in comparison with the best copper conductors. Fibers have been
fabricated with losses as low as 0.2 dB km-1 (see Section 3.3.2) and this feature has
become a major advantage of optical fiber communications. It facilitates the
implementation of communication links with extremely wide repeater spacing ( long
transmission distances without intermediate electronics), thus reducing both system cost
and complexity. Together with the already proven modulation bandwidth capability of
fiber cable this property provides a totally compelling case for the adoption of optical
fiber communication in the majority of long-haul telecommunication applications.
 Ruggedness and Flexibility: - Although protective coatings are essential, optical fibers
may be manufactured with very high tensile strengths. Perhaps surprisingly for a glassy
substance, the fibers may also be bent to quite small radii or twisted without damage.
Furthermore cable structures have been developed which have proved flexible, compact
and extremely rugged. Taking the size and weight advantage into account, these optical
fiber cables are generally superior in terms of storage, transportation, handling and
installation to corresponding copper cables, whilst exhibiting at least comparable strength
and durability.
 System Reliability and Ease Of Maintenance: - These features primarily stem from the
low loss property of optical fiber cables which reduces the requirement for intermediate
repeaters or line amplifiers to boost the transmitted signal strength. Hence with fewer
repeaters, system furthermore, the reliability of the optical components is no longer a
problem with predicted lifetimes of 20 to 30 years now quite common. Both these factors
also tend to reduce maintenance time and costs.
 Potential Low Cost: - The glass which generally provides the optical fiber transmission
medium is made from sand – not a scarce resource. So, in comparison with copper
conductors, optical fibers offer the potential for low cost line communication. Although

14
 over recent years this potential has largely been realized in the costs of the optical fiber
transmission medium which for bulk purchases is now becoming competitive with copper
wires (i.e. twisted pairs), it has not yet been achieved in all the other component areas
associated with optical fiber communication. For example, the costs of high performance
semiconductor lasers and detector photodiodes are still relatively high, as well as some of
those concerned with the connection technology (demountable connectors, couplers,
etc.).

DRAWBACKS OF OPTICAL FIBER COMMUNICATION:

The use of fibers for optical communication does have some drawbacks in
practice. Hence to provide a balance picture these disadvantages must be considered.
They are:-
 The fragility of the bare fibers;
 The small size of fibers and cables which creates some difficulties with splicing
and forming connectors;
 Some problems involved with forming low loss T- couplers;
 Some doubts in relations to the long term reliability of optical fibers in the
presence of moisture;
 An independent electrical power feed is required for any electronic repeaters;
 New equipment and field practice are required;
 Testing procedures tend to be more complex.
APPLICATION OF THE OPTICAL FIBER COMMUNICATION:
TRUNK NETWORK:
The trunk or toll network is used for carrying telephone traffic between major
conurbations. Hence there is generally a requirement for the use of transmission systems
which have a high capacity in order to minimize costs per circuit. The transmission
distance for trunk systems can very enormously from under 20 km to over 300 km, and
occasionally to as much as 1000 km. Therefore transmission systems which exhibit low
attenuation and hence give a maximum distance of unrepeatered operation are the most

15
 economically viable. In this context optical fiber systems with their increased bandwidth
and repeater spacing offer a distinct advantage.
JUNCTION NETWORK:
The junction or interoffice network usually consists of routes within major
conurbations over distances of typically 5 to 20 km. However, the distribution of
distances between switching centers (telephone exchanges ) or offices in the junction
network of large urban areas varies considerably for various countries.
MILITARY APPLICATION:
In these applications, although economics are important, there are usually other,
possibly overriding, considerations such as size, weight, deployability, survivability (in
both conventional and nuclear attack and security. The special attributes of optical fiber
communication system therefore often lend themselves to military use.
 MOBILES:
One of the most promising areas of milita5ry application for optical fiber
communication is within military mobiles such as aircraft, ships and tanks. The small size
and weight of optical fibers provide and attractive solution to space problems in these
mobiles which are increasingly equipped with sophisticated electronics. Also the
wideband nature of optical fiber transmission will allow the multiplexing of a number of
signals on to a common bus. Furthermore, the immunity of optical transmission to
electromagnetic interference (EMI) in the often noisy environment of military mobiles is
a tremendous advantage. This also applies to the immunity of optical fiber to lighting and
electromagnetic pulses (EMP) especially within avionics. The electrical isolation, and
therefore safety, aspect of optical fiber communication also proves invaluable in these
applications, allowing routing through both fuel tanks and magazines.
 COMMUNICATION LINKS:
The other major area for the application of optical fiber communication in the
military sphere includes both short and long distance communication links. Short distance
optical fiber systems may be utilized to connect closely spaced items of electronics
equipment in such areas as operations rooms and computer installations. A large number
of this system has already been installed in military installations in the United Kingdom.
These operate over distances from several centimeters to a few hundred meters at

16
 transmission rates between 50 bauds and 4.8 kbits -1. In addition a small number of 7 MHz
video links operating over distances of up to 10 m are in operation. There is also a
requirement for long distance communication between military installations which could
benefit from the use of optical fibers. In both these advantages may be gained in terms of
bandwidth, security and immunity to electrical interference and earth loop problems over
conventional copper systems.
 CIVIL APPLICATION:
The introduction of optical fiber communication systems into the public network
has stimulated investigation and application of these transmission techniques by public
utility organizations which provide their own communication facilities over moderately
long distances. For example these transmission techniques may be utilized on the
railways and along pipe and electrical power lines. In these applications, although high
capacity transmission is not usually required, optical fibers may provide a relatively low
cost solution, also giving enhanced protection in harsh environment, especially in relation
to EMI and EMP. Experimental optical fiber communication systems have been
investigated within a number of organizations in Europe, North America and Japan. For
instance, British Rail has successfully demonstrated a 2 Mbits-1 system suspended
between the electrical power line gantries over a 6 km route in Cheshire. Also, the major
electric power companies have shown a great deal of interest with regard to the
incorporation of optical fibers within the metallic earth of overhead electric power lines.

TELEPHONE EXCHANGE:
INTRODUCTION:
The main function of an exchange is to process call from a calling subscriber and
make the connection to the called subscriber. This connection can be direct or via another
exchange. This requires all parts of the exchange to work as a unit to ensure the call is
properly handled.
CALL PROCESSING ARCHITECTURE:
The main function of the exchange is to process subscriber calls. The exchange
does this by connecting an incoming line or trunk to another line or trunk. However call

17
processing involves much more than simply connecting subscribers. In order to process
the calls the exchange must perform four basic switching functions.
 Supervision:
 Detects and reports service requests, acknowledgements and requests to terminate
service.
 Signaling:
 Transmits information about lines and trunks and information about other aspects
of call handling to control switching equipment.
 Routing:
 Converts address information to the location of the corresponding call line or to
the location of a trunk on the way to that line.
 Alerting.
 Notifies a subscriber of incoming calls.

BASIC CALL TYPES:

Subscriber calls are grouped in to categories that distinguish one call from
another. These categories are referred to as call types. The basic call types are:-
 Intra exchange calls: - these are calls between two subscribers served by the same
exchange. These calls are normally line to line calls.
 Inter exchange calls: - these are calls that involve two or more exchanges. Within
a given exchange there are different types of inter exchange calls.
An outgoing call is a call that goes out of the exchange via a trunk. If the call
originated in the same exchange, it is called an originating outgoing call.
An incoming call is a call that comes into the exchange via a trunk.
A tandem call is a call that comes into the exchange on one trunk and leaves the
exchange on another trunk. Thus a tandem call is both incoming and outgoing.

18
CALL PROCESSING STAGES:-
An intra exchange call which is the simplest of the call types mentioned above,
progresses through four basic stages:

 Idle
 Digit reception and analysis
 Ringing talking
 Inter exchange calls are more complex, and their call processing stages are
somewhat different.

19
SERVICE CATEGORY:
 Residence and business subscriber services: - Example of this category are
individual, 2-party and multiparty lines, abbreviated dialing, call waiting, 3-way
calling all diversion, call barring and multi line hunting.
 Extended business services: - Examples of these services are PBX, indirect
inward dialing and toll diversion.
 Public safety services: - Examples of this category are basic emergency service,
out going call trace, and in-progress call trace and in progress call trace.
 Miscellaneous local system services: - it like loop-range services, integrated and
universal pair gain interface and line signaling.
 Inter exchange services: - Various inter exchange signaling types.
 Call processing services: - Generalized screening, digit interpretation timing,
routing and remote switching modules.
 Toll services: - Toll exchange trunks, auxiliary service trunks, and operator
trunks. Of termination: trunk and line. The trunk termination involves selecting an

20
 idle member in the trunk group and out pulsing the received digits. For a trunk,
the particular selected trunk group, the no. of members in the trunk group and the
digits to be out pulsed and the way the trunk group is selected, are of utmost
importance.
 The line termination involves checking to find whether the line is busy and
applying rin2ging to the line.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIOUS BLOCKS:

DP (Distribution Panel)
Distribution point box commonly know as D.P. box is a terminal arrangement
where under ground cable pairs are connected to overhead wires or drop wires for
providing connections at subscribers premises. It is a cast iron box with a facility for
termination of distribution cable on pins fitted on an insulating plate. The distribution
cable pairs can be connected to these pins by soldering at the rear. The overhead wires
are connected by means of screwing nuts provided on the front side of insulating plate.
Types of D.Ps.
There are two types of D.Ps. suitable for external/internal use. These are called
internal D.P. and external D.Ps. and are generally available in 10 or 20 pair sizes.
Location of D.Ps.
External D.Ps. are fitted on posts by means of suitable size of U backs. Internal
D.Ps. are fitted in side buildings on the wall at suitable location. In case of multi storied
buildings where the telephone demand is very high, the distribution cables or some times
even the primary cabled are terminated on distribution frames at suitable location, from
where the distribution cables of 20 pairs or 10 pairs sizes are taken to different floors or
block and terminated on 10 or 20 pair subs D.Ps. Individual wire are further provided
from the subs D.Ps. to the location of the telephone.
Pillar
Pillar is fabricated from steel or cast from casings enclosing a frame-work on
which cable terminal boxes are mounted. The term "pillar" is used with reference to a
flexibility point where MDF's cables and DP's cables are interconnected.

21
 MDF (Main Distribution frame)
The Subscriber's lines enter an exchange through a number of large capacity U/G
cables, each of which serves a different part of the exchange area. The numbers given to
the subscriber's lines do not bear any relationship to the geographical location of the
subscriber. Hence, the exchange numbers included in any one cable are entirely
haphazard. Moreover, as subscribers cease to have telephones and new subscribers are
connected, the exchange numbering of the external cable pairs is constantly changing. On
the other hand, all lines within the exchange are in strict numerical order. It is, therefore,
necessary that some means must be provided for temporary connection between the two.
This conversion from the geographical order of the external pairs to the numerical order
within the exchange is carried out on a main distribution frame. MDF is separately
explained in another section.
Exchange
Card is a basic functional unit of the exchange. Various cards are utilized for
various purposes e.g. Subscriber cards are utilized for termination of subscriber's cables
coming from MDF.
PCM
Various subscriber's cables coming out from the subscriber's cards (After
processing) are terminated into the DDF (Digital Distribution Frame) located inside PCM
in between these two PCM tag block is there, which provide connectivity between these
two. Various DDF's cables combine together and terminated into the OFC module (which
is combination of electrical to light converter (Multiplexer and Demultiplexer). PCM is
separately explained in another section.

MAIN DISTRIBUTION FRAME:

INTRODUCTION
To obtain flexibility in interconnecting, external line plants and the exchange
equipment and between different circuits in the exchange itself, certain arrangements is
made by the use of iron frames. These iron frames are called main distribution frames,
intermediate distributions frames or combined main and intermediate distribution frames,
depending upon their functions.

22
 MAIN DISTRIBUTION FRAME (M.D.F.):-
The subscriber’s line enter an exchange through a number of large capacity
cables, each of which serves a different part of the exchange area. The numbers given to
the subscriber’s lines do not bear any relationship to the geographical location of the
subscriber. Hence the exchange numbers include in any one cable are entirely haphazard.
Moreover, as subscribers cease to have telephones and new subscribers are connected, the
exchange numbering of the external cable pairs is constantly changing. On the other
hand, all lines within the exchange are in strict numerical order. It is, therefore, necessary
that some means must be provided for temporary connection between the two. This
conversion from the geographical order of the external pairs to the numerical order within
the exchange is carried out on a main distribution frame.

FACILITIES PROVIDED BY M.D.F.:-

The M.D.F. provides for the following requirements:
 A means for permanently terminating the external cables.
 For mounting the protective devices connected to the incoming circuits.
 Providing the connection between the exchange side and the line side by the
jumpers.
 An interception point for use in connection with fault locating tests.

Main distribution frame is mainly divided in two parts.

(1) Vertical Side or Line side
(2) LEN side or Exchange side

23
 VERTICAL SIDE:-

 All the part from vertical side to the subscriber are generally called outdoor section.
 1 vertical has 10 tag block.
 Each tag block has 10 rows and each row has 10 tags. So each tag block has 100 tags.
 Connection between vertical side & subscribers are provided by jelly filled cables.
 This wires are first terminated in cabinet box, then according to requirements the group
of the wires (e.g. 200 wires, 100 wires etc.) are terminated in pillar box & from here
connections are given to the subscribers via DP box.

LEN SIDE:-

24
  All the parts from LEN to the exchange is called indoor section.
 The connection of subscriber from exchange is terminated on this side of MDF.
 In 1 tag block there are 128 tags. Each tag block is divided in 4 segments. That is 0, 1, 2
& 3 and in each segments. There are sixteen tags.
 On the vertical side there is 100 tag in one vertical tag block where as on the LEN side
there is 128 tags on each LEN block. The reason for this difference is that there is always
a reserve of spare capacity in the external cables to cover fluctuations in the distribution
of the subscriber’s lines as between the different localities served by the cables.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF FAULTS:-

The faults are given below which are established in communication of subscriber
with exchange.
LOOP FAULT:-
If two wires are joined together because of improper connection, storming air etc.
then this type of fault occurs.
EARTH FAULT:-
If two wires get scrape at some places and if this wire comes in contact with tree,
pillar or any metal objects then this type of fault occurs.
CABLE FAULT:-
For outdoor connections, jelly filled wires are used which are affected by natural
causes such as rain, earthquake etc. At such time this fault occurs.

25
 DISCONNECT FAULT:-
This type of fault occurs due to the breaking of wires between the vertical side &
LEN side.
LOCATION OF FAULTS:-
This can be determined by putting pack up. If pack up is put in one of the tag of
LEN side and if dial tone is received only upto the LEN side then fault is in the outdoor
side and if tone is received from the subscriber only upto the vertical side then fault is in
the indoor side. This fault are also identify by either subscriber line tester or by using the
computerized programmed.

PROTECTIVE DEVICE USED ON M.D.F.

Fuses
These are the devices used to protect apparatus and wiring from excessive
currents. A fuse is a small length of thin wire which melts if there is an excess of current
and disconnect the equipment before possible damage. The rated current of fuse is the
maximum current which it can carry without melting or fusing.
The types of fuses used for connecting line to equipment are:
(1) Glass type
(2) Gate type
GAS DISCHARGE TUBE (GD TUBE):-
In case of heavy lighting discharges or induction of high voltages, gas discharge
protectors are used as protective device to protect the communication lines and
equipments from damages due to high voltages. The gas discharge protector essentially
consists of two of three tungsten electrodes sealed in a special glass envelope or ceramic
envelope containing a mixture of inert gases , mainly neon. In case of three pin G.D.
tube, two of the electrodes are for connections to the lines and third is the earth electrode
and in case of two pin device, one electrode is connected to a limb of a line and other
electrode is connected to earth. If the potential difference across the electrodes rises to a
certain critical value, the gas is ionized and becomes conducting. This condition will
continue till the potential difference across the electrodes falls to the extinction voltage
value.

26
 For voltages less than striking value, it will not conduct. For normal operating
voltage on the lines, it offers extremely high impedance and thus does not introduce any
transmission loss.
APPLICATIONS:-
 MDF mainly provide connection between outdoor and indoor.
 MDF is basically the protection system for exchange.
 It uses Fuse as a protection device which prevents to reach the high current from outside
to exchange.
 It uses Gas Discharge Tube (GD Tube) which provide protection against high excessive
voltage.
C-DOT EXCHANGE:
INTRODUCTION
Center development of telemetric was formed in year 1985 by an act of
parliament under ministry of telecommunication with prime objective to develop
indigenous state of art electronics switch suitable for Indian network condition. Various
products proposed to be developed by C-DOT include small RAX exchange of 128 ports
for rural network to big C-DOT MAX-XL exchange for metropolitan applications.
C-DOT DSS MAX is a universal switch and can be used as local, transmit or
integrated local and transmit switch. It can have minimum capacity of 512 ports. And can
grow up to 16000 ports without concentration. It has digital switching based on basic
64kpbs basic rate and 2mbps primary rate multiplexing structure.
The development of C-DOT DSS MAX has taken place in family concept. It is
fully integrated switch starting from smaller switches, bigger switches and can be built in
a modular fashion by configuring hardware and software modules in variety of ways.
The C-DOT DSS system can be used in telecommunication network at the various
switching nodes for different type of services. Some of them are
C-DOT DSS as MAX:-
This can be used as main automatic exchange which is expandable to large
capacity of order of 2000 lines or beyond. The MAX may be here remote module (RM)
and remote line concentrators (RLC) connected to it.
C-DOT DSS as RAX:-

27
 This can be used as rural automatic exchange and is expandable up to 2000 lines
capacity. Single base module configuration comes under the RAX category. Thus it is
universal switch which can be configured as local, transit and integrated local and transit
switch. It provides both local and centralized operation and maintenance.
SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE:-
It can serve metropolitan, urban, rural environments. Its architecture is such that it
is possible to upgrade a working C-DOT SBM( single base module) or MBM ( multi base
module) exchange to provide ISDN service through RSU ( remote switching unit). RSU
can provide switching facility locally even in case of failure of communication path to
parent exchange. In uses TST (time space switching).
C-DOT DSS MAX exchange can be configured from the following basic modules:
1. Base Module (BM)
2. Central Module (CM)
3. Administrative Module (AM)
4. Input Output Processor (IOP)
5. Alarm Display Panel (ADP)

BASE MODULE (BM):-

Depending upon the capacity of the exchange either single BM or more BMs are
used. In case of 512 ports, only one BM is used. However under low traffic condition, the
capacity of the ports can be increased up to 2048 ports by using two line modules and
adopting concentration mode. In multi module working of BMs will range from 2 to 32.

Frames of BM:-
One BM consists of 6frames inside it. The top four frames are called terminal
units (TU). TU houses various types of cards in them e.g. Power Supply Card (PSU),
Subscriber Line Card (SLC), Trunk Cards (TWT), Announcement Card (ANNC),
Conference Card (CONF), Terminal Test Controller Card (TTC).The fifth frame of BM
is called Base Processor Unit (BPU) which is the heart of the system. It consists
controller and memory cards. The sixth frame of the BM is called Time Switch Unit
(TSU).

28
Power Supply:-
To energize various cards in the BM, different DC Voltages are required. They
are –48V, +5V, +12V, -12V and –9V.for this purpose two types of power supply cards is
employed.
a) PSU-1: It caters various supplies to the four terminal units of the BM. In each
TU, two PSU-1cards are there which work in load sharing mode i.e. in case of PSU-1card
goes faulty, and the other is capable of taking the full load of the terminal unit.
b) PSU-2: Two cards are used each in BPU and TSU. PSU-1differs from PSU-2
in one respect i.e. PSU-1besides supplying various D.C. supplies, generates 75V AC
ringing current.
CENTRAL MODULE (CM):-
When in the system the number of BMs exceeds one ,the CM is used. The
purpose of CM is to provide setting up of calls between a subscriber of one BM and a
subscriber of the other BM. For this purpose one CM is sufficient up to 32 BMs.

ADMINISTRATIVE MOFULE (AM):-

Like CM, AM also used when the number of BMs in the system exceeds one. The
AM is housed along with CM in one cabinet called CM.AM performs administrative and
maintenance function.

INPUT OUTPUT PROCESSOR (IOP):-

The IOP performs following function:
1) Serves as a media for man machine communication.
2) Keeps the data concerning system.
3) Does system initialization.
IOP is connected to the following peripheral units for the purpose noted against each,
⇒ Visual Display Unit: This is used for giving command to establish communication
with the system. VDU gives the display of the reports as a result of the command
execution.
⇒ Printer: For the printed reports.

29
 ALARM DISPLAY UNIT (ADP):-
This is basically used for displaying the alarms raised in the system. The alarm
gives both audio and visual indication. However, the audio alarm can be stopped by
pressing acknowledge button on the ADP. The alarms raised are of three types,
⇒ Critical: indicated by red LED.
⇒ Urgent: indicated by orange LED.
⇒ Non-urgent: indicated by green LED.

SYSTEM FEATURES:-
 The C-DOT is a fully digital system with stored program control.
 In non-concentration mode of working, the switch is non-blocking i.e. calling
party gets the called party if it is free.
 System environment
 Relative Humidity = 45% to 65%
 The application of C-DOT can be either new exchange or a replacement of the
existing exchange.
 The C-DOT can be used as a local or transmit exchange.
 The system has a modular growth i.e. for expanding the capacity of the exchange
additional modules is to be installed.
 The system provides for detailed billing in case of STD and ISD calls. However
billing for local calls can also be arranged.
 The C-DOT employs distributed control system.
SUBSCRIBER FEATURES:-
 The subscriber can make local, national and international calls.
 The system provides for automatic selection of a free line from a group of lines
serving a subscriber i.e. PBX hunting.
 The system enables the subscriber to make a call to a fixed destination just by
lifting his hand set.

30
  When a subscriber is busy, there is a possibility of losing incoming calls. With the
queue service system such call are not lost and on the contrary these calls are
placed in the queue with appropriate announcement to the caller.
 The subscriber can lock his outgoing calls.
 The subscriber can divert his calls.
 The trunk offer service enables the operator to interrupt a call in progress so that
another incoming call could be offered to the concerned subscriber if he agrees to
accept the call.
 The Coin Collection Box (CCB) allows installation of a special telephone
permitting outgoing calls after insertion of adequate coins.
 BASIC SERVICES:-
SUBSCRIBER DIALED CALLS
A subscriber can make local, national and international calls. These calls can be
made using push button telephone sets employing dual-tone multi-frequency ( DTMF )
signals or dial pulses.
PBX facilities:
⇒ Facilities available on PBX lines include
⇒ Direct inward dialing (DID) :
⇒ Calls can be dialed from a telephone line connected to the public network
directly to extensions of a PBX using the CDOT exchange
Line hunting:
The CDOT exchage provides for automatic selection of a free line from a group
of line serving a subscriber on receipt of a call to that subscribers general directory
number.
RAPID CALL SET-SERVICES:-
Hot line
The system provides the possibility for a subscriber to make a call to a fixed
destination by just lifting his handset.

CALL BOOKING SERVICES:-

Alarm call

31
 The possibility for a subscriber to cause an alarm call or calls to be made to his
line at a time or times specified in advance by him and to hear APPROPRIATRE
announcement when the call answered. The alarm call service may be offered on a
manual, semi-automatic or automatic basis.

CALL RESTRICTION SERVICE:-

A subscriber can have his incoming/outgoing calls barred. These includes denying
all calls to a line, While allowing it to originate call denying various category of
originations from a line while allowing incoming calls to terminate normally on it.

CALL COMPLETION SERVICES:-

AUTOMATIC CALL BACK
It provides the the subscriber to be rung and get connected to the wanted
subscriber if an earlier attempt was not successful on account of called subscriber being
busy. Automatic call back is possible for
⇒ An intra exchange call and
⇒ An inter exchange call
DIVERSION ON BUSY
It provides the po0ssibility for a subscriber, who cannot receive a call because he
is busy, to have the call diverted to another subscribers’ number.
CALL WAITING
A subscriber engaged on an existing call is given an indication that a caller is that
a caller is attempting to obtain connection to his number. When the warning tone is fed to
the engaged subscriber, he must respond either by flashing the hook switch or by
terminating the call within t seconds. Otherwise the calling party is fed busy tone.
PRIORITY LINES
It provides the possibility of having some line in the exchange which get
preference in being served in case abnormal condition like, overload or route congestion
developed in the exchange.
TRUNK OFFER

32
 It makes it possible for the operator to interrupt a call in progress, in order to
allow another incoming call to be offered.
CALL CHARGE SERVICES
These facilities can be grouped into two charging information services
⇒ charging debiting services
⇒ charging information services
⇒ Subscriber’s home meter or check meter
⇒ Printed record on duration
⇒ Coin collection boxes non metered lines

DIGITAL SWICHING:-
In Digital switching system signals are switched in digital form. These signals can
be speech or data. For this Time Division multiplexing and pulse code modulation (PCM)
techniques are used. Time Division multiplexer involves sharing of same transmission
medium by a number of circuits or channels during a sequence of time periods. Thus the
medium is periodically available to each channel.

The principle of T.D.M is illustrated in fig.1. The channels are connected to

individual gates which are opened one by one in fixed sequence. At the receiving end
also. Similar gates are opened in unison with the transmitting g end. Before transmitting
these samples of individual channel signals are coded in binary form and pulses
corresponding to the digits are transmitted. This is called pulse code modulation. These
pulses are decoded at receiving end and combines to reproduce the original signal.

33
 In Digital switching the digital signals of several speech signals are multiplexed
on common media. Therefore same path is shared by different calls for fraction of time.
This process is repeated periodically at a suitably high rate. This type of path is called
PCM highway.
To connect any two subscribers, it is necessary to interconnect the time slots of
the two speech samples which may be same or different PCM highway. For e.g. PCM
samples appearing in TS3 of incoming PCM Highway 1 are transferred to TS6 0f
outgoing PCM Highway 2 via a digital switch as shown in fig.2

The in connection of time slots i.e. switching of digital signal is normally

achieved using a combination of two different modes of operation. These modes are
(1) Space switching
(2) Time switching
In space switching mode, corresponding time slots of I/C and O/G PCM highways
are interconnected. A sample in given time slot in an incoming highway is connected
(switched) to same time slot of an outgoing highway. For e.g. in fig.2 the time slot 5 of
incoming highway 2 is switched to time slot 5 of outgoing highway say highway 3. In
this case there is no delay in switching of the sample from one highway to another
highway. Since the sample transfer takes place in the same time slot of the PCM frame.
In Time switching different time slots on the incoming and outgoing highways are
interconnected by re-assigning the channel sequence. For e.g in fig,2 the time slot TS5 of
incoming Highway2 can be connected to a different time slot TS6 of the O/G Highway2.
In other words, a time switch is basically a time slot changer.

34
TWO DIMENSIONAL SWITCHING:-
Using one type of switch for large network is uneconomical. Hence to build a
large network a number of stages are employed using small switches as building blocks.
Such a network requires changing both the time slot and highway. Therefore the
switching network usually employs both types of switches. Viz.space and time switch.
This type of network is known as two dimensional networks. These networks can have
various combinations of the two types of switches and denoted as TS. TST. TSST etc.

TST Network:-
As the name suggests .in a TST network there are two time stages separated by a
space stage. The function of time slot changing where as the latter performs highway
jumping. Let us consider a network having 4 input and 4 output highways. Each of the
input and output time stages will have n time switches and the space stage will consist of
an nxn cross point matrix. Thus it is possible to connect any time slot in incoming PCM
to any time slot in outgoing PCM. For example let us take only four I/C and outgoing
PCM highways as shown below.
There will be four time switches in each T-stages and space switch will consist of
4x4 matrixes. Let us consider connecting two subscribers through this network. Let us
assume central processor assigns TS4 on Hwy0 to the calling party and TS6 on Hwy3 to
the called party. The central controller establishes the paths in 3 steps. To introduce
greater flexibility it uses an intermediate time slot. TSX which is also known as internal
timeslot.
The three switching steps for transfer of speech sample of the calling party to the
called party are as under:-
Step1 Input Time Stage (IT) TS4 Hwy0 to TSx Hwy0
Step2 Space Stage(S) TSx Hwy0 to TSx Hwy3
Step3 Output Time Stage (OT) TSx Hwy3 to TS6 Hwy3

35
 As the message can be conveyed only in one direction through this path another
independent path to carry the message in other direction is also established as shown in
fig.3. The internal time slot for other direction is Tsy.

CONCLUSION:
Digital switching has become a synonym for time division multiplex digital
switching system. Digital signals are switched in two modes. Viz. time switching and
space switching. In a practical digital switch a combination of both is employed to
increase the traffic handling capacity of the switch at minimum cost. Among the various
possible combinations TST structure is most commonly used.
SERVICES:
INTELLIGENT NETWORK (IN) SERVICES
What is "IN" Services?
Bhavnagar Telecom network includes "Intelligent Network" or "IN" SERVICES
for its valued subscribers. This services is so intelligent in giving instant solutions to the
needs of the customers, that it is called "INTELLIGENT NETWORK"
(a) Free Phone Service (FPH)
(b) India Telecom Card (ITC)
(c) Account Card Calling (ACC)
(d) Premium Rate Service (PRM)
36
(e) Virtual Private Number (VPN)
Free Phone Service (FPH)
As the name suggests, the caller can make toll free calls by dialing and advertised
Free phone Number. The called number pays full cost of the call. Variously known as
"Green Number Services" and "Toll Free Service", it is probably the most popular IN
service. It is widely used by business enterprises around the world for providing free
product information and help lines. This service becomes all the more powerful when
features such as Origin Dependent Routing and Time Dependent Routing are utilized.
This means that the calls can be routed to different numbers depending upon the caller's
location, calling time. Free phone service is provided to the IN subscriber on existing
telephone connection.
India Telephone Card (ITC)
The service allows the subscriber to place calls from any DTMF telephone
(presently) to any destination number. Local / STD / ISD calls be made from a STD
barred telephone also. The cost of these calls is charged to the account specified by ITC
number. The telephone number from which the call originated is not charge. The user
invokes the service by dialing Account Number after authentication, the allows to dial
any destination local or national or international.

Account Card Calling (ACC)

The customer, who may be a normal telephone subscriber, is given an account
number to which all the calls made are credited to a pre determined "credit limit". Call
can be made from any telephone after passing the authentication check. The caller is
warned of the impending expiry of the credit limit. As opposed to the India Telephone
Card Calling Service, which is a debit: Card: service, this is a "Credit" service.

Premium Rate Service (PRM)

Value added professional information or advice can be accessed by any telephone
subscriber but the calls are charged according to a pre determined premium rate. This
service can be used by stock analysts, doctors, astrologers, NGO's help lines and certain
government agencies in Jamnagar Telecom District. This number can be accessed from

37
 any point in the network. For the same PRM service, the subscriber can opt for multiple
destination numbers.
• Virtual Private Network (VPN)
This service allows the subscriber to have his own private network by utilizing the
pubic network resources. It is like having PABX with Closed Groups (CUG) and class of
service restrictions. A VPN subscriber can define his own dialling and routing plan
between all his destination locations and configure them as if they were on a PABX,
using the PSTN resources. The VPN locations (PSTN Numbers) can be a part of a CUG
or outside it. The CUG members call each other by short codes which are defined in the
VPN's Private Numbering Plan. VPN user can originate calls to other members of their
own group (On net to on net) and calls to external public numbers (On net to off net).
They can also make calls into the VPN from external public numbers (Off net to On net)
and also use VPN resources from any external public number in the network to call any
other external public number (Off net to Off net). Authorization when be required for all
the above cases except on net to on net calls. The service allows online modification of
authorization code by the user.

PHONE PLUS FACILITIES

Phone plus Facilities are the value added conveniences that electronic exchange
offers over and above plain vanilla telephone service. No more unaccounted calls at your
expense. Prevent misuse and excess billing by locking the STD / ISD / Local facility in
yo8ur phone through a number code of choice. Steps for registering the code, opening
and closing the STD / ISD local are given below.
Use Dynamic Lock to Avoid Misuse of Your Telephone
e.g. : For an E-10B Exchange at Ahmadabad ;

38
HOT LINE
This facility provides instant calling, especially for the aged, young, or infirm.
Call a preset number without dialing. Just lifting the handset and waiting for 5 seconds
gets you automatically connected to the number. Within those 5 seconds, you can dial
any number of choices. Hot Line calls are charged at local call rates only. You can
choose to have either a one way or both ways Hot Line between any to numbers.
Short cut to important Numbers
Now, up to 16 digit numbers can be dialed using just 2 digits. Assign 2 digit short
codes for frequently called numbers, and then get connected by dialing just these. Up to
20 numbers can be called this way. Activate and use the facility in the following manner:-
 To enter a phone number in the short code list, dial 110 xx – yyyy (xx is the 2 digit
numeric of choice for phone number yyyyy).
 To call the phone number using your short code, dial 111-xx.
 To delete a phone number and enter a new one in the list, dial 110-xx-zzzzz (zzzzz is
the new number in place of the old yyyyy).

Be away from your phone, not from your calls

While away from your phone, all incoming calls on it can be directed to another
local phone where you can be reached. Bring this facility into operation by dialing 114-
yyyyy (yyyyy: phone number where you wish to divert your calls). Dialing 115 cancels
the facility.

39
 Handle up to two calls at a time
If another call happens to come through while you are already busy with a call, a
typical pip-pip tone will alert you to it. You can then choose to put the first caller on hold
by lightly tapping the phone hook switch or pressing flash button. This brings on the dial
tone, whereupon you have to dial 2 to connect the second caller. Switching back to the
first caller requires you to dial 1. This facility is activated by dialling 118, and
deactivated by 119.

Make sure you don't forget important moments

This service helps you wake up at down, or at any other time, and remember
important schedules, appointments, engagements, etc. Dial 116, and subsequently, the
hours and minutes of the desired time. E.g. 116-0417 for 4:17 a. m. or 116-2115 for 9:15
p.m. at the time entered by you, the phone rings and delivers a recorded message of the
time on being lifted. If there is no reply, the phone rings again after 5 minutes, and if no
one picks it up the second time, the entry gets automatically cancelled. Dialling 117 also
cancels the entry. Each activation of his facility is charged at the rate of two local calls.
SUBSCRIBER LINE MANAGEMENT:-

The term subscriber management in E 10B EXCHANGE define four main functions.

a> Creation of subscriber number and factices.

b> Interrogation of the status and facilities.
c> Modification of the status and facilities.
d> Deletion of or suppression of subscriber number and facilities it includes testing
subscriber line also.
All the above activities are carried out by means of software operation through T.TYS.
So it becomes essential to know various commands and parameter used for executing the
same.
Each electronic subscriber connection unit (CSE) has a theoretical capacity of 1024
subscriber line equipment. These are distributed in 64 line equipment cords (XEJ). Provide in
four shelves of 16 cords each. Each shelf is divided in two parts, therefore there are 8 parts

40
numbered 0-7. On the distribution frame each part is terminated in a terminal block and
hence can accommodate 128 equipments.
Block 1: connection unit
Block 2: Time division switching network
Block 3: Control Unit
Block 4: Operation & Maintenance Centre (OMC). This unit is able to
handle several exchanges.
Connection Units:
The connection unit comprise basically of equipment directly connected to
external interfaces of the system, subscriber lines and equipment which sends and
receives audio frequency signaling samples. These units are following types:
(i) Local subscriber connection unit (URAL or CSEL).
(ii) Remote subscriber connection unit (URAD or CSED).
(iii) Multiplex connection unit (URAM).
(iv) Frequency sender/receiver unit (FTA).
(v) Auxiliary equipment back (BDA).

Local subscriber connection unit (URAL):

 This unit provides for the connection on up to 1024 subscriber lines, and is
located in the same premises as the exchange. The equipment number zero is how ever
not used because of difficulty in addressing Zero equipment and as such a maximum of
1023 lines can be connected to this unit.
 It is linked to the switching network through PCM links.
 It provides electronic space concentration of 1024 subscriber lines on to
60, 90, or 120 digital junctions carried by 2.3 or 4 PCM links of 20.18 M bit/sec.
 It enables connection of dial telephones and P.B. telephones. A general
structure of URAL is shown in figure below.

41
Remote subscriber connection unit:

 Sit is of identical construction and comprise of same equipment as the URAL

except for few PCB’s.
 It is connected to the subscriber exchange by 2.3 or 4.30-channel digital PCM
links.

It provides local “security” communication i.e. in the event of the failure of active
PCM links between the URAD and the main exchange, the E 10B system switches over
this unit to security call mode.

The subscriber line is alerted by a short text recorded announcement followed by a

special dial done (400 Hz continuous non-modulated). This dial tone is provided by the
URAD (CSED) itself. The CSED subscribers can obtain to access to the emergency
service like police, ambulance, and fire by dialing two digits. Out of the 1024 equipments
provided in the CSED. 6 equipments are used for these emergency services. A general
schematic of URAD is shown in the figure.

42
The main functions of subscriber unit connection unit are:

(i) Connection and power feed on subscriber lines and sending of ringing current.
(ii) Transmission of loop state change indication to the control units, transmission of
dialed digits and transmission of battery reversals or remote metering pulses to
appropriate units.
(iii) Cyclic units of equipment to identify calling subscriber.
(iv) Search for free out going routes (physical path within) when the URA between
the subscriber line equipment and the time slot allotted to this subscriber.
(v) Analogue to digital conversion.
(vi) Traffic observation counters.
(vii) Release of connection at the end of the call.
(viii) A subscriber connection unit is housed in a single rack. There are two types of
PCB’s for the subscriber equipment,--PCB’s for the sixteen ordinary subscriber
and PCB’s for eight discriminated subscriber (home metering – battery reveal).
These PCB’s are housed in four shelves. The maximum number of the boards in a
rack is 64.

Multiplex Connection Unit (URAM):

Multiplex Connection Unit (URAM) is connected in incoming PCM links from

satellite exchanges. URAD’s on circuit from other electronic or electro mechanical

43
exchanges. In the latter case, analog to digital conversion and matching of signaling,
where applicable, is necessary. Each URAM has a total capacity of 32 PCM systems and
is housed in one standard rack. There era eight modules in each URAM and each module
cater for four PCM’s. The modules are two types:-

--------MRS modules which provide for the connection of 2.048 M bits/sec. PCM
links from URAD’s.
--------MRM modules which provide for the connection of 2.048 M bit/sec. PCM
links carrying circuits.

VF circuits must be initially digitalized in TNE terminal before connection to the

URM. One URM rack catering for up to 32 PCM links may contain one or both types of
modules. The main functions of URAM unit are:-

(1) Transmission--- Reception of PCM links (conversion HDB3/Binary Code,

Reconstitution of PCM frames resynchronization with parent exchange clock).
(2) Extraction and insertion of signaling bytes (8 bites) and conversion into internal
codes understood by the control unit.

The URM unit can process simultaneously 16 different signaling codes. A general
structure of URAM and it’s is shown in figure.

44
 Tone generator – Frequency Sender/Receiver Unit (ETA):

The Frequency Sender/Receiver Unit is a special type of connection unit. It has

the following functions:-

 Reception of multi-frequency (MF) signaling, push button dialing signals and

circuit test frequencies in the frequency receiver (RF).
 Generation of the usual exchange tones, MF signaling (R2 codes etc.) and circuit
test frequencies from the tone generator (GT).
 Setting up conference calls connection using the conference circuit (CCF). There
are up to two conference circuit (CCF) devices per ETA. Each device can set up
conference connection between three or four subscribers (up to eight conference
calls per CCF devices).

An ETA has a digital structure which sends to the switching network several different
binary codes, which after conversion in to Analog in subscriber and TRE terminal, become
different tones or MF codes used in the telephone network.

45
 An automatic exchange (E-10 B) comprises of at least two ETA’s operating on
load sharing basis, the maximum number of ETA’s being sixteen.

Auxiliary equipment rack (BDA):

This rack is regarded as a connection unit and is always given UR No.1. It is not
involved in call processing. BDA ha the following functions:-

 Marshalling of alarms
 Monitoring of recorded announcement machine operation, and
 Management of general visual display (PGV).

Switching Network:-

SThe time division switching network is a three stage system (time, space, time).
It provides a 4W switching between the time slot allocated to the calling party and the
time slot allocated to the called party. For one call two samples connecting (4W) in the
switching network is shown in figure:-

(i) Speech samples (a) from the time slot T of the incoming network line
(LRE) associated with the calling subscriber are switched to the time slot
‘J’ of the outgoing network lines (LRS) associated with the called
subscriber.

46
 (ii) Speech samples (b) from the time slot ‘J’ of the incoming network (LRE)
associated with the called subscriber are switched to the time slot ‘I’ of the
outgoing network line (LRS) associated.

Each time switch handles 16 PCM links (LRE+LRS) and four time switches
catering 4*16= 64 PCM’s are contained in one switching network rack. A complete
switching network comprises six identical rack for connecting 384 PCM’s. A diagram
showing the structure of a switching network is shown in figure below:-

Controls unit:

The control unit are partly based on dedicated mini-computers and used to carry
out all the switching operations required to set up and release the connection between
subscribers and/or circuits. These units can be classified as follows:-

47
  Marker (MQ)
 Switching network control unit (UGCX)
 Multi register (MR)
 Charging unit (TX)

To ensure uninterrupted telephone service, these units are duplicated and operate
on load sharing basis.

Management unit:

 Standby charge recording unit (DSF)

 Monitoring unit (OC)

Marker (MQ):

The marker is responsible for the routing the switching messages between the
connection units, the switching network and the multi registers. Each E-10 B exchange is
equipped with two markers working on a load-sharing basis.

Switching network control unit (UGCX):

The switching network control unit co-ordinates operations executed by the

switching network (path finding, connection marking etc.). This involves:

 Checking the speech path.

 Receiving transfer link status indications from each switch module.
 Connecting and disconnecting speech channels, tones recorded
announcements and signals when ordered to do so by multi registers or
charging units.
 Checking marking operations.

There are two switching network control units, one in each marker rack.

48
 Multi-register (MR):

The multi-registers is charging of the setting up and releasing of calls. It is as

the heart of the system and is the only control unit which can take initiative and
sends orders to other units in real time. It has access to all data from subscriber
and trunk circuits (E&M wires) and to all units in the exchange. The main
function of multi-registers involves:-

 Servicing new call and on hook conditions on subscribers lines and

circuits, detected by connections unit.
 Releasing subscriber lines and circuits.
 Receiving and forwarding address information.
 Receiving and sending signals from/to connection units.
 Ordering the switch network to connect or disconnect the two parties.
 Ordering the transmission of various tones.
 Requesting the translator to determine the connection address of the
subscriber line or circuit at the exchange, on the basis of the directory
number.
 Sending and receiving messages to/from OMC.

The multi-register uses a programmed logic. A call processing register includes

1024 bits (extendable up to 1536 bits) stored in cyclic RAM’s with a processing cycle
time of 8 ms.

Each multi-register comprises of 256 registers and can handle the setting up or
releasing of 254 calls simultaneously. The two registers (0 & 255) are assigned to routine
tasks, i.e. traffic observation. In an exchange the number of multi-registers varies from 2
to 6, depending on the traffic load. These multi-registers are working on a traffic sharing
basis.

49
Translator (TR):

The transistor provides the multi-registers on request, with data on subscribers

and trunks required to set up and release of calls. Data (categories,
correspondence between directory numbers and subscriber or trunk equipment in
the exchange) are held in TR lines. This data may be written, detected or modified
from the operating requirements. The translator executes the following
operations:-

 Seeking subscriber lines or circuit class of service when a new call or on

hook condition is detected.
 Translating prefixes or the first digits dialed by the calling party.
 Translating called party directory number in to equipment are circuit
number.
 Handling translation operations for chaining and overflow routing
functions.
 Managing additional services.

 Handling all management, maintenance and test operations in conjunction

with the OMC.

The total capacity of the translator files is 768K words, each of 16 bites, i.e.
12288M bites. Each E-10B exchange equipped with 2 translators working on load
sharing basis.

Charging units (TX):

The charging units handle subscriber line accounts, computers the number
of basis metered units chargeable for a given telephone call and outputs detailed
billing data for subscriber entitled to this service. Charging unit operations are
initiated by multi-registers. At the start of each telephone call, on receiving
instructions from MR, the charging unit seeks and assigns a charging register.

 It receives charge metering pulse from trunk circuits.

 It orders signal transmission where required.

50
  It sends detailed billing manages and observation messages to stand by charge
recording unit DSF where the OMC is down or unavailable.
 It sends subs. Meter readings (periodically demand from OMC), detailed billing
message and traffic observation message to OMC.
 It stores traffic observation data.

Each charging unit can be configured as follows:

* 1000 charging register of 512 bits, or 2000 charging register of 256 bit, or
combination of 256 and 512 bit charging registers. Each charging unit can, therefore
handle upto 2000 calls simultaneously.

Each exchange has two charging units operating on load-sharing basis. Charging
registers compute the charge for given telephone call. At the end of the calls, the
subscriber meter is incremented simultaneously in both charging units and these two
values (which should be identical) are read periodically by the OMC.

Standby charge recording unit (DFS):

In normal conditions, detailed billing and traffic observation message are sent
from the exchange to the OMC. In the event of failure of the OMC or interruption of the
link between the OMC and monitoring unit, the standby charge recording unit can receive
this message and record them on the magnetic tape. This unit can also reload the
translator memories, the charge rates, the charge based data in the charging unit. The
DFS does not participate in traffic handling function of the exchange. It is not duplicated.
A single standby charge recording unit is provided at each exchange.

Monitoring unit (OC):

The monitoring unit (one per exchange) is an interface between the OMC
and the other units of an E-10B exchange. It has access to all the units and
handles the transfer of the entire message between the OMC and the exchange.
The message involves.

51
 Message from OMC exchange units:

 Operating message (subscriber, line creation, circuit creation, etc.).

 Unit, positioning message.
 Maintenance message.
 Control message addressed to test modules.

Message from exchange units to OMC:

 Detailed billing and traffic observation messages.

 Answer messages.
 Fault messages.
 Messages specifying the number of calls in progress for each type of
traffic.
 Constant or temporary observation messages.
 Routing text messages.

A single monitoring unit is provided in each exchange.

Base Time:

The time base supplies basic time signals to various exchange units for
synchronizing and coordinating operation which are necessary in a time division
switching system. Each exchange has its own time base which is not duplicated
and is therefore constructed from components offering high level of operating
security. It operates independently but can be divided by an external signal. The
time base generates to sets of signal-

 A set of four signals (2W, 28, h, ti) distributed to all exchange units except
switching network and the switching network control unit.
 A set of two signals (2g, Sm) sent to switching network control unit.
 A basic signal is sent by the time base.

The following table gives the characteristics each signal:

52
 Signal name Characteristics

2W 4.096 M-bits/S Twice the frequency of link

transmission rate.

2.56 M-bits/S

h Synchronizing signal duration

(122.ns – periodicity 125μs)/ (32) = 3.9μs

ti Each time slot or signal ti contains a binary no.

[0-31] indicating the rank of time slot in the frame.

2g 6.144M bit/sec. time signal used in time division.

Sn Switching network only 500 Hz.

A basic signal sent by the time base must reach other exchange units at the same
moment. Since propagation time cannot be ignored, it is essential to use game cable
length for signal distribution. For his region the time base is located at the centre of the
exchange. The time base unit occupies full rack.

Operation and maintenance center (OMC):

The E-10B Exchange management functions are carried out at the OMC using a
non dedicated computer (Mitra 225). The main management functions are:

(i) Operating functions: translation memory management, charging functions.

(ii) Supervision function: Lock out condition processing subscriber line and set tests,
circuit test, load and traffic observation.
(iii) Maintenance function: Exchange equipment positioning, anomaly and alarm
processing, fault location.

53
 The operating and maintenance staff dialogues are the OMC via tele printers,
serial printers and displays. That a maximum number of terminals are 64. They can be
located near the OMC are remotely by using of modems.

One OMC can handle up to 5 E-10B Exchanges. A general structure of OMC is shown in
figure.

Traffic capacity and facilities available to subscriber:

Traffic:

The switching network houses up to 384 PCM links, of which 16 are generally
used by frequency receiver. The balance 368 multiply by 30 PCM links (incoming and
outgoing) rename for subscriber and trunk units i.e. 11040 LF channels. With an average
of 0.7 erlang per channel, we see that the maximum traffic capacity of the switching

54
network is around 3800 erlang. The traffic capacity of the control units, particularly the
multi register, depends upon several parameters like type of signaling, on circuits, types
of subscriber dialing, percentage of successful call, percentage of incomplete dialing etc.

Average duration for mixed call:

Average busy time of register for a mixed call is > 4 (very roughly) if the
control units in the normal conditions handle the maximum traffic handled by the
switching network.

Subscriber facilities:

The E-10B system offers number of facilities to its subscriber. There are:-

(i) Hot line

(ii) Detailed billing
(iii) Absent service
(iv) PBX
(v) Barred access
(vi) Malicious call tracing
(vii) Free phone line
(viii) Subscriber with home meter
(ix) Push button telephone
(x) Priority line
(xi) Outgoing only subscriber
(xii) Incoming only subscriber
(xiii) Abbreviated dialing
(xiv) Temporary transfer
(xv) Recorded call
(xvi) Conference call
(xvii) Ring back facility
(xviii) Automatic alarm call
Creation facilities like P.B. telephone short code dialing call transfer conference
calls, automatic alarm calls where not possible in electromechanical exchanges.

55
E-10B Environment:

Switch ROOM:

E-10B racks are installed in suites of 11 racks (maximum). A fully equipment

exchanges contain between 4 and 7 suites. For a 7 suites exchange a room of 12.5 m. ×
11 m. is required.

OMC ROOM:

Two rooms are required, the first for OMC equipment, the second for the
operating terminals. Each of them requires an area of some 40m×m.
Power:
E-10B Exchange: An E-10B Exchange needs two power supplies:
 48v DC Supply: This current is obtained from rectifiers and batteries. It
supplies to the subscriber lines and DC/DC converters (: or 5V, 12V and
24V) housed in each racks. For a 10000 local subscriber line exchange, the
power consumption is about 500A/18V.
 220V AC Inverter supply: This current supplies the standby charge
recording unit. One or two 1KVA inverters are used.
OMC:

The OMC needs 220V AC inverter supply and consumes some 4KVA in
stabilized state. Two 6KVA inverters are generally used. The available power can supply
part of the operating terminals. A 20A/48V DC supply is required for the Message
Transmission Equipment Rack (ETM).

Air-Condition:

In the exchange room, cool air (17°∧23 ℃) is blown up into the racks from
beneath the tales floor. The relative humidity must be between 30° ¿70 ℃ . in the OMC
room, cool and is blown in for the ambient condition. The temperature regulation point is
22° ±2 ℃ with a relative humidity.

56